Abstract Background and aims: minimizing nutritional depletions after a Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) may improve clinical results in the treatment of obesity. We evaluated nutritional aspects of obese women undergoing RYGB at a reference university hospital with a department specialized in bariatric surgery. Method: based on the Dietary Reference Intakes developed by the Food and Nutrition Council, Institute of Medicine, and the guidelines issued by the American Society for Metabolic and Bariatric Surgery, we assessed the quantitative and qualitative adequacy of nutritional intake, supplementation, and biochemical monitoring of 20 women both before and 3 and 12 months after a RYGB. Data on nutritional intake was obtained by applying different food surveys, quantitatively interpreted by the Virtual Nutri Plus® software and using reference nutritional databases. Results: nutritional intake deficits were already found before the RYGB (p ≤ 0.05). These worsened postoperatively (p ≤ 0.05), a period also marked by a qualitatively poor diet. The nutritional supplementation prescribed did not fully achieve the reference recommendations, and was poorly complied with by patients. Furthermore, nutritional monitoring was not carried out in all patients, recommended biochemical markers were not screened, and vitamin D depletions occurred. Conclusion: our data suggest that institutions specialized in bariatric patient care may not be adequately adhering to well known guidelines, or applying efficient strategies to improve compliance.

Resumen Antecedentes y objetivos: minimizar el deterioro nutricional después del baipás gástrico en Y de Roux (BGYR) puede mejorar los resultados clínicos en el tratamiento de la obesidad. Se evaluaron aspectos nutricionales de mujeres obesas sometidas a BGYR en un hospital universitario de referencia con servicio especializado de cirugía bariátrica. Método: con base en la Ingesta Dietética de Referencia desarrollada por el Consejo de Alimentos y Nutrición del Instituto de Medicina, y las directrices de la Sociedad Estadounidense de Cirugía Bariátrica y Metabólica, evaluamos la adecuación cuantitativa y cualitativa de la ingesta nutricional, la suplementación y el seguimiento bioquímico de 20 mujeres tanto antes como 3 y 12 meses después de un BGYR. Los datos de la ingesta nutricional se obtuvieron mediante la aplicación de diferentes encuestas alimentarias, interpretadas cuantitativamente por el software Virtual Nutri Plus® y utilizando bases de datos nutricionales de referencia. Resultados: se encontraron déficits de ingesta nutricional antes del BGYR (p < 0,05). Estos empeoraron en el postoperatorio (p < 0,05), período también marcado por una mala alimentación cualitativa. La suplementación nutricional prescrita no cumplió plenamente con las recomendaciones de referencia y no fue bien cumplida por los pacientes. Además, la monitorización nutricional no se aplicó en todos los pacientes y no se examinaron todos los marcadores bioquímicos recomendados, hallándose depleciones de vitamina D. Conclusión: nuestros datos sugieren que las instituciones especializadas en la atención de pacientes bariátricos podrían no estar siguiendo adecuadamente las pautas recomendadas, ni aplicando estrategias eficientes para mejorar su cumplimiento.

RESUMO O projeto ACERTO é um protocolo multimodal de cuidados perioperatórios. Implementado em 2005, o projeto, nos últimos 15 anos, tem disseminado a ideia de moderno protocolo de cuidados perioperatórios baseados em evidência e com atuação interprofissional. Dezenas de estudos publicados com o uso do protocolo têm mostrado benefícios como redução do tempo de internação, complicações pós-operatórias e custos hospitalares. Disseminado pelo Brasil, o projeto tem apoio do Colégio Brasileiro de Cirurgiões e da Sociedade Brasileira de Nutrição Parenteral e Enteral, entre outros. Este artigo compila publicações dos autores que compõem o grupo de pesquisa do CNPq “Acerto em Nutrição e Cirurgia”, cita a experiência de outros autores nacionais em diversas especialidades cirúrgica e finalmente, delineia a evolução do projeto ACERTO ao longo da linha do tempo.

ABSTRACT The ACERTO project is a multimodal perioperative care protocol. Implemented in 2005, the project in the last 15 years has disseminated the idea of a modern perioperative care protocol, based on evidence and with interdisciplinary team work. Dozens of published studies, using the protocol, have shown benefits such as reduced hospital stay, postoperative complications and hospital costs. Disseminated in Brazil, the project is supported by the Brazilian College of Surgeons and the Brazilian Society of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition, among others. This article compiles publications by the authors who belong to the CNPq research group “Acerto em Nutrição e Cirurgia”, refers to the experience of other national authors in various surgical specialties, and finally outlines the evolution of the ACERTO project in the timeline.

OBJECTIVES: Appetite loss, a common symptom in cancer patients, contributes to worsened nutritional status. A validated specific tool to assess appetite is clinically useful for diagnosing and identifying symptoms and signs that could be reversed with nutritional and pharmacological therapies. The aim of this study is to produce a Brazilian Portuguese version of the Hill and Blundell visual analog scale (VAS) for appetite and investigate its validity among hospitalized cancer patients. METHODS: The original English VAS version was translated into Brazilian Portuguese in full accordance with the guidelines in the literature and adapted to the Brazilian context by conducting interviews and meetings with an expert committee until the final version was reached. Afterwards, the version was validated in hospitalized cancer patients in a cross-sectional study at São Paulo Cancer Institute (ICESP), where the relationships between breakfast intake (rest-ingestion index) and VAS were compared. The Spearman test was used to verify the correlation between the rest-ingestion index and the VAS ratings. RESULTS: Sixty-four patients with a mean age of 56.1 (±12.3) years answered the Portuguese VAS version, and their breakfast intake was evaluated. The mean rest-ingestion index was 18.8%. The correlations between the rest-ingestion index (food acceptance) and three questions of the Portuguese visual analog scale version were inverse and significant: first question (ρ -0.3028 p=0.0046), second question (ρ -0.2317 p=0.0319) and third question (ρ -0.3049 p=0.0043). CONCLUSION: The “Appetite Assessment Scale of Brazilian Oncology Patients” is a valid instrument to assess appetite in hospitalized cancer patients in Brazil.

RESUMO Objetivo: apresentar recomendações, baseadas no Projeto ACERTO (Aceleração da Recuperação Total Pós-Operatória) e sustentada por evidências, relativas aos cuidados nutricionais perioperatórios em procedimentos eletivos em Cirurgia Geral. Métodos: revisão da literatura pertinente entre 2006 e 2016, com base em busca realizada nas principais bases de dados, com o intuito de responder a perguntas norteadoras previamente formuladas por especialistas, dentro de cada temática desta diretriz. Foram selecionados alguns estudos de coorte, mas, preferencialmente, foram utilizados estudos aleatórios controlados, revisões sistemáticas e meta-análises. Cada pergunta norteadora de recomendação foi contextualizada de modo a determinar a qualidade da evidência e a força desta recomendação (GRADE). Este material foi enviado aos autores utilizando um questionário aberto on-line. Após o recebimento das respostas, formalizou-se o consenso para cada recomendação desta diretriz. Resultados: o nível de evidência e o grau de recomendação para cada item é apresentado em forma de texto, seguido de resumo da evidência encontrada. Conclusão: esta diretriz traduz as recomendações do grupo de especialistas do Colégio Brasileiro de Cirurgiões, da Sociedade Brasileira de Nutrição Parenteral e Enteral e do Projeto ACERTO para intervenções nutricionais no período perioperatório em Cirurgia Geral eletiva. A prescrição dessas recomendações pode acelerar a recuperação pós-operatória de pacientes submetidos a operações eletivas em cirurgia geral, com diminuição de morbidade, do tempo de internação e de reinternações e, consequentemente, dos custos.

ABSTRACT Objective: to present recommendations based on the ACERTO Project (Acceleration of Total Post-Operative Recovery) and supported by evidence related to perioperative nutritional care in General Surgery elective procedures. Methods: review of relevant literature from 2006 to 2016, based on a search conducted in the main databases, with the purpose of answering guiding questions previously formulated by specialists, within each theme of this guideline. We preferably used randomized controlled trials, systematic reviews and meta-analyzes but also selected some cohort studies. We contextualized each recommendation-guiding question to determine the quality of the evidence and the strength of this recommendation (GRADE). This material was sent to authors using an open online questionnaire. After receiving the answers, we formalized the consensus for each recommendation of this guideline. Results: the level of evidence and the degree of recommendation for each item is presented in text form, followed by a summary of the evidence found. Conclusion: this guideline reflects the recommendations of the group of specialists of the Brazilian College of Surgeons, the Brazilian Society of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition and the ACERTO Project for nutritional interventions in the perioperative period of Elective General Surgery. The prescription of these recommendations can accelerate the postoperative recovery of patients submitted to elective general surgery, with decrease in morbidity, length of stay and rehospitalization, and consequently, of costs.

Introduction: fulminant hepatitis (FH) is associated with exacerbated hypercatabolism, hypoglycemia and hyperammonemia that are accompanied by the release of proinflammatory cytokines and catabolic hormones into the systemic circulation worsening patient�fs clinical condition. Nutritional support is a crucial element for the recovery of these patients. Objectives: the aim of this review is to update Nutritional Support for Fulminant Hepatitis. Methods: the review was performed using electronic search on Medline-PubMed using Mesh-terms. Results and discussion: there are not many data available on nutritional support to fulminant hepatitis or acute liver failure. Strategies for initial nutritional intervention are focused on the control of the previously described FH metabolic derangements, and should be individualized according to the severity of patient�fs clinical condition. Energy and protein can be provided in amounts of 25.40 kcal/kg/day and 0.8-1.2 g/kg/day, respectively. Enteral nutrition therapy is indicated for patients with advancing encephalopathy or for those who cannot be properly fed orally. Euglycemia must be achieved and protein intake can be based on BCAA formulae. Lipids can be administered as energy supplementation with caution. Adequate nutrition therapy can potentially reduce morbidity and mortality of FH patients.

Introducción: la hepatitis fulminante se asocia a un exacerbado hipercatabolismo, la hipoglicemia y la hiperamonemia estan acompanadas por la liberacion de citocinas proinflamatorias y hormonas catabólicas en la circulación sistemica, empeorando la condición clínica del paciente. El apoyo nutricional es un elemento crucial para la recuperacion de estos pacientes. Objetivos: el objetivo de esta revisión es actualizar el apoyo nutricional para la hepatitis fulminante. Métodos: la revisión se llevo a cabo mediante la busqueda electrónica en Medline-PubMed, utilizando malla de términos. Resultados y discusion: no hay muchos datos disponibles sobre el apoyo nutricional para lahepatitis fulminante o fallo hepático agudo. Las estrategias de intervención nutricional inicial se centran en el control de los trastornos metabólicos de la hepatitis fulminante descritos anteriormente, que deben ser individualizadas de acuerdo a la gravedad de la situacion clínica del paciente. Energía y proteína se pueden proporcionar en cantidades de 25.40 kcal / kg / dia y 0,8-1,2 g / kg / día, respectivamente. La terapia nutricional enteral está indicada en pacientes con encefalopatía avanzada o para aquellos que no pueden ser adecuadamente alimentados por via oral. Se debe obtener una euglicemia y la ingesta de proteínas puede estar basada en formulas de BCAA. Los lipidos se pueden administrar como suplemento energético con precaucion. Una terapia nutricional adecuada puede potencialmente reducir la morbilidad y la mortalidad de los pacientes con hepatitis fulminante.

Objective: quality indicators in nutritional therapy (NT) have been proposed as useful tools to improve clinical NT. This study was conducted to develop feasible quality indicators in oral nutritional therapy (QIONTs) to aid quality control. Methods: a Clinical Nutrition Task Force composed of Brazilian NT experts from the International Life Science Institute (ILSI) developed QIONTs. In an internet-based psychometric survey, 40 independent Brazilian NT practitioners assessed four attributes (simplicity, utility, objectivity, and low cost) of each QIONT using a five-point Likert scale. Results: independent NT experts consistently classified all 12 QIONTs developed by the ILSI team as good (mean Cronbach's alpha = 0.84). In ranked order, the QIONTs enable assessment of the frequency of nutritional screening, oral nutritional supplementation (ONS) prescription to malnourished patients receiving an oral diet, ONS prescription to patients receiving an oral diet but at risk of malnutrition, nutritional assessment, adhesion to ONS regime, hospitalized patients with insufficient oral dietary intake and ONS prescription, ICU patients with insufficient oral dietary intake and ONS prescription, oral intake assessment in ICU patients, oral intake assessment in ward patients, oral supplement volume intolerance due to inappropriate offering time, ONS flavor intolerance, and ONS volume intolerance. Conclusion: twelve potentially feasible new QIONTs were developed and approved for clinical practice by experts.

Objetivo: los indicadores de calidad en la terapia nutricional han sido propuestos como herramientas útiles para mejorar la terapia nutricional (TN). Este estudio pretende diseñar indicadores de calidad de terapia nutricional oral (ICTNO) factibles en el control de calidad de TN oral. Métodos: el diseño de ICTNO fue realizado por una comisión de nutrición clínica compuesta por brasileños expertos en TN del International Life Science Institute (ILSI). Más tarde, la aprobación de estos ICTNO fue valorada con análisis psicométricos recogiendo las opiniones de otros brasileños dedicados independientemente a la TN (n = 40) vía SurveyMonkey (encuesta por internet). Esta consistió en cuatro atributos valorando cada ICTNO (simplicidad, utilidad, objetividad y bajo precio) seguida de una escala Likert con cinco puntos. Resultados: los expertos en TN de ILSI proporcionaron el diseño de 12 QIONT, que fueron todos consistentemente (Alfa de Cronbach = 0,84) clasificados como válidos por expertos independientes en NT. Por orden de relevancia, los nuevos ICTNO valoraron: la frecuencia de screening nutricional, la prescripción de suplementos de nutrición oral para pacientes desnutridos que ya reciben dieta oral, la prescripción de suplementos de nutrición oral para pacientes con bajo riesgo nutricional que ya reciben dieta oral, el consejo nutricional, la adhesión al suplemento nutricional oral, los pacientes hospitalizados con dieta oral insuficiente y prescripción de suplementos nutricionales orales, los pacientes de UCI con dieta oral insuficiente y prescripción de suplementos nutricionales orales, el consejo de nutrición oral en pacientes de UCI, el consejo de nutrición oral en pacientes en planta, la intolerancia al volumen de suplemento oral debido a dosificación inadecuada, la intolerancia al sabor del suplemento oral y la intolerancia al volumen de suplemento oral. Conclusión: según la opinión experta, 12 potenciales y factibles nuevos ICTNO fueron diseñados y aprobados para la práctica clínica.

Background: Nutritional and food intake assessments before and after bariatric surgery may be important to correct eating habits and nutritional deficiencies. Aim: To assess the efficiency of the 24-hour food recall (24hR) form as a fast method for assessing nutrient intake before and after a Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB). Methods: This study analyzed data from 10 obese patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Food intake (calories, macronutrients, and micronutrients) before and 3 months after RYGB were assessed with the 24hR as well as the seven-day food record (7dR) as the gold standard reference. Virtual Nutri Plus® software was used to quantify nutrients. Results: The 7dR data revealed deficits in the estimated intake of total fiber and 14 out of 22 micronutrients pre- and postoperatively, combined; the 24hR failed to detect intake deficits in only two of these micronutrients (vitamins A and B3). Other postoperative deficits included carbohydrates, vitamin B1, copper, and iron, on which the 24hR was sensitive to only the iron deficit. In our pre- versus post-operative comparison analyses, the 7dR revealed decreases in total calories, carbohydrates, total and all subclasses of fat and fiber, and 12 micronutrients; in the analogous comparison analyses, the 24hR failed to detect decreases in the ingestion of monounsaturated and saturated fats and in six of these micronutrients. Conclusions: In obese T2DM patients, the 24hR performed reasonably well for probing nutrient intake before and after RYGB, but is not recommended for tracking changes over time, including pre- versus postoperative deficits.

Introducción: Las evaluaciones nutricionales y de ingesta de comida antes y después de cirugía bariátrica puede ser importante para corregir hábitos de alimentación y deficiencias nutricionales. Objetivo: Evaluar la eficacia del formulario de recordatorio de alimento de 24 horas (24hR) como método rápido de evaluación de ingesta de nutrientes antes y después de bypass gástrico en Y de Roux (RYGB). Métodos: Este estudio analizó datos de 10 pacientes obesos con diabetes mellitus de tipo 2 (T2DM). Se evaluó la ingesta de alimentos (calorías, macronutrientes y micronutrientes) antes y 3 meses después de RYGB con el 24hR además del registro de alimentos de siete días (7dR) como patrón de referencia estándar. Se utilizó el software Virtual Nutri Plus® para cuantificar los nutrientes. Resultados: Los datos del 7dR revelaron deficiencias en la ingesta estimada de fibra total y 14 de 22 micronutrientes pre- y postoperación, combinados; el 24hR no pudo detectar deficiencias de ingesta en solo dos de estos micronutrientes (vitaminas A y B3). Otras deficiencias postoperatorias incluyeron carbohidratos, vitamina B1, cobre y hierro, sobre las que el 24hR detectó solo la deficiencia de hierro. En nuestros análisis comparativos pre- y post-operación, el 7dR reveló descensos en calorías totales, carbohidratos, grasas totales y todas las subclasses de grasa y fibra, y 12 micronutrientes; en los análisis comparativos análogos, el 24hR no logró detectar descensos en la ingesta de grasas monoinsaturadas y saturadas y en seis de estos micronutrientes. Conclusiones: En pacientes obesos con T2DM, el 24hR funcionó razonablemente bien demostrando la ingesta de nutrientes antes y después de RYGB, pero no se recomienda para registrar cambios a lo largo del tiempo, incluyendo deficiencias pre- y postoperación.

OBJECTIVES:The assessment of nutritional intake before and after bariatric surgery assists in identifying eating disorders, nutritional deficiencies and weight loss/maintenance. The 7-day record is the gold standard for such an assessment and is interpreted using specialized software. This study sought to compare the Virtual Nutri Plus® and Dietpro 5i® software systems in assessing nutrient intake in obese patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus who underwent a Roux-en-Y gastric bypass.METHODS:Nutritional intake was assessed in 10 obese women with type 2 diabetes mellitus before and 3 months after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass. The 7-day record was used to assess food intake and then, the Virtual Nutri Plus® and Dietpro 5i® software systems were used to calculate calorie, macronutrient and micronutrient intake based on validated food chemical composition databases. Clinicaltrials.gov: NCT01251016.RESULTS:During the preoperative period, deficits in the ingestion of total fiber and 15 out of 22 estimated micronutrients were observed when using the Virtual Nutri Plus®, compared to deficiencies in total fiber and 4 micronutrients when using the Dietpro 5i®. During the postoperative period, both the Virtual Nutri Plus® and Dietpro 5i® systems detected deficits in the ingestion of total fiber, carbohydrates and 19 micronutrients, but only the Virtual Nutri Plus® detected deficits in complex B vitamins (except B12) and minerals.CONCLUSION:Virtual Nutri Plus® was more sensitive than Dietpro 5i® for the identification of deficits in nutrient intake in obese, type 2 diabetes mellitus patients undergoing Roux-en-Y gastric bypass.

Blenderized tube diets (BTD) are used in some parts of Brazil and few studies have analyzed their features in comparison with industrialized preparations. Among 14 randomly collected BTD recipes 9 were poorly described or failed to standardize foodstuffs and portions and, consequently, nutrient and energy composition was difficult to define. Only five BTD allowed theoretical estimation of their nutritional properties. Macronutrient content was highly variable, often conflicting with accepted daily recommendations. According to the literature there are further disadvantages with BTD use including diet high risk of contamination, physical and chemical instability, and high osmolarity and viscosity. Nominal cost of BTD was comparatively low in relation to industrialized formulas; however we did not compute labor and indirect expenses, probably rendering final value more expensive than with the industrialized alternative. It is likely that within such circumstances, hospital and home care malnutrition will not be adequately dealt with and related complications may occur. It is concluded that the continued use of blenderized tube feeding diets requires careful assessment, prioritizing correction of potencial nutritional deficits by means of safe, balanced, chemically complete and effective nutritional prescriptions.

Dietas enterales artesanales (DEA) son utilizadas en algunas partes de Brasil y pocos estudios analizaron sus características en comparación con las preparaciones industrializadas. De un total de 14 DEA colectadas 9 estaban mal definidas o no establecían claramente los géneros alimenticios y porciones empleados, consecuentemente fue difícil calcular su composición en nutrientes y energía. Solo cinco DEA permitieron una estimativa teórica de sus propiedades nutricionales. El contenido de los macronutrientes era muy variable, y con frecuencia divergente de las recomendaciones diarias aceptas. De acuerdo con la literatura hay otros inconvenientes en el uso de DEA, o sea elevado riesgo de contaminación, inestabilidad físico-química, y alta osmolaridad y viscosidad de las DEA. El costo nominal de las dietas fue comparativamente bajo en relación a las formulaciones industrializadas, pero los gastos laborales y otros costos indirectos no fueron computados por nosotros, probablemente conduciendo a un valor total final superior al de la alternativa industrializada. Es esperado que en tales circunstancias la desnutrición no quedara bien tratada y complicaciones relacionadas podrán aparecer. La conclusión es que el empleo continuado de dietas artesanales requiere una evaluación criteriosa, con prioridad para la corrección de los déficits nutricionales utilizando prescripciones seguras, balanceadas quimicamente, completas y efectivas.

OBJETIVO: investigar se a abreviação do jejum pré-operatório com uma bebida contendo glutamina e dextrinomaltose melhora a resposta orgânica ao trauma cirúrgico. MÉTODOS: trinta e seis pacientes adultas, (18-62 anos) candidatas à colecistectomia videolaparoscópica eletiva foram aleatoriamente divididas em três grupos: grupo jejum convencional (grupo Jejum), ou em dois grupos para receber duas dietas diferentes, oito horas (400ml) e duas horas antes da indução anestésica (200ml): grupo carboidrato (12,5% de dextrinomaltose) e glutamina (12,5% de dextrinomaltose e, respectivamente, 40 e 10g de glutamina). As amostras de sangue foram coletadas no período pré e pós-operatório. RESULTADOS: vinte e oito pacientes completaram o estudo. Nenhuma complicação pulmonar ocorreu durante o estudo. O volume residual gástrico foi similar entre os grupos (p=0,95). No pós-operatório, todas as pacientes do grupo jejum apresentaram glicemia anormal (>110mg/dl), sendo essa anormalidade 50% para o grupo CHO (p=0,14) e, apenas, 22,2% para o grupo GLN (p=0,01). No pós-operatório, todas as pacientes que abreviaram o jejum (grupo CHO + GLN) apresentaram insulinemia normal, contrastando com 66,7% no grupo jejum (p=0,02). A sensibilidade anormal à insulina subiu no pós-operatório de 32,1% para 46,4% dos casos (p=0,24). A sensibilidade anormal à insulina, no pós-operatório, ocorreu em apenas 11,1% das pacientes do grupo GLN comparado com 55,5% do grupo jejum (p=0,02). CONCLUSÃO: a abreviação do jejum pré-operatório para duas horas com glutamina e dextrinomaltose melhora a sensibilidade à insulina de pacientes submetidas à colecistectomia videolaparoscópica eletiva.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate whether the abbreviation of preoperative fasting with a drink containing glutamine and dextrinomaltose improves organic response to surgical trauma. METHODS: Thirty-six female patients adult (18-62 years) candidates for elective laparoscopic cholecystectomy were randomly divided into three groups: conventional fasting (fasting group), and two groups receiving two different diets, eight hours (400ml) and two hours before induction of anesthesia (200ml): carbohydrate (CHO) group (12.5% dextrinomaltose) and the glutamine (GLN) group (12.5% dextrinomaltose and 40 and 10g of glutamine, respectively). Blood samples were collected pre and postoperatively. RESULTS: Twenty-eight patients completed the study. No pulmonary complication occurred. Gastric residual volume was similar between groups (p = 0.95). Postoperatively, all patients from the fasting group had abnormal glucose (> 110mg/dl), this abnormality being of 50% when compared to the CHO group (p = 0.14), and of 22.2% when compared to the GLN group (p = 0.01). All patients who had the fasting period shortened (CHO + GLN) had normal postoperative insulin, contrasting with 66.7% in the fasted group (p = 0.02). The abnormal sensitivity to insulin postoperatively rose from 32.1% to 46.4% of cases (p = 0.24), and it occurred in only 11.1% of patients in GLN group when compared to 55.5% in the fasting group (p = 0.02). CONCLUSION: the abbreviation of preoperative fasting for two hours with dextrinomaltose and glutamine improves insulin sensitivity in patients undergoing elective laparoscopic cholecystectomy.

A prevalência de desnutrição energético-protéica em ambiente hospitalar varia de 20% a 50%, conforme critérios utilizados. O risco nutricional se refere ao risco aumentado de morbimortalidade em decorrência do estado nutricional. A triagem nutricional identifica indivíduos desnutridos ou em risco de desnutrição, almejando determinar se existe risco nutricional e se é necessária avaliação nutricional mais detalhada. Já a avaliação nutricional, além de detectar desnutrição, classifica seu grau e permite coleta de informações que auxiliem em sua correção. Foram revisadas as ferramentas de triagem nutricional mais citadas na literatura atual. Para obtenção dos artigos de triagem nutricional foram feitas pesquisas nos websites científicos. Dentre as ferramentas citadas, ressalta-se a Nutritional Risk Screening 2002, que pode ser aplicada a todos os pacientes internados em hospitais, independentemente da doença que apresentem ou da idade, sem custo adicional ao serviço e que pode ser efetuada por diferentes profissionais. Cabe a cada profissional desenvolver senso crítico para determinar sua técnica de preferência.

The prevalence of energy-protein malnutrition in hospitals varies from 20 to 50% depending on the criteria used. Nutritional risk refers to increased morbidity and mortality risk resulting from the nutritional status. Nutritional screening identifies malnourished or at risk of malnourishment individuals, aiming to determine if there is nutritional risk and if a more thorough nutritional assessment is necessary. Meanwhile, nutritional assessment, besides detecting malnutrition, classifies its degree and allows the collection of information that helps to correct it. The nutritional assessment tools most often cited in current literature were reviewed. Nutritional assessment articles were obtained from scientific websites. Among the cited tools, the Nutritional Risk Screening 2002 stands out. It can be used for all inpatients regardless of their disease or age, does not have additional costs to the service and can be performed by different professionals. It is up to each professional to develop a critical sense and determine his or her preferred technique.

RACIONAL: Avanços da biotecnologia e o desenvolvimento de novas drogas imunossupressoras melhoraram os resultados do transplante de intestino delgado. Esse transplante é atualmente indicado para casos especiais da falência intestinal. OBJETIVO: A presente revisão realça os recentes desenvolvimentos na área do transplante de intestino delgado. MATERIAL E MÉTODO: Mais de 600 publicações de transplante de intestino delgado foram revisadas. O desenvolvimento da pesquisa, novas estratégias de imunossupressão, monitorização do enxerto e do receptor, e avanços na técnica cirúrgica são discutidos. RESULTADOS: Realizaram-se cerca de 700 transplante de intestino delgado em 55 centros: 44% intestino-fígado, 41% enxerto intestinal isolado e 15% transplante multivisceral. Rejeição e infecção são as principais limitações desse transplante. Sobrevida de 5 anos na experiência internacional é de 46% para o transplante de intestino isolado, 43% para o intestino-fígado e de cerca de 30% para o transplante multivisceral. Sobrevidas prolongadas são mais freqüentes nos centros com maior experiência. Em série de 165 transplantes intestinais na Universidade de Pittsburgh, PA, EUA, foi relatada sobrevida do paciente maior do que 75% no primeiro ano, 54% em 5 anos e 42% em 10 anos. Mais de 90% desses pacientes assumem dieta oral irrestrita. CONCLUSÃO: O transplante de intestino delgado evoluiu de estratégia experimental para uma alternativa viável no tratamento da falência intestinal permanente. Promover o refinamento da terapia imunossupressora, do manejo e prevenção de infecções, da técnica cirúrgica e da indicação e seleção adequada dos pacientes é crucial para melhorar a sobrevida desse transplante.

BACKGROUND: Significant progress has been made in clinical small bowel transplantation over the last decade mainly due advances in biotechnology and new immunosuppressive regiments. This transplantation has now been indicated to treat special cases of intestinal failure. AIM: This review highlights recent developments in the area of small bowel transplantation. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Over 600 reports on clinical and experimental small bowel transplantation were reviewed. Aspects concerning research development, different immunosuppressive strategies, patient and graft monitoring, and improvements in surgical techniques are discussed. RESULTS: About 700 small bowel transplantation were performed in 55 transplant centers, 44% intestine-liver, 41% isolated intestinal graft and 15% multivisceral transplantation. Rejection and infection are the main limitation of this procedure. Actual 5 years post transplantation graft survival of the total international experience is 46% for isolated intestinal graft, 43% for combined intestine-liver and nearly 30% for multivisceral transplantation. Higher graft and patient survival are seen at the more experienced centers. In a series of 165 intestinal transplantation at University of Pittsburgh, PA, USA, actuarial patient survival was reported to be over 75% at one year, 54% at 5 years and 42% at 10 years. Over 90% patients from Pittsburgh program resume an unrestricted oral diet. CONCLUSION: Small bowel transplantation has advanced from an experimental strategy to a feasible alternative for patients with permanent intestinal failure. Further refinements in graft acceptance, immunosuppressive regiments, infection management and prophylaxis, surgical techniques as well as appropriated patient referral and selection are crucial to improve outcomes.

O trauma grave, em particular térmico, promove a imunodepressão. Hormônios tímicos podem modificar a resposta imune nesta comdição. O objetivo desta pesquisa foi investigar o efeito imunomodulador do hormônio tímico timoestimulina sobre a imunidade celular em trauma térmico, traduzida pela resposta dos testes cutâneos de hipersensibilidade tardia. Na primeira etapa do experimento, ratos Wistar foram sensibilizados com KHL e posteriormente submetidos ao teste cutâneo de hipersensibilidade tardia (TCHT). Dez animais com resposta positiva foram submetidos a queimadura cutânea padronizada. Testes cutâneos seqüenciais revelaram significativa anergia cutânea no 21º e 30º dias pós-queimadura e interrupção do ganho de peso. Na etapa seguinte, ratos previamente sensibilizados e com resposta positiva ao TCHT, foram divididos nos grupos TAQ (seis ratos) tratados com timoestimulina, por via intramuscular, na dose de 0,25 mg, antes e após queimadura, grupo TDQ (seis ratos) tratados com a mesma dose de timoestimulina apenas após a queimadura e grupo CSQ (cinco ratos) tratados com solução salina, im, após a queimadura. Ocorreu aumento significativo do peso corpóreo e da resposta do TCHT a partir de duas semanas pós queimadura nos grupos TAQ e TDQ. Nas condições da presente pesquisa, timoestimulina misnistrada antes e após a queimadura experimental associa-se a melhora da resposta ao teste cutâneo de hipersensibilidade tardia e ganho de peso corpóreo.

Severe trauma, mainly burn, may promote immunodepression. Thimic hormones may modify the immune response to this condition. The aim of this experimental research was to investigate, after burn, the immunomodulatory effect of timoestimulin, a thimic hormone, on celular immunity studied by the delayed hypersensitivity skin test (TCHT). On the first phase of the experiment, Wistar rats were sensitized with KHL and submitted to TCHT. Ten animals with positive tests were submitted to a standardized skin burn. Sequencial skin tests showed significant skin anergy at 21 and 30 days after burn and interruption of weight gain. In the next phase, positively sensitized rats were divided randomly in group TAQ (six) and treated with timoestimulin, 0,25 mg, im, before and after burn; group TDQ (six rats) treated with the same dosage of timoestimulin just after burn and group CSQ (five rats) treated with saline, im, after burn. There was a significant increase of body weight and skin test response at two weeks after burn in TAQ and TDQ groups. At the conditions of the present research, timoestimulin given before and after experimental burn was associated to improvement of delayed cellular hypersensitivity skin test and body weight gain.