SOCIAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL JUSTICE IN BASIC SANITATION: A VIEW ON MUNICIPAL PLANNING EXPERIENCES1

ATAIDE, GABRIELA VIEIRA DE TOLEDO LISBOA; BORJA, PATRÍCIA CAMPOS

doi:10.1590/1809-4422ASOC74R1V2032017

GABRIELA VIEIRA DE TOLEDO LISBOA ATAIDE

. Sanitary and Environmental Engineer from UFBA (2009), Master Degree in Environment, Water and Sanitation from UFBA (2012) and PhD student of Architecture and Urbanism at UFBA, where she researches basic sanitation management. Currently working as an adviser of socio-environmental responsibility at CREA-BA, she manages the program for protection of eco-systemic services of water production. E-mail:gabiantares@gmail.com

PATRÍCIA CAMPOS BORJA

. Sanitary and Environmental Engineer from UFBA (1987); Master in Architecture and Urbanism from UFBA (1997), PhD in Architecture and Urbanism from UFBA (2004), Post-Doctor from Institut de Govern i Polítiques Publiques (IGOP) at the Autonomous University of Barcelona (UAB-ES)(2014). Professor (AD III) and researcher at the Department of Environmental Engineering and at the Environment, Water and Sanitation Master from the Polytechnic School. Participant professor at the Doctorate in Energy and Environment from the Federal University of Bahia (UFBA). Leader of the research group “Sanitation and Environmental Health”. Member of the Scientific Editorial Board of the Electronic Journal “Gestão e Tecnologias Ambientais” [Management and Environmental Technologies], member of the Scientific Editorial Board of the Journal Engenharia Sanitária e Ambiental [Sanitary and Environmental Engineering], of the Journal DAE and of Revista Baiana de Saúde Pública [Public Health Journal from Bahia]. E-mail: borja@urba.br.

. Sanitary and Environmental Engineer from UFBA (2009), Master Degree in Environment, Water and Sanitation from UFBA (2012) and PhD student of Architecture and Urbanism at UFBA, where she researches basic sanitation management. Currently working as an adviser of socio-environmental responsibility at CREA-BA, she manages the program for protection of eco-systemic services of water production. E-mail:gabiantares@gmail.com

. Sanitary and Environmental Engineer from UFBA (1987); Master in Architecture and Urbanism from UFBA (1997), PhD in Architecture and Urbanism from UFBA (2004), Post-Doctor from Institut de Govern i Polítiques Publiques (IGOP) at the Autonomous University of Barcelona (UAB-ES)(2014). Professor (AD III) and researcher at the Department of Environmental Engineering and at the Environment, Water and Sanitation Master from the Polytechnic School. Participant professor at the Doctorate in Energy and Environment from the Federal University of Bahia (UFBA). Leader of the research group “Sanitation and Environmental Health”. Member of the Scientific Editorial Board of the Electronic Journal “Gestão e Tecnologias Ambientais” [Management and Environmental Technologies], member of the Scientific Editorial Board of the Journal Engenharia Sanitária e Ambiental [Sanitary and Environmental Engineering], of the Journal DAE and of Revista Baiana de Saúde Pública [Public Health Journal from Bahia]. E-mail: borja@urba.br.

JS1	Discussion of how much is necessary to assure citizens users of public services of their quality of life in a scenario of social inequalities, climate change and protection of natural environment.
JS2	Prioritization of public investments in communities with greater deficit of access to basic sanitation.
JS3	Strategies for the universalization of services considering social, energetic and environmental issues.
JS4	Orientation of service provision and public investments to common good contribution.
JS5	Merit related to investments direction, in which the long-term vision considers meeting of needs and contribution to common good as premises that result in effects of oversupply in other territories.
JS6	Consideration of the capacity of production of financial resources through public service provision and the definition of which routes these resources should cover, highlighting differences between private initiative and public initiative objectives in their utilization and destination. The wealth generated in service provision should have the objective to circulate within the service itself or in activities correlated to its systemic efficiency.
JS7	The economic feasibility of systems should be evaluated considering: per capita cost of implementation, maintenance and time needed for investment return and job creation.
JS8	Inclusive tax systems, assuring all citizens the access to services and promotion of equity.
JS9	Taxes that cover the costs of exploration and maintenance of services, but also the necessary inversions for the development of systems and substitution of obsolete infrastructures.
JS10	Discussion about the importance of prioritization of income generation in the ambit of local populations through decentralized and simple functioning technologies, stimulating the inclusion of local workers.
JS11	Mapping of areas with specific difficulties that may result in losses to other territories.

JA A	A. Climate change theme
A1	Analysis of the alterations predicted for the region and how they will affect the most vulnerable populations.
A2	How the interference in the availability of water and distribution of rains for the assurance of assistance to the basic needs of the population are predicted and how the management of demands is considered.
A3	Discussion about technological issues connected to basic sanitation and their possibilities of innovation in mitigating and/or adapting to change.
A4	Consideration about the protection of fundamental ecosystems for public services of basic sanitation as a means to minimize activities that collaborate for climate change effects.
JA B	B. Valorization of techniques and technologies used by traditional communities that develop productive activities for their subsistence.
B1	Treatment of techniques and technologies of basic sanitation adopted and their adequacy to local environmental conditions.
B2	Contextualization of basic sanitation technology use according to physical, geographical and cultural characteristics of the area where sanitary services or solutions will be implemented.
B3	Priority given to the diversification of techniques/technologies used in basic sanitation systems that will be implemented.
B4	Forms of protection of fundamental ecosystems for public services of basic sanitation as a means to assure access to quality natural resources for communities that use them as an alternative means of subsistence.
JA C	C. Adoption of policies where the mitigation and/or treatment of impacts, residues and effluents produced in basic sanitation activities are associated to its generating focuses in territorial and environmental ambits.
C1	Strategies for supplying citizens in a way that prioritizes the use of streams which are closer to the users.
C2	Mechanisms to foster the non-generation and minimization of solid and liquid residues, incorporating users, the productive sector, organized segments of society and public authorities as key role players in the change of patterns and adoption of a pollution prevention system.
C3	Adoption of a form to distribute treatment systems and final destination of residues generated in basic sanitation systems - when inevitable - closer to their generating focuses.
C4	Adoption of a strategy of decentralization and “ideal” scale as indicators for the definition of installation of treatment and final destination systems to supply users.
JAD	D. “Industrial ecology” perspective should be adopted as a strategy for service provision
D1	Prioritization of the integrality between the components of basic sanitation in a way that the demand is a reference for the development of the other components.
D2	Encouragement to the development of a closed circuit between productive activities related to basic sanitation activities.
D3	Consideration of the eco-design principles, fostering constructive techniques that accomplish the segregation of effluent currents, making both final treatment and destination for other productive and/or consumption processes easier.
D4	Planning for reserved areas in neighborhoods and/or condominiums directed for the treatment of solid residues and management of rain waters, in a way to avoid large scale systems, as landfills in distant areas of the city, and the construction of water management systems, as retention basins, for example.

Analyzed Items	Belo Horizonte - MG	Alagoinhas - BA
JS1 - Definition of Need	Not present in the Plan (BELO HORIZONTE, 2010).	Not present in the Plan (ALAGOINHAS, 2004), but concern with a rational use of natural resources, water and energy was observed.
JS2 - Prioritization of need	Demonstrate acknowledgement of priorities in relation to investments.	PMSA has clearly prioritized the need for investments.
JS3 - Social, energetic e environmental objectives	Actions for the universalization of these services are not guided by these objectives.	Actions for the universalization of services are guided by these objectives.
JS4 - Contribution to common good	Present in the plan concerning the identification of actions presenting greater need for the poorer population segments.	Present in PMSA specially concerning individual practices and technological choices.
JS5 - Merit of investments	The Plan does not present this intention explicitly.	PMSA composes a group of intentions showing concern with the generation of oversupply effects in other territories.
JS6 - Direction of profits of service provision	There is an orientation about the production of financial resources through the public services provision.	SAAE defines potential profit originated from service provision should circulate within the public service of sanitation.
JS7 - Analysis of economic viability	These elements were not present in the Plan.	This directive was not found in the Plan.
JS8 - Inclusive tax system	These principles were not contemplated.	There was a definition of directives related to this criterion.
JS9 - Tax composition	Not contemplated in the Plan.	Concern about the sanitary exhaustion component was observed.
JS10 - Generation of local income with service provision	Contemplated in the special programs oriented to the most diverse areas of sanitation.	Partially contemplated, especially in managing solid residues.
JS11 - Mapping of priority areas	Plan presents local maps and recognizes specific difficulties.	Plan presents a group of elements that show observation to this criterion.

Analyzed items	Belo Horizonte	Alagoinhas
JA.A - Observation of Climate Changes	No attention was directed to this phenomenon in the planning process. The only action that could denote some advancement is anchored in the partnership between SUDECAP and UFMG for a project of sustainable management of waters for the improvement of the quality of life in the cities of the future.	No attention was given to this phenomenon in the planning process. Even though PMSA has brought proposals that could in long term be important for the coexistence with climate alterations, they did not focus on the questions of climate change and its influence in service provision.
JA.B - Utilization of appropriate technology	Not much attention was given to this criterion. The closest approach, although superficially and income-pletely explored, was the addressing of difficulties presented in the implementation of sewage systems in areas of low income populations and the possible alternatives to assure service provision.	Concern towards this topic was not observed. However, due to the participative process of planning including users in the discussion about the technology to be adopted before the elaboration of the project, it may be considered, to a certain extent, that the topic was contemplated.
JA.C - Territory in relation to generation and treatment	It was observed an attention to the ability of the streams to correspond to the demands of the population. However concern with the adoption of strategies to accomplish user supply by using streams closer to the citizens was detected. It certainly contributes for environmental justice, as it holds users accountable for the envi-ronmental quality of the stream, discouraging them to pollute natural environment.	This topic was contemplated in some aspects. Even though the PMSA did not define that strategies for supplying citizens prioritizing streams nearer to the users should be adopted due to the characteristics of their supplying stream and underground water, this was already the strategy adopted by the municipality.
JA.D - Strategies of Industrial Ecology	The special programs present in the plan contemplate actions oriented to improving conditions of sanitation of the municipality, but few tend to value and foster a productive logic of closed circuit between the residues generated in the activities of sanitation that could serve for other productive chains.	Propositions oriented to water abstraction, storage and use of waters from the rain to decrease both the superficial water drain and the use of drinking water treated by SAAE for productive activities with lesser demand of the drinkability of water (as car washing, garden irrigation, etc) were observed.

[TFN1] Elaborated by the authors.

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Abstract