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Benthic Bacillariophyta of the Paripe River estuary in Pernambuco state, Brazil

Bacillariophyta bentônicas do estuário do Rio Paripe, estado de Pernambuco, Brasil

Abstracts

The aim of this study was to evaluate the benthic diatom composition from the estuary sediment in the Pernambuco State, based on 32 samples. Samples were collected monthly from September through December 1999 (dry period) and from April through July 2000 (rainy period) during four pre established sampling stations. Results indicated 19 families and 31 specific and infraspecific taxa. Eight new records were founded for Pernambuco State: Auliscus coelatus, Fallacia nummularia, Navicula algida, Plagiograma pulchellum, Terpsinoe americana, Triceratium antideluvianna and Tryblionella coarctata and one, Auliscus punctatus Bailey, in northeastern Brazil.

diatom; benthic; estuary


O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar a composição das diatomáceas bênticas do sedimento estuarino do estado de Pernambuco, Brasil, com base na análise de 32 amostras. As amostragens foram realizadas mensalmente de setembro a dezembro de 1999 (período seco) e de abril a julho de 2000 (período chuvoso) em quatro estações de coleta previamente estabelecidas. As diatomáceas estiveram representadas por 19 famílias e 31 taxons específicos e infraespecíficos. Ocorreram oito novas citações para o estado de Pernambuco, quais sejam: Auliscus coelatus, Fallacia nummularia, Navicula algida, Plagiograma pulchellum, Terpsinoe americana, Triceratium antideluvianna, Tryblionella coarctata e uma, Auliscus punctatus Bailey, para a região nordeste do Brasil.

diatomáceas; bentônicas; estuário


ECOLOGY

Benthic Bacillariophyta of the Paripe River estuary in Pernambuco state, Brazil

Bacillariophyta bentônicas do estuário do Rio Paripe, estado de Pernambuco, Brasil

Moura, AN.I, * * e-mail: ariadne@db.ufrpe.br ; Bittencourt-Oliveira, MC.II; Nascimento EC.I

IDepartamento de Biologia, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brazil Rua D. Manoel de Medeiros, s/n, Dois Irmãos, CEP 52171-030, Recife, PE, Brazil

IIDepartamento de Ciências Biológicas, Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz, Universidade de São Paulo – USP, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil

ABSTRACT

The aim of this study was to evaluate the benthic diatom composition from the estuary sediment in the Pernambuco State, based on 32 samples. Samples were collected monthly from September through December 1999 (dry period) and from April through July 2000 (rainy period) during four pre established sampling stations. Results indicated 19 families and 31 specific and infraspecific taxa. Eight new records were founded for Pernambuco State: Auliscus coelatus, Fallacia nummularia, Navicula algida, Plagiograma pulchellum, Terpsinoe americana, Triceratium antideluvianna and Tryblionella coarctata and one, Auliscus punctatus Bailey, in northeastern Brazil.

Keywords: diatom, benthic, estuary.

RESUMO

O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar a composição das diatomáceas bênticas do sedimento estuarino do estado de Pernambuco, Brasil, com base na análise de 32 amostras. As amostragens foram realizadas mensalmente de setembro a dezembro de 1999 (período seco) e de abril a julho de 2000 (período chuvoso) em quatro estações de coleta previamente estabelecidas. As diatomáceas estiveram representadas por 19 famílias e 31 taxons específicos e infraespecíficos. Ocorreram oito novas citações para o estado de Pernambuco, quais sejam: Auliscus coelatus, Fallacia nummularia, Navicula algida, Plagiograma pulchellum, Terpsinoe americana, Triceratium antideluvianna, Tryblionella coarctata e uma, Auliscus punctatus Bailey, para a região nordeste do Brasil.

Palavras-chave: diatomáceas, bentônicas, estuário.

1. Introduction

An estuary is a close contact area between a river and the open sea, mixing freshwater from continental drainage and high levels of salinity seawater (Pritchard, 1967). Plant communities living exclusively in contact with the seabed, such as benthic microalgae, are important primary producers in stream runoff, lakes, periodically inundated areas and estuaries. In estuaries these organisms are abundant when the substrate is rich in nutrients.

The mangrove is a very special environment and living in ecosystems like these implies great physiological adaptation, as observed in phanerogams, cryptogams and animals. Such adaptations are explained by great salinity oscillations due to the influence of the mixing of freshwater and seawater regulated by tide variations.

Diatoms are the most representative algae group in estuarine areas, showing wide distribution, mainly as a result of the euryhaline nature of the majority of this taxa, in addition to requiring a more eutrophic environment (Pritchard, 1967).

There are few studies about diatoms in estuaries and mangrove environments in Brazil. Moreira Filho and Kutners study (1962) stands out for its identification of 66 planktonic, benthic and epiphytic diatoms in estuary areas in Paraná State, as well as including ecological information, such as their distribution in Brazil and the morphometric measurements of the valves. Silva and Cimardi (1989) tested a method that removes the algae from the sediment and listed 22 taxa of diatoms from the estuary of Ratones, in Florianópolis City, Santa Catarina State. FelícioFernandes and SouzaMosimann (1994) studied the diatoms from the sediment of the Tavares River estuary in Santa Catarina State, presenting descriptions and illustrations of all algae material.

In the northeastern region of Brazil there are only studies from Moura et al. (1993) and Azevedo and Cutrim (1999, 2001). Moura et al. (1993) studied the periphytic diatoms on natural and artificial substrata in estuaries of Pernambuco State, showing differences according to the substrate where they were attached. Azevedo and Cutrim (1999) carried out a taxonomic study of the periphytic Naviculales and Bacillarialles of Bostrychia radicans and B. tenera in a mangrove in São Luis Island, in Maranhão State and described 14 species and 2 varieties with illustrations. Azevedo and Cutrim (2001) added 27 infraspecific taxa, with descriptions, illustrations and some ecological data from the same location. Felício-Fernandes et al. (2002) recorded individuals of Nitzschia martiana collected in Santa Catarina and Pernambuco States consisting of benthic periphytic communities in estuaries, presenting taxonomic information about N. martiana and species of associated diatoms. Cyanobacteria from the bottom of the Paripe River estuary, was studied by Branco et al. (2002).

The existence of only a few studies investigating the benthic microalgae of estuarine areas in Brazil presenting measurements and illustrations stimulates this research that intends to contribute to the knowledge of the benthic diatom composition, thereby increasing floristic information about this group in Brazil.

2. Material and Methods

This study was conducted at the Paripe River estuary (Figure 1) in the south of Itamaracá Island, on the north litoral of Pernambuco State (7° 41' 39'', 7° 48' 54'' S and 34° 49' 12'', 34° 53' 13'' W).


The marine influence is remarkable in throughout almost the whole extension of the estuary, especially during high tides, with the salinity varying between 3.5%o and 37.1%o, with values higher than 20.0%o near the riverhead and oxygen around 4.0 mg.L-1 (Silva and Koening, 1993).

The tidal flow in the region shows a semi-diurnal pattern, with two low and two high tides in a period of 24 hours.

Samples were collected monthly along the estuarine area from the Paripe River during low tides from September through December 1999 (dry season) and from April through July 1999 (rainy season), totaling 32.

Four sampling stations were chosen: upstream (Station 1), an intermediate area in the river (Station 2) and two downstream (Stations 3 and 4). Stations 1 and 4 presented sandy sediment and Stations 2 and 3 showed muddy sediment. The sampling of abiotic variables was carried out at one single point just below the surface water in front of Stations 3 and 4. The pH was determined using a Beckman potentiometer zeromatic II, the salinity was determined through a Termo Haake refractometer C10, B-3, the temperature was measured with a mercury thermometer and the dissolved oxygen by the method described by Winkler (1888).

Samples were collected through scraping the surface of the bottom of the estuarine soil, and were fixed with 4% formaldehyde. All samples collected were rinsed with distilled water using net plankton (22 µm mesh) to wash out the excess sediment. Permanent slides were prepared according to Moreira Filho and Valente Moreira (1981), modified from Simonsen (1974), for a better visualization of the frustule morphology.

The material was analyzed through a ZeissJena light microscope with a coupled photographic apparatus and a micrometer eyepiece. The identification of the species was made using Hustedt (1930, 1955, 1959); Moreno et al. (1996); SilvaCunha and EskinaziLeça (1990) and Round et al. (1990) adopting the classification system from Round et al. (1990).

Considering the presence and absence of the diatoms during the study in the four stations (Table 1), a binary matrix was constructed with the presence signaled by number 1 and absence by number 2. The similarity matrix was calculated by the Jaccard coefficient (Jaccard, 1901) using NTSYS (NTSYS-PC, 2002) software version 2.1 and the UPGMA algorithm (Sneath and Sokal, 1973) to construct the dendrogram. The numbers shown in Table 1, based on the dendrogram, represent the species.

All the studied material is deposited in the Professor Vasconcelos Sobrinho Herbarium (PEUFR) of the Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco.

3. Results

The occurrence of species in the estuary during the sampling periods is presented in Table 1. Thirty three species were identified, and distributed in 16 orders and 20 families.

BACILLARIOPHYTA COSCINODISCOPHYCIDAE PARALIALES

Paraliaceae

Paralia sulcata (Ehrenberg) Cleve (Figure 2)


Dimensions: 14.0 µm diameter

THALASSIOSIRALES

Stephanodiscaceae

Cyclotella meneghiniana Kützing (Figure 3)

Dimensions: 14.0-19.0 µm diameter; 9-10.0 striae in 10.0 µm.

COSCINODISCALES

Coscinodiscaceae

Coscinodiscus centralis Ehrenberg (Figure 5)

Dimensions: 78.0-94.0 µm diameter; 6-7 areolae in 10.0 µm.

Heliopeltaceae

Actinoptychus splendens (Shadbolt) Ralfs (Figure 6)

Dimensions: 73.0-77.0 µm diameter; 4 areolae in 10.0 µm.

BIDDULPHIOPHYCIDAE BIDDULPHIALES

Biddulphiaceae

Terpsinoe americana (Bailey) Ralfs (Figures 1920)

Dimensions: 47.0-48.0 µm apical axis; 24.5-26.0 µm trans-apical axis (central pseudoseptum); 12 striae in 10.0 µm.

TRICERATIALES

Triceratiaceae

Auliscus coelatus Bailey (Figure 9)

Dimensions: 54.0-67.0 µm diameter, 2 opposed ocelli.

Auliscus punctatus Bailey (Figure 8)

Dimensions: 87.0-96.0 µm diameter, oculli with 26.0 µm.

Odontella dubia (Brightwell) Chávez y Baumgartner (Figure 29)


Dimensions: 29.0-34.0 µm distance wave-angle

Triceratium antidiluviana (Ehrenberg) Grunow (Figure 10)

Dimensions: 40.0-53.0 µm of distance between the margins; 53.0-70.0 µm of distance between the apices; 6 areolae in 10.0 µm.

FRAGILARIOPHYCEAE

FRAGILARIOPHYCIDAE

FRAGILARIALES

Fragilariaceae

Podocystis adriatica (Kützing) Ralfs (Figure 34)

Dimensions: 83.8-87.0 µm apical axis; 55.0 µm transapical axis (wider area); 3-4 pseudosepto in 10.0 µm; 15 striae in 10.0 µm.

LICMOPHORALES

Licmophoraceae

Plagiogra µma pulchellum Greville (Figure 24)


Dimensions: 32.0 µm apical axis; 7.5 µm transapical axis; 10 striae in 10.0 µm.

RHABDONEMATALES

Rhabdonemataceae

Rhabdonema adriaticum Kützing (Figure 7)

Dimensions: 67.0-70.0 µm apical axis; 9-10 striae in 10.0 µm.

STRIATELLALES

Striatellaceae

Gra µmatophora hamulifera Kützing (Figure 27)

Dimensions: 20.0 µm apical axis; 16.0 µm transapical axis.

Gra µmatophora marina (Lyngbye) Kützing (Figure 28)

Dimensions: 29.0-30.0 µm apical axis; 10.0 µm transapical axis.

BACILLARIOPHYCEAE

BACILLARIOPHYCIDAE

ACHNANTHALES

Cocconeidaceae

Cocconeis scutellum Ehrenberg (Figure 14)


Dimensions: 34.0-49.0 µm apical axis; 25.0-38.0 µm transapical axis; 9 striae in 10.0 µm.

THALASSIOPHYSALES

Catenulaceae

Amphora angusta Gregory var. ventricosa (Gregory) Cleve (Figure 35)

Dimensions: 40.0-56.0 µm apical axis; 9.0-10.0 µm transapical axis; 15 striae on the dorsal margin and 16 on the ventral one, in 10.0 µm.

NAVICULALES

Diploneidaceae

Diploneis bombus Ehrenberg (Figure 21)

Dimensions: 40.0-43.0 µm apical axis; 20.0-21.0 µm transapical axis.

Diploneis vacillans (A. Schmidt) Cleve (Figure 31)

Dimensions: 22.0-23.0 µm apical axis; 10.5 µm transapical axis; 12-13 striae in 10.0 µm.

Diploneis weissflogii (A. Schmidt) Cleve (Figure 26)

Dimensions: 30.0-36.5 µm apical axis; 13.0-16.0 µm transapical axis (larger segment); 8 striae in 10.0 µm.

Naviculaceae

Navicula algida Grunow (Figure 32)

Dimensions: 50.0-55.0 µm apical axis; 23.0-27.0 µm transapical axis; 10 striae in 10.0 µm.

Navicula hennedyi Wm. Smith (Figure 30)

Dimensions: 41.5-45.0 µm apical axis; 22.0-24.0 µm transapical axis; 11 striae in 10.0 µm.

Navicula longa Grunow (Figure 33)

Dimensions: 69.0-73.0 µm apical axis; 12.5-13.5 µm transapical axis; 7-8 striae (marginal) in 10.0 µm.

Pleurosigmataceae

Pleurosigma sp. (Figure 11)

Dimensions: 170.0 µm apical axis; 21.0-30.0 µm transapical axis; 20 striae in 10.0 µm.

Sellaphoraceae

Fallacia nu µmularia (Greville) D.G. Mann (Figure 4)

Dimensions: 20.0-25.0 µm apical axis; 15.0-19.0 µm transapical axis; 12 striae in 10.0 µm.

LYRELLALES

Lyrellaceae

Lyrella lyra (Ehrenberg) Karayeva (Figure 12)

Dimensions: 99.0-105.0 µm apical axis; 41.0-43.0 µm transapical axis; 8-9 striae in 10.0 µm.

Petroneis humerosa (Brébisson) A. J. Stickle and Mann (Figure 13)

Dimensions: 81.5-88.0 µm apical axis; 47.0-50.0 µm transapical axis; 9-10 striae in 10.0 µm.

MASTOGLOIALES

Mastogloiaceae

Mastogloia splendida (Gregory) Cleve (Figure 25)

Dimensions: 92.0 µm apical axis; 75.0 µm transapical axis; 5 striae in 10.0 µm; 4 chambers in 10.0 µm.

BACILLARIALES

Bacillariaceae

Nitzschia obtusa Wm. Smith var. scalpelliformis Grunow (Figure 16)

Dimensions: 68.0-74.0 µm apical axis; 6.5-8.0 µm transapical axis; 9 fibulae in 10.0 µm; 30 striae in 10.0 µm.

Psa µmodictyon panduriforme (Gregory) D.G. Mann (Figure 17)

Dimensions: 59.0-68.0 µm apical axis; 23.0-24.0 µm transapical axis; 16 transapical striae in 10.0 µm; 8-9 fibulae in 10 µm.

Tryblionella coarctata (Grunow) Mann (Figure 18)

Dimensions: 25.0-30.0 µm apical axis; 9.0-10.0 µm transapical axis; 14 striae in 10.0 µm.

Tryblionella granulata (Grunow) Mann (Figure 15)

Dimensions: 22.0-30.0 µm apical axis; 10.0-12.0 µm transapical axis; 6-8 striae in 10.0 µm; 8 fibulae in 10 µm.

Tryblionella granulata (Grunow) Mann var. hyalina A. Moss (Figure 22)

Dimensions: 30.0-37.0 µm apical axis; 10.5-15.0 µm transapical axis; 6 striae in 10.0 µm.

SURIRELLALES

Surirellaceae

Surirella sp. (Figure 23)

Dimensions: 83.0-100.0 µm apical axis; 45.0-58.0 µm transapical axis; 2 fibulae in 10.0 µm; 14 marginal striae and 12 striae in the central area, in 10.0 µm.

The average of the hydrological traits of the estuary analyzed during the period of this study is given in Table 2.

The presence of species (Table 1) during two seasonal periods distinguished three groups of diatoms (Figure 36). Group A was constituted by twenty eight species, grouping most of the taxons identified in the study, which took place in the dry period as much as in the rainy one. Group B was formed of two species (Navicula hennedyi e Petroneis humerosa) and group C included three species (Grammatophora hamulifera, Mastogloia splendida e Triceratium antideluviana)


The clusters showed a similarity between them (A = 0.23, B = 0.37 and C = 0.57) (Figure 36), however, in spite of the above mentioned grouping, the similarity values in the constituting of these groups are low.

4. Discussion

During the period of this study the temperature was constant throughout the year, pH was always alkaline, no anoxia was observed even though low oxygen rates and high levels of salinity were determined during the whole period of this study (Table 2). All results corroborated those of Silva and Koening (1993) and Lacerda et al. (1998). From 33 species identified, eight (Auliscus coelatus, Fallacia nummularia, Navicula algida, Plagiograma pulchellum, Terpsinoe americana, Triceratium antideluvianna and Tryblionella coarctata) were first mentioned in the State of Pernambuco, and Auliscus punctatus was also first mentioned in northeastern Brazil. This was confirmed after consulting a checklist of marine microalgae of the State of Pernambuco (Eskinazi-Leça et al., 2002). Significant differences in the species composition during the dry and rain seasons were not found (Table 1, Figure 36). The small dimensions of the Paripe River estuary, associated to the elevated influence of the semi-diurnal tidal regime, with two high tides and two low tides in 24 hours, promotes uniform environmental conditions and small variations in salinity which corroborates with the similarity analyses of the species composition.

Benthic diatoms can grow adhered to diverse natural or artificial substrata (Moura et al., 1993; Azevedo and Cutrim, 1999, 2001). According to Watherbee et al. (1998), diatoms present a true raphe with a high fixing capacity in many substrata, as a result of excreting mucilaginous substances through the raphe, facilitating the cell adhesion. When it does not possess a raphe or it is only founded in only one valve, adhesion should be possible through extracellular mucilaginous substances excreted by other sites of the frustule (rimoportula), consisting of characteristic fixing structures, such as peduncles and gelatinous masses. Around 76.5% from the order show raphe and mucilage extrusion strategies (Moura et al., 1993; Felício-Fernandes and SouzaMosimann, 1994 and Azevedo and Cutrim, 1999, 2000).

We conclude from this analysis that the presence of algae throughout the year, with small remarkable variations, may be a consequence of reduced environmental variations in this ecosystem.

Acknowledgments — This research was supported by the Brazilian Council for Research and Development - CNPq (Proc. 151111 02-2, 302439 2002-1, 470705 2003-5, 302439 2002-1).

Received May 19, 2005

Accepted March 7, 2006

Distributed August 31, 2007

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  • Publication Dates

    • Publication in this collection
      05 Dec 2007
    • Date of issue
      Aug 2007

    History

    • Received
      19 May 2005
    • Accepted
      07 Mar 2006
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