ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: Although the concept of an “ongoing study” seems self-explanatory, it is difficult to determine whether a trial is underway. OBJECTIVE: To analyze the definitions of “ongoing clinical trial” across different clinical trial registries, methodological guidelines, and other sources. DESIGN AND SETTING: This meta-research study was conducted at the Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), Brazil. METHODS: We performed a cross-sectional analysis of relevant clinical trial registry databases, methodological guidelines for conducting systematic reviews, and other sources that would define or regulate clinical trials. RESULTS: We identified various heterogeneous definitions used by eligible sources at both the start and end of a clinical trial. The starting criteria used were as follows: when the team is planning the protocol, when permission is given to conduct the study, or when the first participant is enrolled. Some sources used the time at which the last outcome data was collected as a criterion to determine the end of the trial. The International Committee of Medical Journal Editors stated that a study is still “ongoing” during the analysis process. Several sources use a vague definition or present no clear criteria for defining the start or end of a study. CONCLUSION: The concept of “ongoing clinical trials” lacks a transparent and homogeneous definition across relevant sources. A consensus on this concept is important to facilitate the evaluation of available evidence and conduct research synthesis. Further efforts are necessary to determine the best definition for the start and end of a clinical trial.

Chloroquine is a drug belonging to the aminoquinoline family that is widely used for treating diseases such as lupus, cancer, and malaria. In this sense, the present work describes the development of a simple method based on electrogenerated chemiluminescence (ECL) and a screen-printed carbon electrode (SPE) modified with carbon black for chloroquine determination. The carbon black modified SPE was characterized by scanning electron microscopy, Raman spectroscopy, cyclic voltammetry and linear sweep voltammetry to obtain the ECL-potential curves. The ECL method is based on the chemiluminescence resulting from the interaction between chloroquine and the tris(2’2-bipyridyl) ruthenium(II) complex. Under optimized experimental conditions, the method showed a wide linear working range between 0.5 and 500 µmol L-1. The method presented good precision and accuracy in drug samples used in the treatment of malaria and artificial urine sample, showing recovery values from 100 to 103% and 99 to 103%, respectively.

ABSTRACT Among renal replacement therapies, preemptive kidney transplantation (PKT) presents the best clinical, social, and economic results. However, it is still infrequently chosen as first therapy for patients with irreversible kidney failure. Initiatives in different parts of the world were developed to identify the reasons why PKT is still not widely used and to facilitate the access of patients with end-stage kidney disease to the advantages associated with it. This article addresses the main advantages and difficulties of PKT and discusses when it should be indicated and how to prepare potential recipients for PKT.

Resumo Entre as terapias renais substitutivas, o transplante renal preemptivo (TRP) apresenta os melhores resultados clínicos, sociais e econômicos. No entanto, ainda é raramente escolhido como primeira terapia para pacientes com falência renal irreversível. Foram desenvolvidas iniciativas em diferentes partes do mundo para identificar as razões pelas quais o TRP ainda não é amplamente utilizado e para facilitar o acesso de pacientes com doença renal em estágio terminal às vantagens associadas ao mesmo. Este artigo aborda as principais vantagens e dificuldades do TRP e discute quando ele deve ser indicado e como preparar potenciais receptores para o TRP.

Abstract Introduction: Reduced muscle strength and low-exercise capacity are well documented in adults, but there are few studies examining those impairments in children and adolescents after kidney transplantation. The objective of this study was to evaluate peripheral and respiratory muscle strength and the association with submaximal exercise capacity in children and adolescents after kidney transplant. Methods: Forty-seven patients between six and 18 years of age clinically stable after transplantation were included. Peripheral muscle strength (isokinetic and hand-grip dynamometry), respiratory muscle strength (maximal inspiratory and expiratory pressure), and submaximal exercise capacity (six-minute walk test – 6MWT) were assessed. Results: Patients had a mean age of 13.1 ± 2.7 years and an average of 34 months had elapsed since the transplantation. Flexors of the knee showed a significant reduction in muscle strength (77.3% of predicted) and knee extensors had normal values (105.4% of predicted). Hand-grip strength and maximal respiratory pressures (inspiratory and expiratory) also were significantly lower than expected (p < 0.001). Although distance walked in the 6MWT was significantly lower than predicted (p < 0.001), no significant correlation was found with peripheral and respiratory muscle strength. Conclusion: Children and adolescents after kidney transplantation have reduced peripheral muscle strength of knee flexors, hand-grip, and maximal respiratory pressures. No associations were found between peripheral and respiratory muscle strength and submaximal exercise capacity.

Resumo Introdução: Força muscular reduzida e baixa capacidade de exercício encontram-se bem documentadas em adultos mas há poucos estudos examinando essas alterações em crianças e adolescentes após transplante renal. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a força muscular periférica e respiratória e a associação com a capacidade submáxima de exercício em crianças e adolescentes após o transplante renal. Métodos: Foram incluídos 47 pacientes entre 6 e 18 anos de idade clinicamente estáveis após o transplante. Avaliou-se a força muscular periférica (dinamometria isocinética e de preensão manual), a força muscular respiratória (pressão inspiratória e expiratória máximas) e a capacidade submáxima de exercício (teste de caminhada de seis minutos – TC6M). Resultados: Os pacientes apresentaram média de idade de 13,1 ± 2,7 anos e uma média de 34 meses desde o transplante. Os flexores de joelho mostraram uma redução significativa na força muscular (77,3% do previsto) e os extensores de joelho apresentaram valores normais (105,4% do previsto). A força de preensão manual e as pressões respiratórias máximas (inspiratória e expiratória) foram significativamente inferiores ao esperado (p < 0,001). Embora a distância percorrida no TC6M tenha sido significativamente menor do que o previsto (p < 0,001), não encontramos nenhuma correlação significativa com a força muscular periférica e respiratória. Conclusão: Crianças e adolescentes submetidos ao transplante renal apresentam força muscular periférica reduzida de flexores de joelho e de preensão manual, bem como das pressões respiratórias máximas. Não foram encontradas associações entre força muscular periférica e respiratória e a capacidade submáxima de exercício.

ABSTRACT The wild pepper (Capsicum annuum L. var. glabriusculum (Dunal) Heiser & Pickersgill) is a valuable genetic resource for agriculture and food. Around the world salinity is a significant environmental stress that limit and affect agriculture productivity. This work estimates the variation in salinity tolerance in six populations of wild pepper populations of the Northwest of Mexico at three salinity levels (without NaCl, 25 and 50 mM NaCl). The measured traits were height, stem development, foliar area, relative content of chlorophyll, dry weight of plant, root, stem, and leaves. Salinity tolerance was estimated with a stress tolerance index (STI) obtained by comparing values of traits between control treatment (without NaCl) and salinity treatments. Data were subjected to univariate and multivariate variance analysis of principal components. All measured traits were negatively and significantly affected by salinity. Univariate variance analysis and of principal components clearly differentiated the studied populations. At 50 mM NaCl, height, stem diameter, foliar area, stem and leaves dry weight correlated positively with electrical conductivity, and foliar area, relative content of chlorophyll, stem and leaves dry weight correlated with soil Na at the site of origin of the populations. Presa Oviachic showed a higher salinity tolerance in both NaCl treatments (1.17 and 0.99), followed by two more populations (Lo de Vega and Yecorato), each with each salinity treatment. Presa Oviachic presented the highest average STI in both treatments, 37.6% and 40.4% higher than Cósala and Mazocahui respectively. Root dry weight (0.427), stem diameter (0.419), leaf area (0.412), stem dry weight (0.407) and plant dry weight (0.345) were the most important traits in that order and Presa Oviachic was significantly superior to the rest of populations in STI at 50 mM NaCl. Plants of these populations could be a source of salinity resistance. The variation pattern observed in these traits suggests adaptation to the local edaphic conditions.

ABSTRACT Introduction McKittrick-Wheelock syndrome is a rare entity characterized by chronic diarrhea, acute kidney injury, and hydroelectrolytic imbalance associated with a large rectal tumor, frequently a villous adenoma. Case report A 69-year-old male with chronic diarrhea with mucus. He underwent a colonoscopy with biopsies, reporting adenocarcinoma of the rectum in situ, and underwent a robot assisted intersphincteric resection with colo-anal anastomosis and a protecitive ileostomy. Discussion Described in 1954, this syndrome is manifested by electrolyte imbalance and acute renal injury secondary to diarrhea associated with a rectal villous adenoma, often with long lasting symptoms. The most frequent symptom being watery diarrhea with mucus. The definitive treatment consists of surgical resection. Conclusion Although this is a rare pathology, it should be considered as a differential diagnosis in cases of chronic diarrhea associated with water and electrolyte disorders.

Abstract This study aimed to compare the availability of supplies and amalgam and composite resin restorations among Oral Health Teams (OHT) in Brazilian regions. Secondary data were extracted from Modules I and II of the 1st (2012) and V and VI of the 2nd (2014) and 3rd cycle (2017) of the external evaluation of the National Program for Access and Quality in Primary Care2. The proportions between regions and cycles were compared using the Chi-square test with the z-test adjusted by the Bonferroni method (p<0.05). Among 2012, 2014, and 2017 there was a significant reduction in the proportion of OHT that performed amalgam restorations (87.5%, 89.2%, and 80.2%; p<0.001) and an increase in resin composite (92.5 %, 97.7%, and 99.0%; p<0.001), with the same trend in Brazilian regions (p<0.001). Amalgamator availability decreased among 2012 (99.0%), 2014 (98.4%) and 2017 (85.6%) (p<0.001). Amalgam availability was lower in 2017 (80.1%), compared to 2012 (87.5%) and 2014 (97.5%) (p<0.001). The availability of light curing decreased between 2012 (99.0%), 2014 (98.4%) and 2017 (85.6%) (p<0.001), being less available in the North (95.7%) (p<0.001). The light-curing resin increased between 2012 (94.1%), 2014 (96.6%) and 2017 (97.0%) (p<0.001), with no increase only in the North (p=0.134). While there was a reduction in supplies and amalgam restoration, there was an increase in supplies and resin composite restorations in the period evaluated in all Brazilian regions. However, regional disparities are still evident, with fewer supplies of restorative services in the North region.

Resumo Este estudo objetivou comparar a disponibilidade de fornecimentos e restaurações de amálgama e resina composta entre as Equipas de Saúde Oral (OHT) por regiões brasileiras. Os dados secundários foram extraídos dos módulos I e II do 1º (2012) e V e VI do 2º (2014) e 3º ciclo (2017) da avaliação externa do Programa Nacional de Acesso e Qualidade em Cuidados Primários. As proporções entre regiões e ciclos foram comparadas utilizando o teste Qui-quadrado com o teste z ajustado pelo método de Bonferroni (p<0,05). Entre 2012, 2014, e 2017 houve uma redução significativa na proporção de OHT que realizou restaurações de amálgama (87,5%, 89,2%, e 80,2%; p<0,001) e um aumento na resina composta (92,5%, 97,7%, e 99,0%; p<0,001), com a mesma tendência nas regiões brasileiras (p<0,001). A disponibilidade de amalgamadores diminuiu entre 2012 (99,0%), 2014 (98,4%) e 2017 (85,6%) (p<0,001). A disponibilidade de amálgama foi menor em 2017 (80,1%), em comparação com 2012 (87,5%) e 2014 (97,5%) (p<0,001). A disponibilidade de polimerização por luz diminuiu entre 2012 (99,0%), 2014 (98,4%) e 2017 (85,6%) (p<0,001), estando menos disponível no Norte (95,7%) (p<0,001). A resina fotopolimerizadora aumentou entre 2012 (94,1%), 2014 (96,6%) e 2017 (97,0%) (p<0,001), sem aumento apenas no Norte (p=0,134). Embora tenha havido uma redução nos fornecimentos e restauração de amálgamas, houve um aumento nos fornecimentos e restaurações de resina composta no período avaliado em todas as regiões brasileiras. Contudo, as disparidades regionais são ainda evidentes, com menos oferta de serviços de restauração na região Norte.

Resumo Isla Arena está localizada na coordenada 20°70’N - 90°45’W, de Campeche, México. Nesses estuários, o oceano se mistura com a água doce e os ecossistemas se concentram onde proliferam petenos e flamingos rosa. Crustáceos e moluscos abundam no mar. Apesar de sua enorme riqueza marinha, não há estudos realizados sobre a presença de microrganismos halofílicos nessas águas. Neste trabalho, a diversidade e estrutura da comunidade microbiana foram investigadas através de uma abordagem metagenômica e corroboradas para o sequenciamento de genes 16S rRNA. Verificou-se que o filo Fimicutes predomina com mais de 50%, quase na mesma proporção da classe Bacilli e com quase 41% de abundância relativa da ordem Bacillales. Os resultados do sequenciamento mostraram que uma das amostras apresentou alto percentual de similaridade (99,75%) pelo programa Nucleotide BLAST com um microrganismo peculiar: Bacillus subtilis. Nossos resultados demonstram que B. subtilis pode ser uma fonte eficiente de proteases, lipases e celulases, provenientes de comunidades microbianas halofílicas localizadas em áreas pouco exploradas.

Abstract Isla Arena is located in the coordinate 20° 70´ N - 90° 45´ W, from Campeche, Mexico. In these estuaries, the ocean mixes with fresh water, and ecosystems are concentrated where petenes and pink flamingos proliferate. Crustaceans and mollusks abound in the sea. Despite its enormous marine wealth, there are no studies carried out on which halophilic microorganisms are present in these waters. In this work, the diversity and structure of the microbial community was investigated through a metagenomics approach and corroborated for sequencing of 16S rRNA genes. It was found that the phylum Fimicutes predominates with more than 50%, in almost the same proportion of the class Bacilli and with almost 41% of relative abundance of the order Bacillales. The sequencing results showed that one of the samples presented a high percentage of similarity (99.75%) using the Nucleotide BLAST program with a peculiar microorganism: Bacillus subtilis. This microorganism is one of the best characterized bacteria among the gram-positive ones. Our results demonstrate that B. subtilis can be an efficient source of proteases, lipases and cellulases, from halophilic microbial communities located in poorly explored areas.

Resumo Doru luteipes (Scudder, 1876) é um predador onívoro, que encontra na planta do milho diferentes recursos alimentares: ovos de Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith, 1797), uredósporos de Puccinia polysora (Underw, 1897) e pólen. Para definição da relevância desse predador como agente de controle biológico, conhecer a sobrevivência e preferência alimentar é essencial. Nós hipotetizamos que o comportamento de forrageamento e a capacidade de predação de D. luteipes podem ser afetados quando uma mesma planta oferece ovos, uredósporos e pólen, concomitantemente. A sobrevivência de D. luteipes na fase de ninfa e sua preferência entre os recursos alimentares, frequentemente disponíveis nas plantas de milho, foram determinados. Para verificar a sobrevivência de D. luteipes, ninfas recém eclodidas foram alimentadas exclusivamente com 1- uredósporos de P. polysora, 2- ovos de S. frugiperda, 3- pólen de milho, 4- combinação de uredósporos + ovos e 5- dieta artificial (controle). Em outro experimento, ninfas e adultos de D. luteipes com 24 e 48 horas de jejum foram liberadas individualmente, em recipientes contendo quatro dietas: 1- uredósporos de P. polysora, 2- ovos de S. frugiperda, 3- pólen de milho, 4- dieta artificial e mantidas durante 10 min, sendo avaliados a escolha pelo alimento e o tempo de alimentação. A alimentação exclusiva com ovos de S. frugiperda ocasionou baixa sobrevivência das ninfas (8%), porém a combinação de uredósporos de P. polysora + ovos de S. frugiperda possibilitou sobrevivência de 58,3%. D. luteipes preferiu se alimentar durante o período noturno e as maiores proporções de escolhas das ninfas e dos adultos ocorreram no pólen e na dieta, sendo que os adultos gastaram mais tempo se alimentando de pólen. Estas descobertas indicam que as escolhas tróficas de D. luteipes são relevantes para compreender sua contribuição como agente de controle de insetos-praga e doença fúngicas em milho.

Abstract Doru luteipes (Scudder, 1876) is an omnivorous predator that finds different food resources in the corn plant: eggs of Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith, 1797), uredospores of Puccinia polysora (Underw, 1897), and pollen. Knowing the survival and food preferences of this predator is essential to define its relevance as a biological control agent. We hypothesize that the foraging behavior and predatory capacity of D. luteipes may be affected when several food resources, especially eggs of S. frugiperda, uredospores of P. polysora, and pollen are concurrently in the same plant. The survival of D. luteipes in the nymph stage and their preference among food resources, often available in corn plants, were determined. To verify the survival of D. luteipes, newly hatched nymphs were fed exclusively with 1- uredospores of P. polysora, 2- eggs of S. frugiperda, 3- corn pollen, 4- a combination of uredospores + eggs, and 5- artificial diet (control). In another experiment, nymphs and adults of D. luteipes with 24 and 48 hours of fasting were individually released in the center of a container with four diets: 1- uredospores of P. polysora, 2- eggs of S. frugiperda, 3- corn pollen, 4- artificial diet, and maintained for 10 minutes, to evaluate the food choice and feeding time. The exclusive feeding with S. frugiperda eggs caused low nymph survival (8%), but the combination of P. polysora uredospores + S. frugiperda eggs allowed 58.3% survival. D. luteipes preferred feeding during the nighttime and the most significant proportions of choices by nymphs and adults were for pollen and diet, with adults spending more time eating pollen. These findings indicate that the trophic choices of D. luteipes are relevant to understand its contribution as an agent to control pest insects and fungal diseases in corn.

Abstract This work aimed to characterize some of the bioactive compounds of Eugenia punicifolia (Kunth) DC. fruit to enhance the knowledge of its functional potential. Ripe fruits were collected from the restinga of Maricá, in the state of Rio de Janeiro (RJ), Brazil. Bioactive compounds were analyzed by High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). Ascorbic acid (74.14 mg 100-1 g-1), lycopene (504 µg g-1) and total carotenoids (632 µg g-1) contents were superior to other fruits rich in these compounds. In fact, E. punicifolia fruits are an excellent source of carotenoids and can be considered a good source of ascorbic acid (vitamin C). Furthermore, its chemical composition has presented phenolic compounds like gallic acid and anthocyanins. Thus, this underutilized Brazilian fruit stands out as a source of bioactive compounds, presenting a good potential as a functional food, especially due to the high content of lycopene.

Resumo Este trabalho teve como objetivo caracterizar alguns dos compostos bioativos do fruto da Eugenia punicifolia (Kunth) DC. para aprofundar o conhecimento do seu potencial funcional. Frutos maduros foram coletados da restinga de Maricá-RJ, Brasil. Os compostos bioativos foram analisados por cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência. Os teores de ácido ascórbico (74,14 mg 100-1 g-1), licopeno (504 µg g-1) e carotenoides totais (632 µg g-1) foram superiores aos de outras frutas ricas nesses compostos. Os frutos de E. punicifolia são uma excelente fonte de carotenoides e podem ser considerados uma boa fonte de ácido ascórbico (vitamina C). Além disso, sua composição química apresentou compostos fenólicos, como ácido gálico e antocianinas. Assim, essa fruta brasileira subutilizada se destaca como fonte de compostos bioativos, apresentando um bom potencial como alimento funcional, principalmente devido ao alto teor de licopeno.

Abstract The soymilk is a ready-to-eat, nutritious and naturally cholesterol-free product. Several soybean specialty cultivars were developed in Brazil in order to increase the human consumption of soybean products. The aim of this work was to evaluate the nutritional composition and consumer acceptance of soymilk from three soybean cultivars with special features such as high-protein and isoflavone contents, mild flavor and lipoxygenase-free compared to three conventional ones. The soymilk was obtained after blanching with a bicarbonate solution, grinding, centrifugation and pasteurization. The physicochemical and nutritional evaluation data were analyzed using Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and Tukey’s test to check differences among means, and the consumer data through cluster analysis and internal preference mapping. The lipoxygenases were inactivated after thermal processing. There were significant differences among soybean cultivars and soymilks related to the protein, isoflavones, oil, and sugar contents and soymilk yield (p < 0.05). The BRS 133 and BRS 284 cultivars and soymilks presented the highest total isoflavone content (p < 0.05). Regarding the overall consumer acceptance, there were significant differences among cultivars (p < 0.05) with means ranging from 5.9 to 6.7 and the lower score was obtained by BRS 267. However, the cluster analysis identified three consumer segments according to preference similarity. The cultivars BRS 284 and BRS 267 reached the highest mean among the consumers of segment 1 (6.8 and 6.7 respectively). The consumers of segment 2 preferred the cultivar without lipoxygenases, BRS 213 (mean of 7.5) while segment 3 preferred the BRS 133 (mean of 7.4). The process of blanching of soybean with bicarbonate solution, grinding with boiling water and pasteurization mitigated the differences between conventional and specialty cultivars and the six cultivars evaluated were suitable for soymilk production.

Resumo O extrato de soja é um produto pronto para o consumo, nutritivo e naturalmente livre de colesterol. Diversas cultivares especiais de soja foram desenvolvidas no Brasil com o objetivo de aumentar o consumo humano de produtos derivados da soja. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a composição nutricional e a aceitação pelo consumidor do extrato de soja de três cultivares de soja com características especiais, como alto teor de proteínas e isoflavonas, sabor suave e livre de lipoxigenases, em relação a três cultivares convencionais. O extrato de soja foi obtido após branqueamento com solução de bicarbonato, trituração, centrifugação e pasteurização. Os resultados foram analisados por meio do teste de Anova e Tukey, para verificar diferenças entre as médias, e os dados do consumidor, por meio de análise de agrupamento e mapa de preferência interno. As lipoxigenases foram inativadas após o processamento térmico. Houve diferenças significativas entre as cultivares de soja e os extratos obtidos em relação aos teores de proteína, isoflavonas, lipídios e açúcares, e para o rendimento de extrato (p < 0,05). As cultivares BRS 133 e BRS 284 apresentaram o maior teor de isoflavonas totais (p < 0,05). Em relação à aceitação geral pelo consumidor, houve diferenças significativas entre as cultivares (p < 0,05), sendo que a menor média foi obtida por BRS 267. No entanto, a análise de cluster identificou três segmentos de consumidores de acordo com a similaridade de preferência. As cultivares BRS 284 e BRS 267 alcançaram a maior média entre os consumidores do segmento 1 (6,8 e 6,7, respectivamente). Os consumidores do segmento 2 preferiram a cultivar sem lipoxigenases, BRS 213 (média de 7,5), enquanto o segmento 3 preferiu a BRS 133 (média de 7,4). O processo de branqueamento da soja com solução de bicarbonato, trituração com água quente e pasteurização atenuou as diferenças entre as cultivares convencionais e especiais, e as seis cultivares avaliadas foram adequadas para a produção de extrato de soja.

Abstract De-oiled sunflower meal (DSF) and its protein isolate were evaluated as emulsifiers to replace egg yolk powder (EYP) in cookies. The chemical emulsifier DATEM (Diacetyl Tartaric Acid Esters of Mono- and Diglycerides) was used as a positive control. An experimental design of mixtures of the simplex-centroid type was carried out, and the ingredients were expressed as pseudo-components for EYP, DSF, and DATEM emulsifier. The DSF and its sunflower protein isolate (SPI) were tested to validate the design in optimized conditions. Whole meal cookies were analyzed in relation to rheological, physical, technological, and sensory characteristics using the control difference test. In the rheology of the dough, the DSF caused a reduction in the value of hardness, while increasing the parameter of elasticity. Instrumental texture results as well as the specific volume of the samples showed no difference. The control difference test regarding the cookies made with EYP, SPI, and DSF showed that consumers did not give different ratings to cookies made with sunflower as an emulsifier. Therefore, according to the parameters, conditions, and analysis performed, the replacement of EYP by DSF and SPI proved to be satisfactory as an emulsifying agent regarding the preparation of cookies for vegan consumers.

Resumo A farinha de girassol desengordurada (DSF) e seu isolado proteico foram avaliados como emulsificantes para substituir a gema de ovo em pó (EYP) em biscoitos. O emulsificante químico DATEM (Ésteres de Ácido Diacetil Tartárico de Mono e Diglicerídeos) foi utilizado como controle positivo. Foi realizado um planejamento experimental de misturas do tipo simplex-centróide, e os ingredientes foram expressos como pseudocomponentes para o emulsificante EYP, DSF e DATEM. O DSF e seu isolado de proteína de girassol (SPI) foram testados para validar o projeto em condições otimizadas. Biscoitos integrais foram analisados quanto às características reológicas, físicas, tecnológicas e sensoriais por meio do teste de diferença de controle. Na reologia da massa, o DSF provocou redução no valor da dureza, ao mesmo tempo em que aumentou o parâmetro de elasticidade. Os resultados de textura instrumental, bem como o volume específico das amostras, não mostraram diferença. O teste de diferença de controle em relação aos biscoitos feitos com EYP, SPI e DSF mostrou que os consumidores não deram notas diferentes aos biscoitos feitos com girassol como emulsificante. Portanto, de acordo com os parâmetros, condições e análises realizadas, a substituição do EYP por DSF e SPI mostrou-se satisfatória como agente emulsificante no preparo de biscoitos para consumidores veganos.

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: Imaging tests are important for diagnosis during the management of pulmonary nodules; however, biopsy is required to confirm the malignancy. OBJECTIVES: To compare the effects of different techniques used for the biopsy of a pulmonary nodule. DESIGN AND SETTING: Systematic review and meta-analysis were conducted using Cochrane methodology in São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil. METHODS: We conducted a systematic review of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) on minimally invasive techniques, including tomography-guided percutaneous biopsy (PERCUT), transbronchial biopsies with fluoroscopy (FLUOR), endobronchial ultrasound (EBUSR), and electromagnetic navigation (NAVIG). The primary outcomes were diagnostic yield, major adverse events, and need for another approach. RESULTS: Seven RCTs were included (913 participants; 39.2% female, mean age: 59.28 years). Little to no increase was observed in PERCUT over FLUOR (P = 0.84), PERCUT over EBUSR (P = 0.32), and EBUSR over NAVIG (P = 0.17), whereas a slight increase was observed in NAVIG over FLUOR (P = 0.17); however, the evidence was uncertain. EBUSR may increase the diagnostic yield over FLUOR (P = 0.34). PERCUT showed little to no increase in all bronchoscopic techniques, with uncertain evidence (P = 0.02). CONCLUSION: No biopsy method is definitively superior to others. The preferred approach must consider availability, accessibility, and cost, as safety and diagnostic yield do not differ. Further RCTs planned, conducted, and reported with methodological rigor and transparency are needed, and additional studies should assess cost and the correlation between nodule size and location, as well as their association with biopsy results. SYSTEMATIC REVIEW REGISTRATION: PROSPERO database, CRD42018092367 -https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO/display_record.php?RecordID=92367.

In this work, silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) obtained from photographic waste were synthesized and electrodeposited via cyclic voltammetry using epoxy-graphite composite as an electrochemical substrate. Both electrodes, unmodified (Epoxy/C) and modified (Epoxy/C/AgNPs), were characterized electrochemically by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), charge transfer constant (K0), and electroactive area. The modified electrode provided lower charge transfer resistance (275 Ω), more kinetically favored electron transfer (K0 = 1.15 × 10-3 cm s-1), and a 1.7-fold increase in the active area compared to the unmodified electrode. Additional characterizations by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Raman spectroscopy confirmed the presence of AgNPs structures on the carbonaceous surface. As a proof of concept, Pb2+ was used as a model analyte, and a square wave anodic stripping voltammetry (SWASV) method was developed to evaluate the analytical performance of both electrodes. A wider linear range (4.0 to 40.0 µg L-1), the appropriate limit of detection (1.2 µg L-1), and a 6-fold increase in sensitivity were found using the modified electrode, suggesting that the AgNPs significantly contributed to the performance of the electrode. The proposed method was applied to three real water samples, where the Pb2+ levels varied from 11.3 to 19.5 µg L-1. The proposed protocol (reuse of silver waste) has proven to be a powerful tool for improving the detection of Pb2+, which can be helpful for other electrochemical sensing applications in locations with minimal infrastructure.

Abstract To control urban pests, especially cockroaches of the Periplaneta americana species, various pesticides have been developed that are increasingly potent and effective. However, the unrestrained application of pesticides has had negative consequences, such as the disappearance of some useful insect species and, consequently, the appearance of new pests, both in the countryside and cities. Due to the current scenario, it was necessary to search for new alternatives for the control of these insects. Among the species studied, Copaíba stood out. The oils were analyzed using GC-MS, b-caryophyllene and a-bergamotene being the predominant compounds. Repellency tests were performed with three different concentrations of C. officinalis and C. reticulata, 500 μg/mL, 250 μg/mL and 125 μg/mL, in triplicate. It can be observed that the oil of C. officinalis was more repellent to the nymphs at concentrations of 500 μg/mL and 250 μg/mL, however, when the behavior in nymphs exposed to the concentration of 125 μg/mL was compared, it was noted that C. reticulata oil was more repellent at this concentration. Copaifera has shown promising activity as a repellent against arthropods owing to the complex chemical composition of its oils.