Resumen: La diabetes mellitus, un padecimiento crónico y progresivo, ocupó el tercer lugar en defunciones durante el período comprendido de enero a junio de 2021 en México. Su complicación crónica más frecuente es la neuropatía diabética que tiene un impacto importante en el sistema nervioso. En la Ciudad de México se reunió un grupo multidisciplinario de expertos para establecer un algoritmo de tratamiento que considere los aspectos sintomáticos y etiopatogénicos de la neuropatía diabética. Se utilizó un método Delphi en tiempo real con dos rondas de preguntas interactivas. La implementación del algoritmo propuesto permitirá abordar de manera integral al paciente diabético con neuropatía dolorosa y no dolorosa, tanto en el terreno de los síntomas como en la etiopatogenia. Este abordaje brinda la oportunidad de mejorar la calidad de vida y lograr la reinserción a la vida familiar y laboral. El panel de expertos recomienda al ácido tióctico como tratamiento etiopatogénico de primera línea en la neuropatía diabética.

Abstract: Diabetes mellitus, a chronic and progressive condition, was the third most common cause of death in Mexico between January and June 2021. Its most frequent chronic complication is diabetic neuropathy, which has a major impact on the nervous system. A multidisciplinary group of experts met in Mexico City to establish a treatment algorithm considering the symptomatic and etiopathogenic aspects of diabetic neuropathy. A real-time Delphi method with two rounds of interative questions was used. The implementation of the proposed algorithm will allow a comprehensive approach to the diabetic patient with painful and non-painful neuropathy, both in terms of symptoms and etiopathogenesis. This approach provides the opportunity to improve quality of life and achieve reintegration into family and work life. The expert panel recommends thioctic acid as the first line etiopathogenic treatment for diabetic neuropathy.

Resumo: O artigo realiza uma análise histórica que perpassa três contextos: a) a colonização da América Portuguesa; b) o processo imigratório que se inicia no século XIX; e c) a política do Estado de bem-estar social do século XX. Os meninos como pajens e grumetes e as meninas como órfãs do rei foram presença constante nas embarcações dos séculos XVI e XVII. No século XIX, eles imigravam com suas famílias, como parte da política segregadora eugenista, que buscava o embranquecimento do país. No século XX, esse processo tomou como forma a ampla institucionalização de menores com vistas a conter os conflitos sociais. Para milhares de crianças, o Estado de bem-estar social foi uma política que as retirou de suas famílias e as inseriu no trabalho forçado. Assim, a existência de tráfico de pessoas por motivos econômicos e eugênicos não é algo recente, mas um processo vivenciado em outros momentos históricos, que continuou durante o século XX, não apenas na América Latina, mas também em países europeus como resultado da política de salvação da infância e do movimento parens patriae1 .

Abstract: The article carries out a historical analysis that crosses three contexts: a) the colonization of Portuguese America; b) the immigration process that began in the 19th century; and c) the policy of the 20th century welfare state. Boys as pages and cabin-boys and girls as orphans of the king were a constant presence on ships in the 16th and 17th centuries. In the 19th century, they immigrated with their families, as part of the eugenics segregation policy, which sought to whiten the country. In the 20th century, this process took the form of the broad institutionalization of minors with a view to containing social conflicts. For thousands of children, the welfare state was a policy that took them out of their families and into forced labor. Thus, the existence of human trafficking for economic and eugenic reasons is not something recent, but a process experienced in other historical moments, which continued during the 20th century, not only in Latin America, but also in European countries as a result of the policy of salvation of childhood and the parens patriae movement.

Abstract: The prevailing violence in the global and national scales has also permeated indigenous communities in Mexico, which have been integrating aggressive practices in family traditions since some time ago in their everyday life. Thus, an intervention project has been carried out based on the action research methodology, by means of the Summer Research programs promoted by institutions in a P’urhepecha community. The purpose of this article is to give account for the non-formal educational experience for Peace based on intercultural recreational processes with the above-mentioned indigenous context. Fifty P’urhepecha boys and girls between 6 and 12 years old participated with four Psychology students, two undergraduate students and two Psychology professors. There were four analysis categories: Group integration and participation; respect for rules; education for peace, and intercultural education. Through these categories, the change process became noticeable in the boys and girls participating, as well as in the research team. As a conclusion, intercultural recreational processes like this become useful strategies in the education for peace, not only in the indigenous population, but for everyone involved.

Resumen: La violencia prevaleciente a nivel mundial y nacional ha permeado también las comunidades indígenas en México, cuya vida cotidiana integra prácticas agresivas intrafamiliares desde tiempo atrás. Por ello, en una comunidad p’urhepecha se llevó a cabo un proyecto de intervención basado en la metodología de la investigación-acción a través de los programas de Verano de la Investigación que promueven algunas instituciones. El objetivo de este artículo es dar cuenta de una experiencia de educación para la paz, en modalidad no formal, basada en procesos lúdicos interculturales, en dicho contexto indígena. Participaron 50 niños y niñas p’urhepechas de seis a doce años, además de cuatro estudiantes de Psicología y dos profesoras de la misma carrera. Las categorías de análisis fueron cuatro: integración grupal y participación; respeto a las reglas; educación para la paz; y educación en la interculturalidad. En ellas se evidencia el proceso de cambio de niños y niñas participantes, pero también del equipo investigador. Se concluye que procesos lúdicos interculturales como este constituyen estrategias útiles para la educación para la paz, no solo para el ámbito indígena, sino para todos.

Abstract Patients on hemodialysis (HD) are a population susceptible to suffering adverse events (AD) due to failures in the healthcare process. Objective: To evaluate the efficacy of corrective measures in a HD patient safety plan to reduce AD. Material and Method: Descriptive and retrospective study of the HD records of a hospital unit. As an evaluation method, we used the methodology of our center (MIDEA) based on the Global Trigger Tools method. All the HD sessions of March, May and July 2016 were reviewed: 2,080 sessions; and the same months in 2017: 1953 sessions. After the 2016 analysis, the following corrective measures were implemented: revision of the anticoagulation procedure of the extracorporeal circuit, updating of the vascular access management and updating of the procedure before hypotension. Results: In 2016, the clinical records of 208 patients were reviewed. 255 EA were detected (11.8% of the sessions). The most frequent AEs were: 85 hypotension, 74 blood circuit coagulations, 31 vascular access problems and 65 other AD. In 2017, the clinical records of 258 patients were reviewed. 155 AE were detected (in 7.9% of the sessions). The most frequent AEs were: 60 hypotension, 36 circuit coagulations, 30 vascular access problems and 29 other AE. Conclusions: Adverse events decreased by 39.2% in 2017, and although hypotension, blood circuit coagulation and vascular access problems are the most frequent, we consider that corrective measures are being effective.

Resumen Los pacientes en hemodiálisis son una población susceptible de padecer eventos adversos por fallos en el proceso asistencial. Objetivo: Evaluar la eficacia de las medidas correctoras en un plan de seguridad del paciente en hemodiálisis para disminuir los eventos adversos. Material y Método: Estudio descriptivo y retrospectivo del registro de hemodiálisis de una unidad hospitalaria. Como método de evaluación se utilizó la metodología propia de nuestro centro (MIDEA) basado en el método Global Trigger Tools. Se revisaron todas las sesiones de hemodiálisis de marzo, mayo y julio de 2016: 2.080 sesiones; y los mismos meses en 2017: 1953 sesiones. Después del análisis de 2016, se implantaron las siguientes medidas correctoras: revisión del procedimiento de anticoagulación del circuito extracorpóreo, actualización del manejo de los accesos vasculares y actualización del procedimiento ante hipotensiones. Resultados: En el año 2016, se revisaron las gráficas de 208 pacientes. Se detectaron 255 eventos adversos (11,8% de las sesiones), siendo los más frecuentes: 85 hipotensiones, 74 coagulaciones del circuito sanguíneo, 31 problemas del acceso vascular y 65 otros eventos adversos. En el año 2017, se revisaron las gráficas de 258 pacientes. Se detectaron 155 eventos adversos (7,9% de las sesiones), siendo los más frecuentes: 60 hipotensiones, 36 coagulaciones del circuito, 30 problemas del acceso vascular y 29 otros eventos adversos. Conclusiones: Los eventos adversos disminuyeron un 39,2% en 2017, y aunque siguen siendo las hipotensiones, coagulaciones del circuito sanguíneo y los problemas derivados del acceso vascular los más frecuentes, pensamos que las medidas correctoras están siendo eficaces.

ABSTRACT Low quality barley that has been rejected for the malt production process can be used to produce value added products, particularly enzymes. Hence, in this work the starch was extracted and used to produce amylolytic enzymes by Aureobasidium pullulans. Using 50 g/L of barley raw starch, glucoamylase, α-amylase, α glucosidase and β-glucosidase enzymes were produced with maximum activities of 193, 7.4, 8.1 and 8.5 U/mL, respectively. After 30 h of fermentation a crude extract was obtained, which was used as enzymatic source for the saccharification of starch from three sources at 10 g/L: barley, soluble (from potato) and corn. First, two reaction solvents (water and acetate buffer) and the addition of calcium (Ca2+) were evaluated. Afterwards, starch gelatinization was evaluated and finally experiments varying the starch concentration (from 50 to 400 g/L) were conducted. Using water as solvent and the Ca2+ addition had a positive effect, resulting in a maximum glucose concentration of 3.84, 0.84 and 0.4 g/L from barley, soluble and corn starches, respectively. In the other hand, starch gelatinization was positive for soluble and corn starches, enhancing hydrolysis in 23 and 25 %, respectively. Increasing the starch concentration to 50 g/L was the best condition, enhancing hydrolysis in 3.2, 40 and 42 % from barley, soluble and corn starches, respectively. This work demonstrates that low quality raw barley starch can be used for the production of value added products such as enzymes.

RESUMEN La cebada de baja calidad rechazada para el proceso de producción de malta puede ser utilizada para la obtención de productos de valor agregado, particularmente enzimas. En este trabajo se extrajo almidón de cebada y se usó para producir enzimas amilolíticas por Aureobasidium pullulans. Utilizando 50 g/L de almidón, se produjeron glucoamilasa, α-amilasa, α-glucosidasa y β-glucosidasa con actividades máximas de 193, 7.4, 8.1 y 8.5 U/mL, respectivamente. A las 30 h de fermentación se obtuvo un extracto enzimático crudo que se utilizó para sacarificar almidón de tres fuentes a 10 g/L: cebada, soluble (papa) y maíz. Primero, fueron evaluados dos medios de reacción (agua y solución tampón de acetato) y la adición de calcio (Ca2+). Posteriormente, se evaluó la gelatinización del almidón y finalmente se realizaron experimentos aumentando la concentración de almidón (50 a 400 g/L). El agua y la adición de Ca2+ tuvieron un efecto positivo, resultando una concentración máxima de glucosa de 3.84, 0.84 y 0.4 g/L para almidón de cebada, soluble y de maíz, respectivamente. La gelatinización del almidón fue positiva para el almidón soluble y de maíz, aumentando la hidrólisis en 23 y 25 %, respectivamente. El incremento de la concentración de almidón a 50 g/L fue la mejor condición; aumentó la hidrólisis en 3.2, 40 y 42 % para almidón de cebada, soluble y de maíz, respectivamente. Este trabajo demuestra que el almidón de cebada de baja calidad puede ser aprovechado para la obtención de productos de valor agregado, como las enzimas.

Abstract The aim of this study is to evaluate the Nicaraguan screening program for congenital hypothyroidism in terms of coverage and effectiveness of detection and confirmation of cases with the condition throughout a decade. Thyrotropin was quantified in cord-blood samples by a validated ELISA and a cut-off of 20 mU/l was applied. Coverage, positive predictive value, recall rate and prevalence were retrospectively analysed. Babies with positive screening results were contacted for confirmation by means of determination of thyrotropin and thyroid profile in serum samples. 272,338 babies were screened during the period 2005-2015. The mean coverage reached by the program in the participating departments was 71%, with a positive predictive value of 83% and a recall rate of 0.055%. Eighty cases of congenital hypothyroidism were identified, representing an incidence of 1 in 3229 live births, most of them (81%) being severe. The performance of the Nicaraguan screening program is comparable to those in Latin America also using cord-blood samples. The incidence of congenital hypothyroidism is within the low range of other countries worldwide. Strategies are needed to expand the program to the whole country, improve recall rates and achieve earlier treatment of babies, with the condition.

Abstract: Background: Microbial consortia have ecological and biotechnological importance since they contribute to the biogeochemical cycles in nature and produce compounds of high economical value. Goals: Research for this paper involved the polyphasic study of a photosynthetic microbial consortium (MC) in order to identify the microorganisms that comprise it, in addition to exploring the theory of the biotechnological potential of each partner within the consortium. Methods: Study of morphological and phylogenetic diversity. Results: Twenty-one different microorganisms were identified that make up the MC belonging to the phyla Proteobacteria (Rhodobacter sp., Devosia insulae, Pedomicrobium americanum, Alpha proteobacteria, Aquaspirillum delicatum, Methylibium petroleiphilum and Nannocystis sp.), Bacteriodetes (Flavobacterium sp. and Flavobacterium aquatile), Cyanobacteria (Aphanizomenon aphanizomenoides, Leptolyngbya sp. and Anabaena oscillarioides), Chlorophyta (Monoraphidium sp. and Chlorella sp.), Heterokontophyta (Cyclotella meneghiniana, Melosira varians, Cocconeis placentula, Achnanthidium chlidanos, Navicula radiosa, Fragilaria ulna and Nitzschia sp.). This microbial consortium was shown to have a high capacity for nitrogen fixation (10,294 nmol ethylene g-1 dry weight h-1). Conclusions: The identification of microorganisms that form the MC and their capacity for growth and nitrogen fixation in a photobioreactor, give us a glimpse of their possible biotechnological application as a biofertilizer.

Resumen: Antecedentes: Los consorcios microbianos son de importancia ecológica y biotecnológica por que contribuyen a los ciclos biogeoquímicos y producen compuestos de alto valor añadido. Objetivos. Realizar el estudio polifásico de un consorcio microbiano (CM) fotosintético, con el fin de identificar los microorganismos que lo integran, además del aporte teórico del potencial biotecnológico de cada uno de ellos como parte del consorcio. Métodos: Se empleó un estudio de la diversidad morfológica y filogenética. Resultados: En el CM se identificaron 21 microorganismos diferentes pertenecientes a los phyla Proteobacteria (Rhodobacter sp., Devosia insulae, Pedomicrobium americanum, Alpha proteobacteria, Aquaspirillum delicatum, Methylibium petroleiphilum y Nannocystis sp.), Bacteroidetes (Flavobacterium sp. y Flavobacterium aquatile), Cyanobacteria (Aphanizomenon aphanizomenoides, Leptolyngbya sp. y Anabaena oscillarioides), Chlorophyta (Monoraphidium sp., Chlorella sp.), Heterokontophyta (Cyclotella meneghiniana, Melosira varians, Cocconeis placentula, Achnanthidium chlidanos, Navicula radiosa, Fragilaria ulna y Nitzschia sp.). Este consorcio microbiano ha mostrado tener una elevada capacidad de fijación de nitrógeno (10,294 nmoles etileno g-1 peso seco h-1). Conclusiones: La identificación de los microorganismos que conforman el CM, su capacidad de crecimiento y la fijación de nitrógeno en un fotobiorreactor, permiten vislumbrar su posible aplicación biotecnológica como biofertilizante.

Background: Choosing the method of nutritional assessment is essential for proper follow-up of the nutritional status of patients undergoing liver transplantation. Objectives: Evaluate and compare the nutritional status of cirrhotic patients before and after liver transplantation over a year by different methods of nutritional assessment. Methods: Patients undergoing liver transplantation were assessed in five phases: pre-transplant, 1, 3, 6 and 12 months after transplantation at the hospital Santa Casa de Misericordia de Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil. The methods used for nutritional assessment were anthropometry, grip strength of the non-dominant hand (HGS) by dynamometry, thickness of the adductor pollicis muscle (APM) and phase angle (PA) by bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA). In all evaluations, the same measurements were taken. Results: Evaluations were performed in 22 patients. Methods that showed a higher prevalence of malnourished patients before transplantation were PA by BIA (25%), arm muscle circumference (AMC) (21.9%) and arm circumference (AC) (18.8%). When comparing the nutritional status of patients during follow-up, there was a significant difference only in the evaluation methods AC, triceps skinfold thickness and PA by BIA. At the end, the methods of nutritional assessment were compared again. They showed a significant statistical difference, with HGS being the best method for detecting malnutrition. Conclusions: In conclusion, it is suggested that the method PA by BIA could be widely used with this population since the results are consistent with other findings in the literature and they are significant, reliable, and reproducible.

Introducción: la elección del método para la evaluación nutricional es fundamental para el correcto seguimiento del estado nutricional de los pacientes sometidos al trasplante de hígado. Objetivos: evaluar y comparar el estado nutricional de los pacientes antes y después del trasplante de hígado por el tiempo de un año para los diferentes métodos de evaluación nutricional. Métodos: se evaluaron los pacientes que se sometieron a un trasplante de hígado en diferentes momentos: pretrasplante, 1, 3, 6 y 12 meses después del procedimiento, en la Hermandad de la Santa Casa de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil. Los métodos utilizados fueron la antropometría, la fuerza de apretón de manos por la fuerza de agarre no dominante (FAM), el espesor del músculo aductor del pulgar y el ángulo de fase (AF) por bioimpedancia eléctrica (BIA). En todas las evaluaciones se tomaron las mismas medidas. Resultados: las evaluaciones se llevaron a cabo en 22 pacientes. Los métodos que mostraron mayor prevalencia de pacientes desnutridos antes del trasplante fueron la FA por BIA (25%), la circunferencia muscular del brazo (CMB) (21,9%) y la circunferencia del brazo (CB) (18,8%). Al comparar el estado nutricional de los pacientes durante el seguimiento, hubo diferencia significativa en los métodos de evaluación de CB, espesor del pliegue cutáneo triciptal y AF por la BIA. Al final del seguimiento, los métodos de evaluación nutricional fueron nuevamente comparados y mostraron de diferencias significativas, siendo la FAM el método de mayor detección de desnutrición. Conclusiones: se sugiere que podría intensificarse el uso del método AF por la BIA en esta población, ya que los resultados están en consonancia con los encontrados en la literatura, siendo significativos, fiables y reproducibles.

Introdução: Os distúrbios mineral e ósseo (DMO) são encontrados com frequência em pacientes com doença renal crônica (DRC) e são causa importante de morbidade e mortalidade nessa população. São escassos na literatura estudos que avaliam a prevalência dos tipos de alterações histológicas no tecido ósseo e suas associações com desfechos clínicos, como fraturas, hospitalização, doença cardiovascular e mortalidade. Os estudos epidemiológicos dos DMO-DRC podem ser facilitados pela criação de registros. O Registro Brasileiro de Biópsias Ósseas (REBRABO) será uma base de dados coordenada pelo Comitê DMO-DRC da Sociedade Brasileira de Nefrologia. Objetivo: Descrever o desenho, banco de dados e metodologia do REBRABO. Métodos: Será uma base de dados eletrônica online, envolvendo informações nacionais, observacionais, multicêntricas retrospectivas (1ª fase), e prospectivas (2ª fase), contendo dados demográficos, clínicos, laboratoriais e de histologia óssea, obtidos por meio da técnica de histomorfometria em pacientes com DMO-DRC; serão empregadas análises estatísticas de relação e comparação para identificar possíveis associações entre os DMODRC e desfechos clínicos, incluindo fraturas, hospitalizações e mortalidade. Resultados: A primeira fase do REBRABO revelará análise de informações demográficas, clínicas, laboratoriais e de histologia do tecido ósseo de janeiro/1986 até dezembro/2013, cujos Resultados são esperados no primeiro semestre de 2015. Conclusão: Existe a necessidade de estudos que avaliem a prevalência, associações entre variáveis sociodemográficas, clínicas, laboratoriais e de histologia do tecido ósseo, e relações com desfechos clínicos na área dos DMO-DRC. O REBRABO servirá como plataforma única de pesquisa retrospectiva e prospectiva envolvendo dados de biópsia óssea de pacientes com DMO-DRC.

Introduction: Mineral bone disorder (MBD) is a common condition in chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients and causes significant morbidity and mortality. Data involving prevalence of alterations in bone histological patterns, impact of different treatments and its repercussion in outcomes, such as bone fractures, hospitalization, cardiovascular disease and mortality, are scarce. Data bank registry can be a valuable tool to understand epidemiological aspects of MBD CKD. The Brazilian Registry of Bone Biopsy (REBRABO) will be a national registry, coordinating by the Brazilian Society of Nephrology - Committee of MBD-CKD. Objective: To describe REBRABO's design, elements of data and methodology. Methods: Will be an online national observational and multicentric data registry divided in two phases (retrospective, 1st phase) and prospective (2nd phase), including information from bone tissue histomorphometric analysis and demographics, clinical and laboratorial data from CKD-MBD patients. Results: The REBRABO's first phase will explore data on demographics, clinical, laboratorial and bone histomorphometric analysis data from January/1986 to December/2013. The first Results are expected in early 2015. Conclusion: Studies in the field of CKD-MBD are needed, particularly those analyzing its prevalence, associations between demographic, clinical, histological parameters, and major outcomes. The REBRABO will be a unique retrospective and prospective research platform including bone biopsy data in CKD-MBD patients.

The estimation of the forest and vegetation cover in the Valdivian Rainforest Eco-region (35º - 43º30´ S) of Chile in the Pre-European period emerges as a relevant scientific question due to its implications for forest conservation and for the improvement of the understanding of the patterns and dynamics of human settlement. This study uses a transdisciplinary approach integrating information from historical documents, archaeological evidence and the relationship of present vegetation with environmental variables. From this analysis we developed the first reconstruction of the forest and vegetation in the Valdivian Rainforest Eco-region circa 1550 (1:500.000 scale map). Our results indicate that native forests covered 11.3 million ha ca. 1550 at the Spanish conqueror arrival, decreasing to 5.7 million ha in 2007 (50.4 % of the original area). This reduction is due to the conversion of native forests to pasturelands, shrublands and agriculture land and, since 1974, forest plantations of exotic species. This study shows the need to continue developing transdisciplinary research, which integrates historical, archaeological and biophysical (potential vegetation, pollen analysis and dendrochronology) data to improve the understanding of changing forest and vegetation cover under climatic fluctuations and human influences during the last 450 years.

La estimación de la cobertura de vegetación y uso del suelo de la ecorregión de los bosques valdivianos lluviosos (35º - 43º 30´ S) en Chile antes de la colonización europea, surge como una interrogante relevante por sus implicancias para la conservación de la naturaleza y la comprensión de los patrones y dinámica del poblamiento humano. A partir de un enfoque transdisciplinario que integra información proveniente de documentos históricos, y sitios arqueológicos, y de la relación de estos registros así como de la vegetación actual con variables ambientales, se desarrolló la primera reconstrucción de la cobertura boscosa y de la vegetación de la ecorregión de los bosques valdivianos lluviosos en Chile hacia 1550, expresada cartográficamente a escala 1:500.000. Los resultados mostraron que, a la llegada de los españoles, los bosques nativos cubrían 11,3 millones de hectáreas, cifra que disminuyó en 2007 a 5,8 millones de hectáreas (51 % del área original). Dicha reducción se explica por el reemplazo del bosque nativo por praderas y matorrales, áreas agrícolas y, a partir de 1974, por plantaciones forestales. Este estudio muestra la necesidad de continuar desarrollando una línea de investigación transdisciplinaria que integre métodos de investigación históricos, arqueológicos y biofísicos (vegetación potencial, palinología, dendrocronología), para lograr una mejor comprensión de los cambios ocurridos en la vegetación bajo fluctuaciones climáticas e influencias humanas durante los últimos 450 años.

The black bear is an endangered species in Mexico, like the majority of the large carnivores they are distributed in small and isolated populations and thus their conservation depends on understanding their population status. During 2009, we estimated the abundance and density of the black bear in Sierra de Ajos and Sierra de San Luis in the Northeast Sonora, using camera traps. We defined patches (Sierras) as a combination of elevation and vegetation types in this part of the range. We extrapolated the densities to patch area to estimate population size, obtaining a density of 14.0 ind/100 km² in San Luis and 2.0 ind/100 km² in Ajos and a population size of 218 and 24 individuals respectively. Sierra de San Luis is a larger patch than Sierra de Ajos, which influences directly the population size directly. Furthermore, Sierra de Ajos is isolated from other Sky Islands, resembling a sinkhole population with no evidence for reproduction. It is necessary to continue monitoring black bear populations of the Sky Islands, to determine population trends and related factors that cause the variation of population size among the Sky Islands.

El oso negro se encuentra en peligro de extinción en México, como la mayoría de los grandes carnívoros, se distribuye en poblaciones pequeñas y aisladas, por ende su conservación requiere de contar con conocimiento actual de sus poblaciones. Durante el 2009, estimamos la densidad del oso negro en Sierra de Ajos y Sierra de San Luis en el Noreste de Sonora, utilizando trampas cámara. Definimos los parches (Sierras) como la combinación de elevación y tipos de cobertura utilizados por la especie. Para estimar el tamaño poblacional, la densidad se extrapoló al área de cada parche. Obtuvimos una densidad de 14.0 ind/100 km² en San Luis y de 2.0 ind/100 km² en Ajos y un tamaño poblacional de 218 individuos y 24 individuos respectivamente. Sierra de San Luis es un parche más grande que Sierra de Ajos, lo que influye directamente en un mayor tamaño poblacional. Además, Sierra de Ajos se encuentra más aislada de otras Islas, por lo que es posible que funcione como una población sumidero y no hay evidencia de presencia de una población reproductiva. Es necesario continuar con el monitoreo de las poblaciones de oso negro en otros parches de las Islas del Cielo, para determinar sus tendencias poblacionales e identificar los factores que contribuyen a la variación en el tamaño poblacional entre las Islas del Cielo.

The thrust of this work is to show how, through public policy, emerging forms of territorial reorganization in the State of Chiapas are being built, through the relocation of the population in "rural cities" to provide them with public services. From the point of view of program designers, the strategy adopted is optimal to counteract the effects of the territorial dispersion and population fragmentation on the provision of public goods. On our side, we try to show the design of this social policy responds to a "location allowance process" which intends to minimize the gap between the location of service centers and people's access by applying a scheme of urban planning to create a "balanced and sustainable community".

La idea central de este trabajo es mostrar, cómo a partir de la política pública, se están construyendo formas emergentes de reorganización territorial en el estado de Chiapas, mediante la reubicación de la población en "ciudades rurales" con el fin de dotarla de servicios públicos. Desde el punto de vista de los diseñadores del programa, la estrategia adoptada es óptima para contrarrestar los efectos de la dispersión territorial y la fragmentación poblacional sobre la provisión de bienes públicos. Por nuestra parte, pretendemos mostrar que el diseño de esta política social, responde a un proceso de "asignación de localización" en el cual se propone minimizar la brecha entre la localización de centros de servicios y el acceso de la gente, aplicando un esquema de planificación urbana para crear un tipo de "comunidad equilibrada y sustentable".

No dia 14 de novembro de 2009, a Sociedade Brasileira de Nefrologia promoveu um fórum de discussão das novas diretrizes do KDIGO (Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes). O objetivo desse encontro, onde estiveram presentes 64 participantes, foi discutir estas novas diretrizes diante da realidade brasileira. Esse encontro teve o patrocínio da Empresa de Biotecnologia Genzyme, que não teve acesso à sala de discussão e tampouco aos temas tratados durante o evento. Este artigo traz um resumo das diretrizes do KDIGO e das discussões realizadas pelos participantes.

On November 14th, 2009, the Brazilian Society of Nephrology coordinated the Brazilian Discussion Meeting on the new KDIGO (Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes) guidelines. The purpose of this meeting, which was attended by 64 nephrologists, was to discuss these new guidelines from the Brazilian perspective. This meeting was supported by an unrestricted grant of the biotechnology company Genzyme, which did not have access to the meeting room or to the discussion sections. This article brings a summary of the KDIGO guidelines and of the discussions by the attendees.