Inspection of public building construction with digital technologies: 360º cameras

Fiscalização de obras públicas com uso de tecnologias digitais: câmeras 360º

Abstract

Construction site supervision and monitoring are essential activities in the construction industry. The most common inspection and control practices rely on individual observations and manual data collection, making them susceptible to human error. Studies highlight the potential of image-based digital technologies as alternatives that enable more agile, effective, and transparent monitoring of construction sites. However, public building construction inspections still lack the application of these technologies, despite frequent reports of irregularities by regulatory bodies. This study proposes a method for integrating 360° cameras into public building construction inspection processes. The research employed the Design Science Research methodology, beginning with a literature review, followed by interviews with construction inspectors. Empirical studies were conducted at two public building construction sites in a small town in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, followed by an evaluation of the use of 360° cameras for construction inspection. In addition to the proposed method, the study identified benefits, technical and legal constraints, and monitorable parameters associated with the use of 360° images. The findings contribute to a better understanding of the impact of these technologies on the inspection of public building construcion, highlighting both the challenges and advantages of their implementation within the context of this investigation and potential generalisations by other public authorities.

Keywords
Digital technologies; 360º camera; Inspection; Public building construction

Resumo

A fiscalização e o monitoramento de obras são atividades essenciais na indústria da construção. As práticas mais comuns de fiscalização e controle baseiam-se em observações individuais e na coleta manual de dados, tornando-as suscetíveis a erros humanos. Estudos destacam o potencial das tecnologias digitais baseadas em imagens como alternativas que permitem um monitoramento mais ágil, eficaz e transparente dos canteiros de obras. No entanto, a fiscalização de obras públicas ainda carece da aplicação dessas tecnologias, apesar dos frequentes relatos de irregularidades por parte dos órgãos de controle. Este estudo propõe um método para integrar câmeras 360° aos processos de fiscalização de obras públicas. A pesquisa utilizou a metodologia Design Science Research, iniciando com a revisão da literatura, seguida de entrevistas com fiscais de obras. Foram realizados estudos empíricos em dois canteiros de obras em um município de pequeno porte no estado do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil, seguidos da avaliação do uso de câmeras 360° para a fiscalização. Além do método proposto, o estudo identificou benefícios, restrições técnicas e legais e parâmetros passíveis de monitoramento associados ao uso de imagens 360°. Os resultados contribuem para uma melhor compreensão do impacto dessas tecnologias na fiscalização de obras públicas, destacando tanto os desafios quanto as vantagens de sua implementação no contexto dos casos estudados e suas possíveis generalizações por outros órgãos públicos.

Palavras-chave
Tecnologias digitais; Câmera 360º; Inspeção; Obras públicas

Introduction

Industry 4.0 is a term used to describe the digital transformation of processes and operations, driven by automation, connectivity, and the use of advanced technologies, which promotes greater efficiency and integration in production processes (Kan; Anumba, 2019). In the construction sector, this technological revolution has fostered the adoption of new tools to enhance the management, inspection, and monitoring of construction projects. Image-based methods, such as photographs and videos, stand out for their cost-effectiveness and ease of use (Rahimian et al., 2020). In this technological context, digital image-based technologies have proven valuable for monitoring the progress of construction works, particularly due to their ability to capture, process, and represent realistic visual data of the project, as well as enabling overlays and comparisons with planned models (Lin; Golparvar-Fard, 2017).

360° cameras are gaining prominence in the construction industry, offering greater efficiency in data capture and analysis compared to conventional photography. These cameras use multiple lenses and sensors positioned in different directions to capture high-resolution, 360-degree panoramic images of the environment (Calantropio et al., 2019). By enabling the comprehensive panoramic recording of the environment in a single shot, these cameras optimize data collection time and reduce the number of images required to visualize and analyze spaces, thus contributing to the monitoring of construction sites (Bohn; Teizer, 2010; Barbosa; Costa, 2022). Studies indicate that this technology has proven effective for mapping environments and inspecting construction sites, including reducing safety risks by allowing data to be captured without compromising the use of hands (Barbosa; Costa, 2022; Lin; Golparvar-Fard, 2020; Humpe, 2020; Park; Cai; Perissin, 2018; Grosskopf et al., 2019).

In Brazil, audit courts have identified various irregularities in the execution of public works, many of which are directly related to inspection processes (TCU, 2014; TCE, 2015). Among the main issues are payments for services not performed or performed without proper authorization, inadequate verification of services, and inconsistencies between measurements and the actual amounts paid. Furthermore, inspection reports often contain inconsistencies, and there are failures to comply with essential procedures, such as the formalization of work stoppages and the granting of provisional and final acceptance certificates. These irregularities undermine transparency, compromise construction quality, and jeopardize the proper use of public funds.

To contribute to greater transparency and reduce failures, such as inadequate checks and their consequences, this study proposes the development of a method for integrating 360° cameras, combined with digital platforms, into the public building construction inspection process. The research was motivated by the fact that one of the authors is a member of a municipal authority and participates directly in the construction inspection process, having identified shortcomings and the need for solutions and improvements to facilitate and enhance these activities. Additionally, this study contributes to a better understanding of the main benefits and limitations of adopting these digital technologies in the context of public building construction inspections.

Theoretical framework

Digital Technologies and Visual Data: 360º cameras

360° cameras create realistic visual models of environments, faithfully replicating reality and offering numerous benefits for virtual reality applications. 360° image capture provides a strong sense of presence, giving users the feeling of being in the observed space, while also being cost-effective and easy to operate (Eiris; Gheisari; Esmaeili, 2018). The ability to capture an entire scene reduces the number of images required to map an environment, making these cameras particularly useful for documenting small or narrow spaces (Barazzetti; Gianinetto; Scaioni, 2020). 360° cameras are composed of multiple lenses and sensors oriented in different directions, allowing for the capture of panoramic images that encompass all angles of a given environment (Calantropio et al., 2019). These lenses and sensors work together to produce spherical photos, which are visualized in 360° through the merging of multiple image frames (Barazzetti; Previtali; Roncoroni, 2018). 360° images can serve various purposes, including photography, video, virtual reality, area mapping, and other applications that require comprehensive visual representations of environments.

The studies above demonstrate the versatility of 360° cameras in the construction industry, from optimizing capture planning and preparing as-built documentation (Grosskopf et al., 2019) to enhancing work safety through interactive training with panoramic images (Eiris; Gheisari; Esmaeili, 2018). In addition, this technology has been applied to automate structural inspections by combining 360° cameras with LiDAR – a technology that uses laser pulses to map surfaces with high precision – enabling the accurate detection of defects in reinforced concrete structures (Chow et al., 2021). Another significant advancement is the use of these cameras, mounted on drones, for bridge inspections, which enables the identification of cracks and corrosion with results comparable to those obtained from high-definition cameras (Humpe, 2020).

In addition to inspection and safety applications, 360° cameras have been used in photogrammetry studies to generate point clouds, with their efficiency compared to laser scanning. The results indicated that, while laser scanning is more accurate, 360° photogrammetry offers advantages in terms of time and cost (Subramanian; Gheisari, 2019). Other studies have explored the integration of these images with BIM models for construction monitoring, highlighting the technology’s potential for visually tracking construction progress (Barbosa; Costa, 2022). Finally, the use of 360° cameras for documenting built heritage has demonstrated several benefits, including the rapid capture of high-resolution images and cost reduction. However, challenges remain, including the large volume of data generated and the need for precise calibration (Teppati Losé; Chiabrando; Tonolo, 2021).

In summary, the contributions of these studies underscore the potential of 360° cameras in construction to enhance inspection, safety, monitoring, and documentation processes, thereby offering greater efficiency and cost savings. However, challenges such as the need for additional equipment, precise calibration, and the processing of large volumes of data must still be addressed to enable broader and more effective implementation of this technology in the sector. Among the limitations reported in the literature are the costs associated with acquiring equipment and training users, as well as the need for systems capable of organizing and securely storing large volumes of data. Although not widely discussed in the literature, privacy issues also pose a current challenge, particularly considering the Brazilian General Data Protection Law (Lei Geral de Proteção de Dados - LGPD) (Brazil, 2018), which establishes restrictions on the collection and processing of personal data, including images of individuals. Therefore, the implementation of these solutions must be accompanied by clear guidelines regarding consent, anonymization, and the responsible use of captured images.

Contracting and supervising public works

Public building projects represent a significant share of investments in Brazil. According to the PAIC — Pesquisa Anual da Indústria da Construção (Annual Survey of the Construction Industry) conducted in 2019; public sector agencies were responsible for 30.7% of the gross value of civil construction production (IBGE, 2024). Given the relevance of these projects and their role in society, it is necessary to adopt management mechanisms that enhance project efficiency and resource utilization (Oliveira et al., 2020). The Brazilian Public Procurement Law (Lei 14.133/2021 (Brazul, 2021)), known as the Nova Lei de Licitações, establishes that public authorities must implement computerized tools for monitoring construction works, including image and video resources. It also promotes the gradual adoption of integrated technologies and processes that enable the creation, use, and updating of digital models for engineering works and services (Brazil, 2021).

The Brazilian Public Procurement Law (Lei 14.133/2021 (Brazil, 2021), that substituted the formerly Law 8.666/1993 (Brazil, 1993)), in its Article 19, Item V, points out that the administrative authority should promote the gradual adoption of integrated technologies and processes that allow for the creation, use, and updating of digital models of engineering and construction services. In the 3rd section, whenever appropriate to the subject of the tender, Building Information Modelling (BIM) or similar or more advanced integrated technologies and processes that replace it will always be required in public procurement procedures for engineering and architectural works and services.

The inspection of public building construction is a crucial activity that ensures contracts are fulfilled in accordance with established standards and specifications. According to the Brazilian Federal Court of Accounts – Tribunal de Contas da União (TCU, 2014), construction inspection must be carried out systematically by the contractor and its agents, to verify compliance with contractual, technical and administrative provisions. The main function of inspection is to ensure that the contractor fulfils all its obligations, in accordance with the parameters defined in the tender notice and the contract. To this end, the public building construction inspector conducts a series of activities, including verifying that the work has been completed in accordance with the contracted deadlines, quantities, and specifications, as well as documenting and reporting any irregularities or delays (Oliveira; Monteiro; Santos, 2021).

The inspection of public building construction requires continuous and detailed monitoring through periodic site inspections. As the Court of Accounts of the State of Paraná – Tribunal de Contas do Estado do Paraná (TCE, 2015) points out, the inspector is responsible for attesting to the execution of the works, notifying managers of any non-compliance and authorizing payments after measurements. This process ensures that services are carried out in accordance with the rules and that costs are within the established limits. The use of tools such as the site diary (Diário de Obras, a daily construction log required in Brazil), which records daily occurrences, and the proper storage of contractual documentation are fundamental to effective building construction inspection (Altounian, 2012).

However, the inspection of public building construction faces several challenges, such as the payment of services that have not been completed or the lack of proper measurement verification. The Brazilian Federal Court of Accounts (TCU, 2014) Court of Accounts of the State of Paraná (TCE, 2015) identify a series of irregularities that occur frequently, including the execution of measurements without proper approval and the absence of documents attesting to the completion of the works. Such flaws can harm the execution of projects, such as the need for time and cost extensions, which can jeopardize the quality and transparency of the processes. It is therefore crucial that construction inspection is rigorous and well documented to avoid financial losses and delays in the delivery of works (Alvarenga et al., 20201).

In recent years, the improvement of public building construction inspection has been studied through the application of digital technologies. The use of tools such as BIM and remote sensing has shown potential for improving real-time monitoring of construction. According to Carvalho Júnior, Guimarães, and Gomes (2016), remote sensing can provide multi-temporal images that enable the comparison of the planned schedule with the actual execution, facilitating the identification of problems and the making of corrective decisions. On the other hand, the research by Oliveira, Monteiro, and Santos (2021) highlights the importance of training inspectors to apply modern management concepts, such as the principles of Lean Construction, to increase the efficiency of inspections and optimize the resources used in public building construction.

These technological advances, combined with the training of inspectors, are crucial for addressing the challenges encountered during public building construction inspections and contributing to the success of projects. The use of digital technologies and modern management practices can enhance transparency, improve traceability, and ensure compliance with legal and contractual requirements, while also reducing irregularities and associated costs. By improving construction inspection, it is possible to ensure that public building construction fulfil their objectives, delivering quality infrastructure on time and within budget, benefiting society.

Research method

This research falls under the heading of constructive research, as it addresses an existing and relevant problem in the construction industry, which arises from the difficulty in inspecting, visually monitoring, and controlling the progress of public building construction. To build a solution applicable in this reality, the use of a 360º camera is proposed, which, together with a set of steps to be followed, constitutes a method (artefact) that enables results to be reproduced in a certain contextual environment (Lacerda et al., 2013). These results are expected to contribute to more effective, agile and transparent inspection of public building construction. Based on the research strategy adopted, the research design shown in Figure 1 was set up. This research was analysed and approved by the Ethics Review Committee under number 45.035.121.1.0000.5347.

Figure 1
Research Design

The strategy adopted for this research was Design Science Research (DSR), also known as constructive research, which aims to devise innovative solutions, referred to as artefacts, that can be applied to solve real-world problems and, at the same time, make a theoretical contribution (Lukka, 2003).

Awareness phase

This phase involved a literature review about public building construction inspection to understand the process, identify the main existing shortcomings, and explore how they could be addressed using image-based digital technologies.

At this stage, interviews were also conducted with municipal government building inspectors from a small-town located in the north of the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, to understand how the building construction inspection process takes place and to identify the main barriers and difficulties encountered in the process, with a focus on the introduction of image capture technology. The interviews were conducted face-to-face, based on a script of semi-structured questions. The questions were applied to a group of inspectors from the municipal engineering department, who act as building inspectors for various municipal contracts. As detailed in Table 1.

Table 1
Profile of the interviewees - Inspectors from the Municipality's Engineering Department

Inspector	Position	Length of experience with public works	Department
Inspector 1 (F1)	Architect and Urban Planner	10 years	Education
Inspector 2 (F2)	Architect and Urban Planner	8 years	Planning
Fiscal 3 (F3) Inspector 4 (F4) Inspector 5 (F5) Fiscal 6 (F6)	Civil Engineer Civil Engineer Civil Engineer Civil Engineer	24 years 22 years 22 years 8 years	Housing Planning Planning Planning

The questions sought to find out how the building construction were inspected, how the data was collected, how often the inspections were carried out, how the construction sites were accessed, where and how the inspection information was stored, what physical and/or digital tools were used and what the main difficulties experienced in the process were. As a complement to the interview, the interviewees were asked to make suggestions for improvements. The interviews were audio-recorded with the participants' consent, then transcribed into text, and the data compiled by the researchers.

The interviews were initially analyzed through individual readings of the interview transcripts, followed by a review of each question, seeking to identify patterns of similarity and difference. The analysis resulted in the identification of five constructs that guided the development of the initial version of the method and its evaluation.

At this stage, to explore opportunities for developing the artefact within the study's context, in line with the research objectives, two ongoing municipal public building projects were selected for case studies. One reason that qualified the choice of project was the fact that one of the authors of the paper was working in the municipal authority and taking part in the inspection process. As a result, there was greater access to the construction sites and to the inspection staff. Another reason was the interest shown by the public administrative management staff in learning about and testing innovative solutions that could contribute to the inspection of building construction.

Public Building A is a municipal nursery school – Escola Municipal de Educação Infantil – EMEI - with a total built area of 1,559.48 m². Figure 2 illustrates the building's architecture. During this work, the building in question was in the structural phase, which included masonry survey, forms, reinforcement, shoring, and concreting of structural elements. According to the physical-financial schedule, at the time the study was carried out, the work should have been in the mortared coatings phase, which is 8 months into the project.

Figure 2
Public Building A

Public building B is a Basic Health Unit – Unidade Básica de Saúde – UBS - with a total built area of 503.44 m². Figure 3 illustrates the building's architecture. During this research, the building was in the installation phase, with the main services being carried out, including plumbing, electrics, and internal plastering. According to the physical-financial timetable, at the time the study was carried out, the work should have been in the ceramic tiling and paving phase, with 11 months to go.

Figure 3
Public Building B

Once the research studies had been defined, we proceeded to select the digital technologies that could be used on these construction sites. In this study, we chose to use technologies with image monitoring potential, specifically the 360º camera, given the context and objectives of this research. The 360° camera was selected based on a literature review of digital technologies available for monitoring construction sites, as well as the ease of access and cost of the technology.

During this phase, several tests were conducted with the camera on the construction sites, with the aim of learning and familiarizing with the 360° camera and its capture and visualization application. Learning the technology also involved reading the camera's manual and user guide, available on the manufacturer's website.

A Ricoh Theta SC2 portable 360º spherical lens camera was used to capture the images at the construction sites. This model of camera is widely sold on the market, featuring a resolution of 14 MP, an internal memory of 14GB, and connectivity via Wi-Fi and Bluetooth. The camera is compact in size and weight, allowing for versatile use in various ways, whether held in your hands or attached to a device (such as a helmet, tripod, or selfie stick). The camera is composed of two 180º lenses, attached on opposite sides. It features a mobile application (Theta) that enables you to configure various modes for capturing, viewing, storing, and editing the captured images. It also has a desktop application version for viewing pictures and videos.

The camera enables you to capture immersive 360º photographs and videos, allowing you to see the entire surrounding environment with a single shot. To ensure greater practicality and safety, the camera was attached to a safety helmet, as illustrated in Figure 4. This made it possible to record the surroundings while walking and manually control the camera using a smartphone.

Figure 4
Ricoh Theta 360º camera model SC2 attached to the helmet

Initial tests were conducted to understand how the technology functioned, evaluate the image quality in various capture modes, and assess its suitability for public building construction inspection. The tests were conducted by the researchers at the sites buildings selected.

During the tests, it was evident that the HDR capture mode, as recommended by the manufacturer, yielded better image quality indoors. The brightness of the environment at the time of capture is another factor that determines the quality of the images. It was also possible to see that the center point of each room is the most appropriate because it captures the entire surrounding space in a single shot, thereby speeding up the recording process. Another important point is that, in addition to being a lightweight and simple tool to use, the camera attached to the helmet allows the user to walk around the construction area while taking pictures.

Once the photographs had been recorded, they had to be copied to a specific folder stored on a networked computer belonging to the public administration. The picture could only be viewed in its immersive format when using the camera's visualization application (Theta). Analyzing how to use these images to monitor the works, it was identified that to share the photos with the team members, it would be necessary to create a sharing link for the folder, and each user would need to have the immersive viewing application installed on their computer; otherwise, the photograph would lose its spherical format. It was also identified that during the inspection process, any observations or non-compliances perceived by the inspector from the images should be recorded in a report and sent via email or messaging apps, such as WhatsApp, so that those responsible could take the necessary action.

Considering this, the researchers realized that this process would be very similar to what was already done with traditional photographs. Since the research aimed to analyze how digital technologies could influence the construction inspection process, the possibility of integrating 360-degree images with a platform for remote construction site monitoring was explored to evaluate the impact of this digital technology on the inspection process.

After investigating the available alternatives, the decision was made to utilise the ConstructIN platform (https://constructin.com.br/). This is a commercial platform for remote monitoring of building construction that enables the capture, sharing, and storage of 360-degree images. In addition, the platform has other functionalities that are considered relevant to the case of remote monitoring of building construction, such as issuing reports, sharing with different users by means of individualized permissions to access images and documents, as well as a notes function that allows to create annotations at specific points in the pictures and define those responsible and deadlines for decision-making and corrective actions, for example. After initial contact, the company responsible for the platform showed interest in the research, providing free access, training and technical support.

Suggestion and development phase

A preliminary version of the method was developed by reviewing the literature, interviewing building site inspectors, studying the tools and carrying out tests. This initial version comprised the initial stages of preparing, collecting, and storing images with the 360° camera. These steps were used to guide the two empirical studies. In the final version of the method, these steps are described with or without the use of an application.

The preparation stage consisted of analyzing the bidding process, visiting the site and preparing to capture and store the images. During the preparation stage, considering the use of the platform, it was necessary to upload the floor plans in PDF format and define the data collection points in each environment, establishing a standard route. Figure 5 illustrates the distribution of capture points in the floor plans of empirical studies A and B.

Figure 5
Capture points Construction Site – Buildings A and B

The collection stage included site visits and image capture. Over the course of the study, a total of eight inspections were conducted at each site, beginning with Site A and then proceeding to Site B.

Regarding storage, after processing, the images were automatically transmitted via Wi-Fi from the camera to the commercial platform application installed on the smartphone, allowing users to preview the photograph and choose to save or discard it. After the collection procedure, the processed images were available for upload to the platform, which only occurs when there is internet access. The sequence of these procedures is shown in Figure 6.

On the platform, image captures are stored in folders separated by project and automatically linked to the points defined on the floor plan, identified by date. This procedure automates the cataloguing of photos according to date and location, making the process more efficient and agile. When you click on the captured point, the image automatically opens in the specific location on the floor plan, allowing you to view the images, the project and other documents (such as the construction schedule) side by side on the same screen on different dates.

This functionality enables the assessment of both planned and executed construction progress of the projects, comparing actual images with architectural and engineering projects, the physical and financial schedule, and the budget.

The images captured and organized on the platform could then be viewed and analyzed by administrative authority inspectors remotely. The photos were jointly analyzed by one of the researchers and one of the inspectors (responsible for the inspection of Buildings A and B) to determine how the information obtained from the images could contribute to the inspection's objectives and how it could enhance the transparency, agility, and effectiveness of the process. This process, which took place over 8 rounds of inspections, enabled the final version of the method to be developed.

Evaluation phase

The solution was evaluated over the course of the inspection cycles, through exchanges of information between the inspector and the researchers. This study format enabled the researchers to actively participate in construction sites inspection, collecting perceptions and evidence that facilitated a deeper understanding of the method's application in a real-world context. The evaluation also included a final interview with the inspector responsible for the building construction, who assessed her perception of the technology's impact in solving the problems raised in the initial interviews.

Conclusion phase

The last stage of this research involved formalizing the final version of the proposed method, which was defined after testing, analysis, and refinement during the empirical studies. The conclusion stage also involved reflecting on the results, which led to the theoretical and practical contributions of the research and suggested possible avenues for future work.

Figure 6
Sequence of capture procedures

Results and discussion

Based on the interviews with the municipal construction inspectors, 5 constructs were identified¹ that guided the construction of the model: Periodicity; Standardisation; Data storage and security; Transparency; and Accessibility, described below:

Inspection frequency

Regarding the frequency of construction buildings inspections, the interviewees' responses showed considerable variation, depending on the inspector. This variation includes frequencies that oscillate between once or twice a week, once a month, at the beginning of each stage of the work, and often only when a measurement is taken. There is a consensus among all those interviewed that inspections are carried out whenever a payment measurement is made and, additionally, when requested by the contractor.

Inspectors F2, F4 and F5 replied that they only carry out inspections when the company requests a measurement. They receive a spreadsheet detailing the services provided by the company and visit the site to conduct a visual inspection. According to Inspector F3, inspections are always performed at the beginning and end of each stage of the work. Initially, to answer questions from contractors, and at the end, for checking and measuring. Inspector F1 noted that fewer inspections are conducted at the start of the work, typically during the foundations and structure phase. When the work enters the finishing phase, this frequency increases to at least once or twice a week, as this phase is considered more delicate and one that will be visible to everyone. Inspector F6 replied that he usually conducts inspections once a week at each site, regardless of whether there is a measurement, to maintain greater control over the quality of services being carried out on the sites.

Standardization

Standardization seeks to reduce variability in production processes through a set of guidelines that determine how a task should be carried out (Cruz; Saffaro; Lantelme, 2022). Imai (2012) and Grote (2015) point out that the set of rules that form the standard determines models or norms that shape behavior, establishing expectations regarding performance. The search for improved performance is the driving force behind continuous improvement.

During the interviews, it was evident that there is a certain informality in the inspection processes. Each inspector carries out the task of inspecting in their own way, as they see fit, and there is no supervision from a superior in this regard. It was observed that there is a lack of knowledge about how to act in certain situations, and improvisation is often a routine response.

According to Inspector F1, it would be important to have training programs with guidelines relating legislation to practice. According to Inspector F3, the methods of inspection were passed down from previous colleagues, who are now retired, and this remains the case today.

Data storage and security

In the studies analyzed, there was no specific place to store the data collected, such as photographs and measurement spreadsheets. Each inspector recorded what they considered important by taking pictures using their personal smartphone, and these are usually saved in the individual and personal folders located on the municipal data server.

Inspectors F2 and F4 reported that information has been lost or misplaced, and this occurs frequently, including photographs and documents. According to all the inspectors interviewed, the exchange of data typically occurs between the inspector and those in charge of the executing company via WhatsApp or email, which ultimately contributes to the loss of data and information. Inspector F3 reported that he usually takes photographs with his personal smartphone, and these photos are stored on the smartphone itself. This way, if he ever needs to check any details, he has the information saved with him and only he has access to it. The inspector also reported that contractors used to do the same thing.

Transparency

Transparency is linked to the ability of a production process (or its parts) to communicate with people, making information visible and understandable through physical and organizational means, measurements, and clear visual displays of information (Formoso; Santos; Powell, 2002).

The interviews revealed a lack of transparency in the inspection processes. Numerous improvisations, such as design changes, would often occur during the building construction, and the inspector was frequently unaware of them. According to Inspector F2, inspectors generally do not take part in the tendering process. When they are appointed as inspectors, they have little or no knowledge of the project design. Information about the building construction is generally kept only by the inspector and the contractor, and administrative managers have little or no access, jeopardizing communication between them.

Transparency is also linked to the content of inspections, which are clearly visual. The issue considered most important by the inspectors, which needs to be checked, is the completion of services. They verify what has been done, whether it has been completed, and whether it can be paid for. They then check the quality of the services and whether any tasks are pending or unfinished, demanding that they be corrected so that payment can be made.

Accessibility

Access to construction sites for inspections is a crucial aspect of the inspector's role, as they must have access to the construction site and all relevant contract documentation whenever they find it necessary to carry out their job effectively.

All the interviewees reported difficulty in accessing the construction site due to a lack of availability of vehicles. According to the inspectors, at the time of the survey, several construction projects were going on at the same time in the municipality, and only one vehicle was available for the whole department, which also depended on the availability of the driver because he was the only one who had a licence to drive public vehicles. As a result, the inspectors were often unable to carry out inspections or had to travel to the site in a car provided by the contractor, as they were interested in receiving payments and needed the measurements to be taken.

Regarding access to the designs and documentation for the building, the inspector would request a physical copy from the municipal procurement department and could also access the digital copy through the Brazilian Federal Government’s Transparency Portal - Portal da Transparência. This platform enables public access to essential information on government-funded construction projects.

The analysis of the tendering processes for the projects under study showed that the design documents presented only a superficial and very basic level of detail, as did the information available in the specification documents and budget spreadsheet. This undermines the inspection process by leaving room for different interpretations of how to execute a service or which materials to apply, which in turn makes the inspector’s job more difficult.

Empirical studies

During each inspection, one image capture was recorded for each point along the route created. The use of the digital platform optimized the recordings by allowing for prior configuration and linking of the building's floor plan with the image capture points, while simultaneously making it possible to store the images in the cloud after uploading. Captures were stored separately for each construction site, location, date and time of capture, resulting in organized and traceable data.

In the 360º images captured, it was possible to monitor the following services being carried out on Building A (Figure 8): masonry lifting; reinforcement of pillars; partial concreting of pillars; execution of window under-lintels; assembly of forms; assembly of scaffolding; storage and stock of materials; site organization and cleaning conditions; waterproofing of foundation beams; retaining wall masonry. However, it was not possible to see the beam reinforcement before concreting.

Figure 8
Visible activities on Building A site

An example of the use of images for remote inspection occurred when, while analyzing the images collected, the building inspector, before the scheduled visit identified that the lintels in the internal door openings had not been executed, as stipulated in the design. An annotation was posted on the platform as a test, visible to all registered users and, if necessary, accessible to the contractor so that they could correct the service. Once corrected, the annotation could be closed by the inspector on the platform itself, keeping a record of this action.

Figure 9
Annotations – Building A imagens

One of the advantages of using cameras associated to a remote monitoring platform is the transparency and agility in communicating non-conformities and correction needs to those responsible. Through the 360º images captured, it was possible to remotely view the following services being carried out at Building B (Figure 10): plumbing pipes, electrical outlets and conduits, the air conditioning system, masonry chases, structural elements, lintels and counter-lintels (sill beams), layers of plaster coating, shoring of structural elements, site conditions regarding cleanliness, organization, and material storage, plaster screeds and guides for plastering, and the type of brick used. On the other hand, it was not possible to observe the wiring of the electrical installations.

Figure 10
Visible activities on site B

Similarly, when analyzing the images of Building B, the inspector in charge was able to observe remotely that during the monitoring of the internal cladding work, the render layer was incomplete, up to half the height of the wall in some rooms. A note was created on the platform so that the contractor could plaster the entire wall (Figure 11).

Figure 11
Annotations on Building B images

The images made it possible to monitor and identify problems related to the completion and quality of services remotely, without the need for inspectors to visit the construction sites directly. As pointed out in the interviews, the issue of frequent access to the construction sites is one of the problems identified by the inspectors, which jeopardizes the effectiveness of the inspection process. It is worth noting, however, that there would still be a need for an authorized person to visit the construction sites to capture the images, but not necessarily the inspector, thereby optimizing the working time of these professionals.

Given the constant need to monitor the physical progress of public works, the possibility of remotely monitoring progress was also assessed by using the function of viewing photographs side by side on different dates in an immersive format, while maintaining alignment. This option provided a more in-depth understanding of the discrepancies between the two images, making it possible to clearly visualize what has been done on the site in a specific period, and the progress of a service over time. For example, Figure 12 illustrates the physical progress of the internal plastering in the period between the first and last inspections in a room of Building B. Figure 13 illustrates the comparison between the budget spreadsheet and the 360-degree image, displayed side by side on two screens. The service observed was internal plastering in one area of Building B.

Figure 12
Physical progress of internal plastering – Building B

Figure 13
Budget spreadsheet compared to 360º image of Building B images

Regarding the digital platform, it is important to emphasize that this type of solution enables greater agility and security in data processing and storage, as well as ease of communication between inspectors, public sector authorities, and the contractor, particularly in a remote construction inspection scenario. This could lead to greater efficiency in the use of immersive images to inspect public building construction, integrated with applications for remote monitoring of construction sites purchased or developed by the public authorities.

Specifically, the use of cameras enables immersive visualization of the site, with high-resolution images, in smaller quantities. It is also an affordable technology. It is essential to emphasize that the images captured were used solely for this research and were not used in the formal process of inspecting of the building construction.

Proposal for a method for inspecting public works: using 306º cameras

The proposal for a method for inspecting public building construction using 360º cameras integrated with a remote monitoring platform was developed considering the empirical studies carried out on Buildings A and B, through which it was possible to establish procedures for collecting and representing data, as well as defining the information that could be obtained using the proposed technologies. Figure 14 illustrates the final structure of the method, which includes the tools and procedures used at each stage of the process. The final structure was developed based on evaluations, adjustments, and additions to the preliminary proposal for the method, resulting from interviews with building inspectors and implementation experience in empirical studies A and B.

Figure 14
Method for inspecting public building construction using 360º cameras - with and without a remote monitoring plataform

The method includes procedures for the stages of preparing, collecting, storing, visualizing and analyzing data, considering the physical progress of the construction and possible deviations in progress and quality. It is important to highlight the differences between the method with and without the use of a remote monitoring platform.

The first stage consists of preparation, which involves analyzing the tendering process to acknowledge the project, followed by planning and preparation for data collection and storage. At this stage, the locations and routes for data collection must be established. The preparation stage also includes the necessary training for the correct use of the technology.

The second stage of the 360º camera inspection method involves collecting data from the physical environment. The image collection process begins by preparing the camera, capturing images, and then checking the data, following the previously established route. To speed up data collection, if necessary, locations where most of the services are concentrated can be prioritized.

After data collection, the images must be stored and made available for analysis by the construction inspectors. The storage stage involves uploading the photos, if they are still stored only in the camera's internal memory. The images can be accessed via the camera manufacturer's app and shared via email, WhatsApp, Bluetooth, or sent to the cloud and then shared via email or by using a USB cable connected to a computer. Images can be organized by projects, date and location to facilitate cataloguing. When using a platform, the photos are stored automatically when connected to the Wi-Fi network. Photos are automatically stored by date and linked to the location previously defined in the floor plan.

To view the photos using the camera application, it is necessary to access the web version of the computer application and drag the images individually into the application using the mouse. When using a platform, images can be viewed on both the smartphone and web versions of the platform.

During the analysis stage, the inspector will be able to visually check the services carried out on site in real time, making comparisons with the data contained in the tendering processes. It is recommended to begin with the floor plan of the architectural design and review each internal location, as well as the electrical and plumbing installations, as they are being implemented. After visually checking the designs, analyze the budget spreadsheet to ensure that each item (services and materials) contained therein is what is actually being carried out on site. If the inspector feels the need, they can look for more information in the specification documents or terms of reference of the tendering process. Finally, analyze the schedule to control physical progress. If a platform is used, the analysis can take place in real-time, allowing the inspector to monitor and evaluate the entire sequence of services, not just when they are completed.

Evaluation

For the evaluation, the barriers identified in the interviews with the inspectors were addressed to identify the possible contributions of the technology used. Each construct was examined in detail to determine, in the evaluating inspector’s opinion, whether the tools were helpful and in what way.

In the inspector's opinion, face-to-face inspections for measurements and checks could become increasingly scarce and often be eliminated, especially in the case of interior spaces, which have a direct impact on the inspection frequency. However, it will always be necessary for someone to carry out on-site inspections, exclusively to capture images. This inspection could be carried out by a trainee, for example.

In terms of security and data storage, according to the inspector interviewed, the fact that the images are all stored in the cloud helps enhance security, as there is no need to worry about how and where to store this data, making the process easier.

In the interviewee's opinion, the transparency construct received the best evaluation. The immersive format was highlighted as the main differentiator of the technologies, contributing significantly to transparency and providing clarity of information. The inspector interviewed provided a positive assessment of the speed and ease of communication and understanding of the information regarding the progress of the construction. n addition, the inspector mentioned that it would have been preferable if the test had also covered the external areas of the building.

Concerning accessibility, the inspector believes that the platform facilitates access to information, as it is much more convenient and quicker to access information online at any time compared to going to the construction site. However, this benefit depends on continuous platform maintenance and regular data updates.

Regarding process standardization, the inspector noted that this could be achieved with or without the use of these tools but emphasized that the platform allows for the creation of standard procedures for data entry, which would be beneficial.

Conclusions

The main objective of this research was to propose a method for integrating 360º cameras into public building construction inspection processes. The proposed method is divided into five stages: preparation, collection, storage, visualization, and analysis. For each stage, procedures are described for using the 360º camera with or without the use of a remote monitoring platform.

From the interviews with construction inspectors in the empirical study, it was possible to learn about the main existing barriers that harm public building construction inspection processes, categorized into inspection frequency, accessibility, transparency, data security, data storage, and standardization. The structure of the method was developed to help overcome existing barriers and difficulties in the context of public building construction inspections, aiming to improve processes using these technologies.

The method was developed based on two empirical studies, which enabled an assessment of how digital technologies could be integrated into the inspection of the studied projects. This allowed for an understanding of the difficulties and benefits of the method and its potential for implementation. It was also possible to understand the impact of the information on the inspection, control and monitoring of public building construction.

In evaluating the application of the method, the following benefits were identified as directly related to the adoption of the proposed technologies and tools:

1. greater transparency and clarity of information on the services performed on site;

2. clearer and more accurate documentation of construction progress;

3. the possibility of remote site inspection;

4. more comprehensive and precise visualization of current site conditions; and

5. more effective control of compliance verification processes.

In addition to the main objective, the following secondary objectives were also defined:

1. to identify the potential benefits of using 360º images in the public building construction inspection process;

2. to identify the technical and legal restrictions on the use of 360º images in the public building construction inspection process; and

3. to identify the parameters that can be monitored using a 360º camera in the public building construction inspection process.

About the 360º camera, the following technical restrictions were identified:

1. the camera does not have a flash, and in dark and poorly lit environments, the images lose quality;

2. in environments directly exposed to sunlight, such as the positioning of in front of window openings, the images can be excessively obscured; and

3. loss of image quality when transferred and viewed on the desktop application.

It is also important to highlight the main limitations identified in the study:

1. the use of images for external areas of the construction site, such as the roof and façade;

2. the application of the study in a small-city context and in only two projects, over a short observation period, which restricts the generalization of the results to larger urban settings;

3. the need for continuous updating and training of the inspection team; and

4. the lower impact and value perceived by some inspectors.

The following services were identified as feasible to inspect using the 360° camera:

1. masonry erection;

2. plaster/render coatings;

3. waterproofing with asphalt-based membrane;

4. electrical installation points; and

5. plumbing installation points.

However, it was not possible to inspect:

1. the wiring of electrical installations; and

2. the reinforcement of structural elements.

The conclusion is that remote measurement of services is feasible, although it still requires someone to visit the site to capture the necessary data. A viable alternative would be to assign this task exclusively to lower-cost staff, such as trainees, for image collection purposes. Another possibility would be to hire outsourced contractors dedicated to this service, or even to stipulate, through a public tender, that the company contracted to carry out the work must provide remote monitoring with immersive images for inspectors throughout project execution. All stages of the method were implemented by the researchers in collaboration with the inspector responsible for the project. The inspector could easily manage and perform the tasks, which were validated and supported by a sector coordinator and a trainee responsible for on-site image collection.

However, for work packages such as masonry erection, plastering, ceramic wall and floor tiling, installation of window frames, painting, and finishing, inspections and measurements can be carried out remotely. In contrast, for external areas such as the roof and façade, although progress can be visualised through images, these areas do not provide information as effectively as interior spaces.

Structural work packages, such as foundations, which are buried, cannot be measured remotely. Similarly, the assembly of reinforcement for beams, columns, and slabs – requiring verification of steel gauges – cannot be effectively replaced by technology and therefore necessitates on-site inspection to ensure compliance and construction quality.

The integration of a digital remote monitoring platform facilitated agile and secure data storage while ensuring ease of use. Such a platform enables the automation of parts of the inspection process, including localized visual checks and annotation tools to identify services with deficiencies or those completed and ready for payment. Furthermore, remote monitoring can provide public managers with more comprehensive control and greater transparency regarding the inspectors’ work. Nonetheless, a limitation of this study was that only a single commercial platform available in the Brazilian market was tested, which may have influenced the reported results and impacts.

This study developed, tested, formalized, and evaluated a method for inspecting public construction projects using a 360-degree camera integrated with a remote visualization and management platform in a real-world context. Although the method was validated only within the context of a small municipality, it nevertheless advanced understanding of the impact of digital technologies on the inspection process, highlighting both the main benefits and the challenges of implementation.

Acknowledgments

This work was supported by the National Council for Scientific and Technological Development – CNPq (Grant no. 402963/2020-2), by the Department of Planning, Funding, and Environment of the Municipal Government of Marau, and by ConstructIN – https://constructin.com.br/.

• GOBBI, V.; LANTELME, E. M. V. Inspection of public building construction with digital technologies: 360º cameras. Ambiente Construído, Porto Alegre, v. 25, e146558, jan./dez. 2025. ISSN 1678-8621 Associação Nacional de Tecnologia do Ambiente Construído. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1678-86212025000100934
• 1
  The detailed description of the analysis of the interviews can be found in Gobbi (2023).

Data Availability Statement

The research data are available upon request.

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Edited by

• Editores
  Carlos Torres Formoso, Ariovaldo Denis Granja e Dayana Bastos Costa

Publication Dates

• Publication in this collection
  01 Dec 2025
• Date of issue
  2025

History

• Received
  24 Mar 2025
• Accepted
  13 July 2025