Socioeconomic profile and environmental perception of Amazon beach users about solid waste

Perfil socioeconômico e percepção ambiental dos usuários de praias amazônicas sobre os resíduos sólidos

Abstract

Studies on environmental perception can contribute to managing solid waste on beaches, as they elucidate the nuances of the interaction between humans and the environment, highlighting the necessary transformations aligned with user preferences. The objective was to determine the socioeconomic profile of users and identify these actors environmental perceptions of solid waste of bathers on the beaches of Rio Negro and identify their environmental perception about the incorrect disposal of solid waste in these environments. Interviews were conducted on Ponta Negra, Lua, Tupé and Paricatuba beaches. Women predominated on Ponta Negra and Lua beaches, and men on Paricatuba and Tupé. On the Tupé and Lua beaches, people between 31 and 40 years old stood out. The majority (70%) responded that they completed high school and received up to two minimum wages. Users frequent Ponta Negra beach during the high-water season and the naturally formed beaches in the low waters of the Rio Negro. Most seek out beaches as leisure and consider cleanliness an essential factor. More than 80% stated that they do not leave trash on the beach, in practice, this information was not observed. Plastic was the main item reported. We evidenced that users have little awareness regarding environmental education on Amazon beaches and that educational actions must be carried out.

Keywords:
plastic waste; river islands; questionnaire; bathers; environmental management

Resumo

Estudos sobre percepção ambiental podem contribuir para a gestão de resíduos sólidos em praias, pois elucidam as nuances da interação entre o ser humano e o ambiente, evidenciando as transformações necessárias alinhadas às preferências dos usuários. O objetivo foi traçar um perfil socioeconômico dos banhistas das praias do Rio Negro e, identificar a percepção ambiental deles em relação ao descarte incorreto de resíduos sólidos nesses ambientes. Foram realizadas entrevistas nas praias de Ponta Negra, Lua, Tupé e Paricatuba. Predominaram mulheres nas praias de Ponta Negra e Lua, e homens em Paricatuba e Tupé. Nas praias de Tupé e Lua, destacaram-se pessoas entre 31 e 40 anos. A maioria (70%) respondeu ter ensino médio completo e receber até dois salários-mínimos. Os usuários frequentam a praia de Ponta Negra durante o período de cheia, e as praias naturalmente formadas nas águas baixas do Rio Negro. A maioria busca as praias como lazer e considera a limpeza um fator essencial. Mais de 80% afirmaram não deixar lixo na praia, na prática, essa informação não foi observada. O plástico foi o principal item relatado. Evidenciamos que os usuários têm pouca conscientização sobre educação ambiental nas praias da Amazônia e que ações educativas devem ser realizadas.

Palavras-chave:
resíduos plásticos; ilhas fluviais; questionário; banhistas; gestão ambiental

1. Introduction

Solid waste refers to materials generated by human activities that cannot be disposed of in public sewage systems or bodies of water (Almeida Arruda et al., 2023). When inappropriately released into the environment, such as on beaches, this waste can cause diseases (Telles, 2022). In addition to causing environmental harm and health risks, solid waste can affect people's perception of the environments they frequent, as humans form a relationship with their surroundings (Chowdhary et al., 2020). This relationship can be aesthetic, related to the pleasure of seeing a pleasant landscape, and tactile, involving bathing in clean waters (Andrade et al., 2016; Franco et al., 2017).

On coastal beaches and inland waters, such as those in the Amazon region (Fernandes and Sansolo, 2013; Silva et al., 2021), solid waste poses a significant problem. Addressing this issue requires a series of coordinated actions, ranging from improving beach infrastructure to raising public awareness (Fernandes and Sansolo, 2013). The black waters of the Rio Negro, home to a vast archipelago of river islands, form a major tourist attraction (Ladislau et al., 2021; Magro et al., 2015; Neves, 2023; Oliveira et al., 2016, 2017a, b, 2021; Santos et al., 2012). In the lower Rio Negro region, the beaches of Ponta Negra, Lua, and Tupé in Manaus, and Paricatuba in Iranduba, become popular during the Amazonian summer, drawing many visitors and bathers. These beaches are located at different distances from the urban center of Manaus, the capital of the state of Amazonas (Medeiros et al., 2020; Rotta and Yamamoto, 2021; Ramos and Molinari, 2022).

The cities of Manaus and Iranduba have been systematically investing in solid waste management, implementing selective collection programs through the Integrated Solid Waste Management Plan (Brasil, 2023). Municipalities carry out cleaning of public spaces and public roads and other urban cleaning services, the waste of which is called urban cleaning waste (Manaus, 2015); such waste is sent, in the case of Manaus, to the municipal landfill (Manaus, 2015), and in Iranduba, to the landfill (AAM, 2012).

In Manaus, in July 2022 alone, the city council transshipped 500 tons of solid waste removed from rivers and streams. On the beaches, during the festival period, holidays and the dry season, there is an increase in bathers, and consequently, the production of waste increases, especially at beach of Ponta Negra due to its perpetuity and easy access (Arcos and Da Cunha, 2022). The high production of waste and the difficulties municipalities face in efficiently managing solid waste are part of a conflict commonly found on Brazilian beaches (Gouveia, 2012).

To improve the environmental management of these areas, research into current ecological perceptions is crucial for more effective and harmonious waste management (Abubakar et al., 2022). It aims to provide educational suggestions on the improper disposal of solid waste on public beaches along the Negro River, guiding public programs and policies in decision-making regarding Amazon River beaches. Thus, this study aimed to profile the socioeconomic characteristics of beachgoers and assess their environmental perceptions regarding solid waste on the beaches of Ponta Negra, Lua, Tupé, and Paricatuba, located in Manaus and Iranduba, Amazonas, Brazil.

2. Material and Methods

2.1. Study area

The municipality of Manaus is the capital of the state of Amazonas, in the northern region of Brazil, with a population of 2,255,903 and an area of 11,401.92 km² (IBGE, 2023). Because the capital is centrally located within the state, the beaches along the banks of the Rio Negro are freshwater. This study selected the beaches of Ponta Negra, Lua, and Tupé, located on the left bank of the Rio Negro, due to the high number of visitors, including residents, tourists, and day-trippers (Figure 1).

Figure 1
Location of beaches in the cities of Manaus and Iranduba, Amazonas, Brazil.

Ponta Negra beach (3°3'53, 75” S, 60°6'7.48" W) is a tourist complex located in the urban area of Manaus (13 km from the Center) and, as it has received landscape modifications, including grounding, it remains perennial throughout the year (Medeiros et al., 2020). It is characterized by easy access through public transport, promenades, cycle paths, and kiosks. The beach is contained in an Environmental Protection Area (EPA) managed by the Municipal Secretariat for the Environment of Manaus (SEMMAS) and the Municipal Institute of Urban Planning (IMPLURB).

Lua beach (3°3' 52" S, 60°6'6"W) is 23 km from Manaus, has the shape of a crescent moon and has a large expanse of white sand bathed by the waters of the Rio Negro. The beach is only accessible by river, with frequent departures and returns, and is highly sought by tourists as a leisure option. This beach is contained in the APA of the Left Bank of the Rio Negro – Sector Aturiá/ Apuauzinho, managed by SEMMAS and the Department of Climate Change and Management of Conservation Units – DEMUC (Santos et al., 2023).

Tupé beach (3°2'37"S, 60°14'43" W), 34 km from Manaus, is part of the Tupé Sustainable Development Reserve (SDR Tupé), which SEMMAS manages. The Tupé SDR stands out among other preservation areas for being the largest in the municipality of Manaus. It is accessed by river via the Negro River, upstream from Manaus, to the mouth of the Tarumã-Mirim stream (Rotta and Yamamoto, 2021).

Paricatuba Beach (3°5'32, 65” S, 60°12'39.94" W) is located in the municipality of Iranduba, on the right bank of the Rio Negro, 50 km from the city of Manaus. Access is possible via river and land. The beach is part of the EPA of the Right Bank of the Rio Negro, Sector Paduari/ Solimões, governed by SEMMAS and DEMUC, with access being made by land and river (Ramos and Molinari, 2022).

2.2. Data collect

100 interviews were conducted at each beach, with 400 people interviewed overall. The questionnaires used were adapted from Bom et al. (2020). Each questionnaire contained 13 semi-structured questions. The first section outlined the users' socioeconomic profile to assess potential differences between the visitors at the four beaches. The second section addressed users' perceptions of improperly discarded solid waste on river beaches (Figure 2).

Figure 2
The questionnaire was applied to users of 4 beaches in the Amazon. Adapted from Bom et al. (2020).

Respondents were invited to participate in the research after signing the informed consent form (FICF). Data was collected between June and October 2022, and the gender of each interviewee was divided into male, female and others. As for age, it was separated into six categories (years): Up to 20; 21 to 30; 31 to 40; 41 to 50; 51 to 60; and 61 or more. The level of education was divided into four categories: Complete Elementary Education, Complete Secondary Education, Complete Higher Education, and Higher Education with Postgraduate Studies. Family income was characterized by the minimum wages: up to 2, from 3 to 5, from 6 to 10, and above 10. When the interviewee refused to answer a question, they registered as "uninformed." This work was approved by the Human Research Ethics Committee (HREC) under the Certificate of Presentation for Ethical Appreciation (CPEA) 55405321.30000.5020.

2.3. Data analysis

The responses obtained were categorized and analyzed using descriptive statistics. Thus, the reports were quantified, and their percentage frequencies were described. The possible differences by beach in the users' profiles and perceptions of trash on the beaches were analyzed using tables and the Chi-square test for the distribution of percentage frequencies.

3. Results

3.1. Socioeconomic profile

The users of the beaches studied comprised a heterogeneous group characterized by an equal distribution by gender, where 56% of users of Ponta Negra and Lua declared female gender and 43% and 41%, respectively, male gender, in Paricatuba and Tupé, 51% and 53% of users declared male gender and 49% and 46% female gender, respectively (X² = 82.399; p = 0.221; Table 1). There were significant differences in the age of users between the beaches; Ponta Negra is frequented by a younger public, between 21 and 30 years old; Lua and Tupé by an audience that varied between 31 and 40 years old; and Paricatuba by a more mature audience, between 41 and 50 years old (X² = 26.084; p = 0.037; Table 1).

Table 1
Socioeconomic profile of users of four beaches in the Amazon, Brazil. Values expressed in %

Beaches	Ponta Negra	Paricatuba	Lua	Tupe		Ponta Negra	Paricatuba	Lua	Tupe
GENDER					AGE
Feminine	56	49	56	46	Up to 20 years	11	7	12	7
Masculine	43	51	41	53	21 to 30 years old	35	18	26	26
Others	1	0	3	1	31 to 40 years old	31	24	29	34
					41 to 50 years old	16	32	18	22
					51 to 60 years old	3	4	12	5
					61 years or older	4	15	3	6
EDUCATION					INCOME
Elementary School	8	10	16	11	Up to 2 salaries	65	46	61	37
High school	70	45	64	26	From 3 to 5 salaries	16	26	16	24
University education	15	39	19	47	From 6 to 10 salaries	4	16	5	15
Higher education/ Postgraduate	7	6	-	14	Above 10 salaries	1	5	6	7
No education	-	-	1	two	Did not answer	14	7	12	16
					No income	-	-	-	1
TIME OF THE YEAR					REASON FOR CHOICE
January to March	4	6	two	two	Access	10	16	11	10
April to June	34	4	6	1	Nature beauty	5	11	7	11
July to September	31	53	67	58	De-stress	11	6	7	10
October to December	10	two	3	8	Leisure	65	39	30	30
Whole year	21	35	22	31	Recreation	6	3	6	8
					Others	3	25	39	31

Significant differences were found between users of the beaches studied regarding education level (X² = 57.501; p = 0.000; Table 1) and income (X² = 35.059; p = 0.001; Table 1). Most users of Ponta Negra, Paricatuba and Lua beaches stated that they had completed high school (70%, 45% and 64%, respectively), and for Tupé beach, around 47% of users had completed higher education. The salary range of users for all beaches analyzed was up to two minimum wages, R$ 2824.00 (566.99 US$).

Significant heterogeneity existed in the bathers' neighborhoods of origin (X² = 573.34; p = 0.000). In the Ponta Negra beach, the following neighborhoods stood out: Flores (5%), Cidade Nova (4%), São José Operário (4%) and Compensa (3%). In Lua Beach, the most representative neighborhoods were Compensa (7%), Tarumã (6%) and Alvorada (6%). At Paricatuba beach, there was a more significant presence of bathers from the neighborhoods of Cidade Nova (18%), Parque 10 de Novembro (12%) and Compensa (9%). As for Tupé Beach, the central neighborhoods where bathers came from were Coroado (7%), Aleixo (7%), Colônia Terra Nova (6%) and Flores (6%). It is essential to mention that the beaches of Paricatuba and Tupé attracted tourists (Figure 3).

Figure 3
Relative frequency (%) of users of the four beaches on Amazon. ADR – Adrianópolis; ALV – Alvorada; ALX – Aleixo; ARM – Armando Mendes; CAA – Colônia Antônio Aleixo; ARM – Armando Mendes; CAA – Colônia Antônio Aleixo; CCH – Cachoeirinha; CDD – City of God; CHP – Chapada; CNT – Center; CNV – Cidade Nova; COM – Colônia Oliveira Machado; CPS – Compensa; CRD – Crowned; CRP – Crespo; CTN – Colônia Terra Nova; DMP – Dom Pedro; DTI – Industrial District; EDC – Students; FLR – Flowers; GBM – Gilberto Mestrinho; GLR – Glory; JPM – Japiim; JTX – Jorge Teixeira; LDV – Lily of the Valley; LGA – Lagoa Azul; MDL – Morro da Liberdade; MTO – Mount of Olives; NAL – Novo Aleixo; NES – Nova Esperança; NSG – Our Lady of Graces; NVC – New City; NIV – New Israel; P10 – Parque 10 de Novembro; P14 – Praça 14 de Janeiro; PLN – Plateau; PTN – Ponta Negra; PTP – Petrópolis; RDÇ – Redemption; RIZ – Root; SRM – São Raimundo; SGD – São Geraldo; SJG – São Jorge; SJO – São José Operário; SLZ – São Lázaro; STA – Santo Antônio; STE – Santa Etelvina; STG – Saint Augustine; STL – Santa Luzia; TCN – Tancredo Neves; TRA – Tarumã- Açú ; TRM – Tarumã; VLP – Vila da Prata; ZDP – Zumbi dos Palmares.

Regarding the frequency of users on the beaches, 34% of Ponta Negra beach users prefer to use the location from April to June, and 31% prefer July to September, while those of Paricatuba, Lua and Tupé go with higher frequency in July to September (53%, 67% and 58%, respectively) (X² = 96.396; p = 0.000; Table 1). There was a significant difference in the reasons that lead users to visit the beaches; 65% and 39% of users of Ponta Negra and Paricatuba, respectively, reported that they visit the beaches for leisure, while users of the beaches of Lua and Tupé go there for other reasons. (39% and 31%, respectively) (X² = 66.934; p = 0.000; Table 1).

3.2. Perception of trash on beaches

Regarding the perception of beach cleanliness, users considered the beaches to be adequate, with 58%, 93%, 52% and 81% for Ponta Negra, Paricatuba, Lua and Tupé beaches, respectively (X² = 66.007; p = 0.000; Figure 4; Table 2. And on all beaches, more than 80% of respondents responded that they never discarded trash on the beachfront (X² = 6.795; p = 0.659; Figure 4; Table 2). Users reported that the reasons for there being trash on the beaches are the lack of awareness and education as the main responsible factor (50.57% - Ponta Negra, 52.30% - Paricatuba, 45.37% - Lua and 45 .59% - Tupé) (X² = 645.340; p = 0.015; Figure 4; Table 2).

Figure 4
Environmental perception by users of the beaches of Ponta Negra, Paricatuba, Lua and Tupé in the state of Amazonas, Brazil. The bars represent the percentage distribution of user responses.

Table 2
Environmental perception of beach users located in the Rio Negro Basin, Amazonas, Brazil. (N=400).

Items	Beaches				Significance level
	Ponta Negra	Paricatuba	Lua	Tupé
Proper cleaning
Yes	58.00	93.00	52.00	81.00	0.00
No	42.00	7.00	40.00	16.00
Did not answer	0.00	0.00	8.00	3.00
Disposal of your own waste
Don't throw trash on the beach	84.00	87.00	85.00	89.00	0.66
Throwing trash on the beach	15.00	13.00	14.00	11.00
Did not answer	1.00	0.00	1.00	0.00
Reason for garbage
Absence or little public collection	4.02	2.87	4.88	5.39	0.01
Awareness/Education	50.57	52.30	45.37	45.59
City Hall's negligence	6.90	5.17	3.90	4.90
High consumption	4.60	1.15	4.39	2.94
Lack of Supervision	4.02	8.05	14.15	12.25
Lack of trash cans	13.79	13.79	14.15	15.69
Lack of guidance for street vendors	9.77	6.32	6.34	6.37
Many people (bathers)	4.60	4.02	6.83	6.86
Many street vendors	1.72	0.00	2.93	0.00
Others	0.00	4.02	1.95	5.39
Solid waste (garbage)
Plastic bottle	33.48	34.27	28.38	29.24	0.00
Glass bottle	8.14	9.86	5.86	13.56
Soda/beer can	19.00	26.76	31.98	30.51
Leftover food	6.33	5.16	4.05	3.39
Disposable bags	27.15	22.54	22.97	18.64
Others	5.43	1.41	6.76	3.39
Don't see trash on the beach	0.45	0.00	0.00	1.27
Problems and losses
Accidents	10.83	2.92	4.88	3.66	0.00
Flooding	0.83	1.75	5.69	1.22
Contamination	10.00	4.68	1.63	5.49
Ambiental degradation	1.67	4.68	5.69	7.32
Illnesses	6.67	8.19	1.63	4.88
Death of animals	4.17	23.98	17.07	18.29
Environment pollution	55.00	34.50	43.09	38.41
Visual pollution	1.67	2.43	0.00	4.88
Harms health	6.67	15.20	17.89	14.02
Don't know how to respond	2.50	1.75	0.00	1.83
Actions
Street vendor (collection bags)	4.51	3.23	4.85	3.41	0.00
Bathers (collection bag)	2.54	4.03	5.60	5.12
Educational campaigns	11.55	8.47	9.33	9.56
Educational booklets	5.07	4.44	1.87	3.75
Public collection	4.79	6.05	9.70	7.17
Awareness / Education	21.13	29.03	23.88	18.43
Monitoring	7.04	9.68	10.45	12.29
Trash cans	11.27	18.55	16.79	21.5
Fines	5.63	6.05	6.34	6.14
Educational signs	8.17	10.48	10.82	12.29
No answer	18.31	0.00	0.37	0.34

As for the main types of solid waste produced on beaches, plastic bottles, soda or beer cans, and plastic bags were the items most highlighted by users of the beaches studied (X² = 37.89; p = 0.004; Figure 4; Table 2). Regarding the consequences of litter on beaches, beach users considered environmental pollution as the main adverse effect and consequent death of animals (X² = 73.62; p = 0.003; Figure 4; Table 2).

Regarding the suggestion to reduce the amount of solid waste (garbage) on both beaches, users claimed that "people" (themselves) should be more aware and educated about their trash, depositing it in the correct places. Such as trash cans; in addition, there must be more inspections to reduce environmental pollution, and there must be educational campaigns to raise awareness among the general public about the correct place to deposit the waste they produce (X² = 219.58; p = 0.000; Figure 4; Table 2).

4. Discussion

4.1. Socioeconomic profile

The data on gender in this work corroborate other studies on the profile of beach users carried out in Brazil, where both genders frequent beaches in practically equal proportions (Dias Filho et al., 2011; Timbó et al., 2019; Nascimento and Teixeira, 2023). It can be inferred that purchasing power and accessibility to the beaches are related to the age of the people who frequent each beach, so beaches that are more distant and with more restricted access have a public over the age of 31 (Nascimento and Teixeira, 2023), data that was also found in this research. The results of the education level of users observed in this work corroborate data collected on the beaches of the Coast of Bahia and Pernambuco (Xavier, 2016), São Paulo (Lopes and Cornelian, 2017) and Maranhão (Freitas et al., 2020). This stratification may reflect social segregation in the country (Santos et al., 2021), with Amazonas having the most significant income inequalities (Brasil, 1988). In the case of Manaus, where most of the beaches in this study are located, significant social differences and basic urban infrastructure were observed (Ramos et al., 2022).

The results regarding users' income are generally consistent with the average salary of the population of Amazonas, which is up to three minimum wages (R$ 4,236 or US$ 847.20) (IBGE, 2023). However, it is important to emphasize that Ponta Negra and Lua beaches are more accessible. Lua beach, for instance, can be accessed via the river, with a fee of R$ 10.00 (US$ 1.92) per person. As a result, over 60% of the visitors to these beaches have an average income of up to two minimum wages, while only 16% have an income of 3 to 5 minimum wages.

On Paricatuba and Tupé beaches, the percentage of users with an income of up to two minimum wages (46% and 37%, respectively) is relatively close to the percentage of users with an average income of 3 to 5 minimum wages (26% and 24%, respectively). To access Paricatuba beach, a personal vehicle is required, as it is located in a different municipality. To visit Tupé beach, in addition to paying R$ 25.00 (US$ 4.80) per person each way, the boat departs from Marina do Davi in Manaus at 9 am and only returns at 4 pm. These factors may explain why the income differences among users on these beaches are smaller compared to those at Ponta Negra and Lua beaches.

It is evident that users of the four studied beaches come from various areas of Manaus. However, the neighborhoods in the Center-South, Center-West, West, North, and East zones stand out. Except for the East zone, the neighborhoods in these areas have easy access to Ponta Negra Beach via direct bus lines and private transportation. Additionally, from areas near Ponta Negra Beach and Marina do Davi, users travel to Praia da Lua and Praia do Tupé. Although beaches are considered democratic spaces, accessible to people regardless of social and economic conditions (Polette and Raucci, 2003), social status and distance can make it difficult to access certain beaches. Many beaches in Brazil are inaccessible due to a lack of transportation, poor road conditions, and other travel difficulties. Major real estate and hotel developments in Rio de Janeiro have irregularly appropriated beach areas to ensure exclusive access for their guests, thereby limiting access for residents of neighboring favelas (Huguenin, 2019). Regarding the period in which users frequent the beaches, the months of April to June are the period that coincides with the rise in water levels in the Rio Negro, which may explain why the majority of users of Ponta Negra beach frequent it. Studies showed a higher frequency of users in the same location in December, coinciding with the end of the year festivities. Next, the months of June and July are preferred by those interviewed due to school holidays, and the month of October, because it has several holidays in the city (the anniversary of the city of Manaus and patron saint of Brazil) and workers' days off (teacher's day and civil servant's day).

On the other hand, users of the beaches of Paricatuba, Lua and Tupé go more frequently from July to September, when the water level of the Rio Negro is starting to reduce. These beaches are naturally formed, and there are periods when the sandbanks are submerged. It is possible to observe that Ponta Negra beach has the highest use throughout the year, with a reduction observed between January and March. On the other hand, Paricatuba, Lua and Tupé beaches are more available between July and September. It is worth noting that beaches in the Amazon region depend on the annual flood pulse of rivers (Junk et al., 1989), in which, in times of high water levels, sandbanks become submerged and beaches disappear. Ponta Negra beach is where the sandbanks are not submerged throughout the year and are permanent beaches. This modification occurred artificially, allowing users to use them constantly.

As for the reason for going to a particular beach, bathers at Lua and Tupé beaches reported that they are quieter because they are further away from the urban perimeter. On these beaches, the item "others" represented the following responses: tranquility, invitation, meeting for the first time and permission to take your pet to those beaches. For society, leisure is a right and is included in the 1988 Federal Constitution in Article 6 as social rights (Brasil, 1988). Leisure time is necessary for residents of urban centers to rest, relax, and have a better quality of life. Leisure has various forms and locations, which, if public, require government intervention, which serves to provide healthy leisure to its inhabitants and conserve the natural environments used.

4.2. Perception of trash on beaches

The users considered the analyzed beaches to be adequately clean, although solid waste was found on the edges. According to Timbó et al. (2019), who also observed solid waste on beaches, this fact may be conditioned by daily habits that, when observing the presence of garbage in the environment, do not realize the impacts it can generate. Our results are similar to those found by Nascimento and Teixeira (2023), who gravimetrically characterized solid waste and evaluated the environmental perception of users of Ponta Negra beach, Manaus. In the current study, although users claim that they do not discard garbage on the edges of the beaches, we returned to Ponta Negra beach at night and observed a scene with large amounts of abandoned garbage along almost the entire length of the artificial beach.

At Lua beach, some users suggested that we return on monday morning to observe the actual scenery after a day of leisure. On Tupé beach, some residents/employees clean the beach weekly. As soon as we arrived at this beach, it was possible to see that there was frequent cleaning. According to residents, tourism on Paricatuba beach is harmful, as the sands are crowded with people, which causes environmental degradation. The accumulation of a large amount of rubbish on the beach is the main complaint from residents who, given the need, are responsible for collecting waste left by beach users every week.

The four beaches are cleaned in different ways by the city halls of Manaus and Iranduba. At Ponta Negra beach, cleaning is done daily, where from 8 pm, access to the beachfront is suspended for users, and cleaning agents begin to collect incorrectly discarded rubbish from bins. Cleaning occurs between 6 and 7 am when an event occurs in the area (information obtained from Manaus City Hall employees). Regarding Lua and Tupé beaches, employees and residents reported that they need to collect garbage and store it in plastic bags so that City Hall employees can collect it once a week on rafts (information obtained from residents of the beach or in your surroundings). On Paricatuba beach, residents also get together to clean up and take trash bags to the village so that they can only be taken to the landfill (information obtained from the residents of Village of Paricatuba).

Regarding users’ responses about the reasons for trash on the beaches, our results support the findings of Timbó et al. (2019), where the researchers received similar responses. They attributed this to 'false awareness,' as most respondents claimed they dispose of their rubbish properly. The other reasons included a lack of bins and insufficient awareness about proper disposal practices. During the interviews, respondents noted a lack of trash cans on the beaches, especially at Lua, Paricatuba, and Tupé, where, in the absence of oversight, people placed their trash in plastic bags and hung them on tree branches.

The lack of awareness about the negative impact of waste on the environment and public health, combined with the belief that cleaning is the exclusive task of third parties, has perpetuated a vicious cycle of pollution and degradation. This dynamic, evidenced by studies such as those by Vargas et al. (2024) and Makhtar et al. (2021), overloads public services and negatively impacts the population's quality of life. The relentless pursuit of convenience, embodied in the unbridled consumption of disposable products, drives the mass production of single-use plastics. The lack of knowledge about the life cycle of these materials and their environmental impacts aggravates the problem, perpetuating irresponsible disposal practices. The limited availability of sustainable alternatives, as pointed out by Serena McConnell (2024), contributes to the maintenance of this scenario.

The main types of solid waste produced on beaches cited by users corroborate other studies; plastic has been reported as the item most found on beaches in Brazil (Fernandes and Sansolo, 2013; Timbó et al., 2019; Miranda et al., 2021; Nascimento and Teixeira, 2023) and the other countries, such as Colombia, Africa, Portugal, Chile and Mexico. (Sichaaza 2009 apudVargas et al., 2024; Botero et al., 2015; Bettencourt et al., 2023; Vargas et al., 2024; Ogello et al., 2024). The material has increased the most as a polluting medium in aquatic environments in recent years due to the increasing production of plastic products, the low degradation of the environment and the easy dispersion and dissemination of this product (Nascimento and Teixeira, 2023; Husaini et al., 2024). Although soft drinks and beers are among the most consumed items on all beaches, aluminum cans are rarely found lying on the ground, as there are always people collecting them to sell.

Regarding the consequences of trash on beaches, studies carried out on other beaches in Brazil also demonstrated that environmental pollution has implications, such as attracting disease vectors (Dias Filho et al., 2011; Timbó et al., 2019; Vargas et al., 2024), signaling the health risks to bathers in those areas. Regarding the suggestion to reduce the amount of solid waste (garbage), the recognition and contribution of users of the beaches studied about keeping these environments clean and without waste by disposing of them correctly brings benefits aimed at maintaining the beach also for the health public and biota that reside in this environment, minimizing risks offered (Freitas et al., 2020). Solid waste is recognized as the main problem that causes visual and environmental degradation on beaches (Dias Filho et al., 2011; Severin et al., 2023; Serena McConnell, 2024; Vargas et al., 2024).

This material causes economic, social and environmental losses such as spending on beach cleaning by public agencies, loss of the site's aesthetic and tourist potential, and contamination of the area by pathogenic agents, among others (Dias Filho et al., 2011; Vargas et al., 2024). Therefore, the importance of the joint contribution of actors (users, street vendors and public bodies) involved in managing solid waste on beaches is observed. The costs related to cleaning the beaches are included in a monthly investment of 30 million reais by Manaus to preserve public hygiene throughout the municipality (Manaus, 2023). Therefore, the importance of the joint contribution of actors (users, street vendors and public bodies) involved in maintaining solid waste on beaches is observed.

5. Conclusion

From the results of this study, it was concluded that all beaches were generally clean; however, there was a significant amount of solid waste along their sandbanks. It is evident that visitors to these beach areas contribute the most to environmental pollution, resulting in consequences for those who depend on the region for their livelihoods or reside there. Implementing actions, whether public or private, is extremely necessary and urgent to reduce and eliminate trash abandonment on Amazon beaches, to ensure these environments remain attractive to tourists and healthy for residents.

Since all the beaches are located within the protected areas of APA Tarumã-Açu, APA da Margem Esquerda do Rio Negro (Setor Aturiá/Apuauzinho), RDS Tupé, and APA da Margem Direita do Rio Negro (Setor Paduari/Solimões), we can present our findings to the board of directors of these areas. This will allow them to consider the implementation of our proposals outlined in the manuscript. Social networks such as WhatsApp, Facebook, Instagram, and YouTube can be utilized to help reduce the generation of solid waste, especially since there are currently no NGOs addressing this issue on the beaches we studied. We can establish partnerships with researchers or influencers who are already active on these platforms to share our findings and proposals aimed at minimizing improper waste disposal. The awareness campaign will include educational talks with beach traders and the use of colored garbage cans for collecting different materials, which will be sent to the public collection company in Manaus and Iranduba. Raising awareness in public schools in these cities will also be a priority.

Acknowledgements

The Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Amazonas (FAPEAM, Project POSGRAD 2023/2024 – Resolution 002/2023; PDPG – CAPES – FAPEAM 018/2020; Kunhã 008/2022; Biodiversa 007/2021). In addition, Adriano Teixeira de Oliveira (grant number 315713/2020-8 and 102455/2022-8) is recipients of research grant from Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq).

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Publication Dates

• Publication in this collection
  10 Feb 2025
• Date of issue
  2024

History

• Received
  15 Sept 2024
• Accepted
  17 Nov 2024