Mercury speciation in fish of the Cabo Frio upwelling region, SE-Brazil

Silva, Carlos Alberto da; Tessier, Emmanuel; Kütter, Vinicius Tavares; Wasserman, Julio Cesar; Donard, Olivier F. X.; Silva-Filho, Emmanoel Vieira

Abstracts

Mercury distribution in the oceans is controlled by complex biogeochemical cycles, resulting in retention of trace amounts of this metal in marine biota. The impact of upwelling processes in this metal behavior has been overlooked. Data from literature are insufficient to evaluate the risks associated with the presence of mercury in the fish collected in upwelling areas and its consumers. Therefore, the aim of the present work was to perform a study of mercury speciation in four fish species belonging to different trophic levels from Cabo Frio-Brazil upwelling region. The total mercury content vary of 53 ng g-1 (Sardinella brasiliensis -sardine) to 1215 ng g-1 (Cynoscion striatus -striped weakfish) and, with exception of the planktivorous fish, methylmercury levels reaches circa 90% of total mercury concentration.

Marine fish; Methylmercury; Food chain; SACW -South Atlantic Central Water

A distribuição de Mercúrio nos oceanos é controlada por um complexo ciclo biogeoquímico, resultando na retenção de pequenas quantidades na biota marinha. O impacto dos processos de ressurgência costeira no comportamento desse metal tem sido negligenciado. Dados da literatura são insuficientes para elucidar o risco associado com a presença de mercúrio em peixes capturados em áreas de ressurgência e seus consumidores. Portanto o objetivo do presente trabalho foi realizar um estudo de especiação de mercúrio em quatro espécies de peixes pertencentes a diferentes níveis tróficos da região de ressurgência de Cabo Frio-Brasil. O conteúdo total de mercúrio variou de 53 ng g-1 (Sardinella brasiliensis -sardinha) to 1215 ng g-1 (Cynoscion striatus -pescada) e, com exceção da espécie planctivora, os níveis de metilmercúrio atingem cerca de 90% da concentração total de mercúrio.

Peixes marinhos; Metilmercúrio; Cadeia trófica; ACAS - Água Central do Atlântico Sul

AL-MAJED, N. B., PRESTON, M. An assessment of the total and methylmercury content of zooplankton and fish tissue collected from Kuwait territorial waters. Mar Pollut Bull 40, 298-307.
Anderson M, Gardfeldt K, Wangberg I, Sprovieri F, Pirrone N, (2007) Seasonal and daily variation of mercury evasion at coastal and off-shore sites at the Mediterranean Sea. Mar Chem; 104: 214-226, 2000.
ANVISA Agência Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária, Portaria 685, 27 de agosto de 1998, http://elegis.bvs.br/leisref/public/search.php, Last access in July 2009.
AUGELLI, M. A., MUNOZ, R. A. A., RICHTER, E. M., CANTAGALLO, M. I., ANGNES, L. Analytical procedure for total mercury determination in fishes and shrimps by chronopotentiometric stripping analysis at gold film electrodes after microwave digestion. Food Chem 101: 579-584, 2007.
BARBIERI, E. Cabo Frio e Iguaba Grande, dois microclimas distintos a um curto intervalo espacial. In: Lacerda LD, Araújo DSD, Cerqueira R, Turcq B Eds.), Restingas: Origem, estrutura, processos. CEUFF, Niterói, 1984.
BALDI, F. The biogeochemical cycle of Mercury in the Tyrrhenian Sea. FAO Fisheries Report, 325, supplement, 29-43, 1984.
BERNHARD, M. Mercury accumulation in a pelagic food chain. In Environmental inorganic chemistry, eds A. E. Matertell and K. J. Irgolic, Deerfeld Beach, VCH Publishers, Florida, 1985, pp. 349-358.
BLOOM, N. S. On the chemical form of mercury in edible fish and marine invertebrate tissue. J Fish Aquat Sci 49: 1010-1017, 1992.
BOISCHIO, A. A. P., HENSHEL, D. Fish Consumption, Fish Lore, and Mercury Pollution-Risk Communication for the Madeira River People. 2000. Environ Res Section A, 84: 108-126, 2000.
BURGER, J., GOCHFELD, M. Mercury in canned tuna: white versus light and temporal variation. Environ Res., 96: 239-249, 2004.
CABAÑERO, A. I., MADRID, Y., AMARA, C. C. Selenium and mercury accessibility in fish samples: an in vitro digestion method. Anal Chim Acta., 526: 51-61, 2004.
CALADO, L.; DA SILVEIRA, I. C. A.; GANGOPADHYAY, A., DE CASTRO, B.M. Eddyinduced upwelling off Cape São Tomé (22ºS, Brazil). Cont. Shelf Res., 30: 1181-1188, 2010.
CAMPO, D., MOSTARDA, E., CASTRIOTA, L., SCARABELLO, M.P., ANDALORO, F. Feeding habits of the Atlantic bonito, Sarda sarda (Bloch, 1793) in the southern Tyrrhenian Sea. Fish Res., 81(2-3): 169-175, 2006.
CARBONEL, C. A. A. H.; VALENTIN, J. L. Numerical modelling of phytoplankton bloom in the upwelling ecosystem of Cabo Frio (Brazil). Ecol Model., 116: 135148, 1999.
CARBONEL, C. A. A. H. Modelling of upwellingdownwelling cycles caused by variable wind in a very sensitive coastal system. Cont Shelf Res., 23: 1559-578, 2003.
CHAVES, F. P., BERTRAND, A., GUEVARA-CARRASCO, R., SOLER, P., CSIRKE, J. The northern Humboldt Current System: Brief history, present status and a view towards the future. Prog Oceanogr., 79: 95105, 2008.
CHOY, C. A., POPP, B. N., KANEKO, J. J., DRAZEN, J. C. The influence of depth on mercury levels in pelagic fishes and their prey. PNAS, 106 (33): 13865-13869, 2009.
DREVNICK, P. E., SANDHEINRICH, M. B., ORIS, J.T. Increased ovarian follicular apoptosis in fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas) exposed to dietary methylmercury. Aquat Toxicol., 79: 49-54, 2006.
EGELAND, G. M., MIDDAUGH, J. P. Balancing fish consumption benefits with mercury exposure, Science., 278 (5345): 1904-1905, 1997.
GANTHER, H. E., SUNDE, M. L. Factors in fish modifying methylmercury toxicity and metabolism. Biol Trace Elem Res,119: 221-233, 2007.
GOYER, R. A. (Chair) et al, Toxicological Effects of Methylmercury (National Academy Press, Washington, DC, 2000) pp 368.
GUALLAR, E., et al., Mercury, fish oils, and the risk of miocardial infarction. N. Engl. J. Med., 347(22): 17471754, 2002.
GUIMARAENS, M. A., PAIVA, A. M., COUTINHO, R. Modeling Ulva spp dynamics in a tropical upwelling region. Ecol Model, 188: 448-460, 2005.
HARRIS, H. H., PICKERING, I. J., GEORGE, G. N. The Chemical Form of Mercury in Fish. Science., 301: 1203, 2003.
IBAMA. Estatística da pesca 2006 Brasil: grandes regiões e unidades da federação. Brasília: IBAMA. 2008.
JOIRIS, C. R., HOLSBEEK, L., MOATEMRI, N. L. Total and methylmercury in sardines Sardinella aurita and Sardina pilchardus from Tunisia. Mar. Pollut. Bull., 38 (3): 188-192, 1999.
KANNAN, K., SMITH, R.G. Jr., LEE, R. F., WINDOW, H. L., HEITMULLER, P. T., MACAULEY, J. M., SUMMERS, J. K. Distribution of Total Mercury and Methyl Mercury in Water, Sediment, and Fish from South Florida Estuaries. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol., 34, 109-118, 1998.
KEHRIG, H. A., COSTA, M., MOREIRA, I., MALM, O. Total and methylmercury in a Brazilian estuary, Rio de Janeiro. Mar. Pollut. Bull., 44: 1018-1023, 2002.
KOJADINOVIC, J., POTIER, M., LE CORRE, M., COSSON, R. P., Bustamante, P. Mercury content in commercial pelagic fish and its risk assessment in the Western Indian Ocean. Sci. Total Environ., 366: 688700, 2006.
KÜTTER, V. T., MIRLEAN, N., BAISCH, P. R. M., KÜTTER, M. T., SILVA-FILHO, E. V. Mercury in freshwater, estuarine, and marine fishes from Southern Brazil and its ecological implication. Environ Monit Assess., 159: 35-42, 2009.
MASON, R. P., REINFELDER, J. R., MOREL, F. M. M. Bioconcentration of mercury and methylmercury. Water Air Soil Poll., 80: 915-921, 1996.
MASON, R. P., MCALOON, K. M., LEARNER, J. J., LAPORTE, J. M., ANDRES, S. 2000. Factors controlling the bioaccumulation of mercury and methylmercury into benthic invertebrates and fishes. In: Nriagu, J. (Ed.), International Conference on Heavy Metals in the Environment. University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI.
MATTHEWS, A. D. Mercury content of commercially(?) important fish of the Seychelles, and hair mercury levels of a selected part of the population. Environ Res., 30: 305-12, 1983.
MAURICE-BOURGOIN, L., QUIROGA, I., CHINCHEROS, J., COURAU, P. Mercury distribution in waters and fishes of the upper Madeira exposure in riparian Amazonian populations. Sci Total Environ., 260: 73-86, 2000.
MIRLEAN, N., LARNED, S. T., NIKORA, V., KÜTTER, V. T. Mercury in lakes and lake fishes on a conservationindustry gradient in Brazil. Chemosphere., 60: 226-236, 2005.
MOL, J. H., RAMLAL, S. J., LIETAR, C., VERLOO, M. Mercury contamination in freshwater, estuarine, and marine fishes in relation to small-scale gold mining in Suriname, South America. Environ Res A., 86: 183197, 2001.
MONPERRUS, M., POINT, D., GRALL, J., CHAUVAUD, L., AMOUROUX, D., BAREILLE, G., DONARD, O. Determination of metal and organometal trophic bioaccumulation in the benthic macrofauna of the Adour estuary coastal zone (SW France, Bay of Biscay). J Environ Monitor., 7: 693-700, 2005.
MONTEIRO, L. R., COSTA, V., FURNESS, R. W., SANTOS, R. S. Mercury concentrations in prey fish indicate enhanced bioaccumulation in mesopelagic environments. Mar Ecol-Prog Ser., 141: 21-25, 1996.
MOREL, F. M. M., KRAEPIEL, A. M., AMYOT, M. The chemical cycle and bioaccumulation of mercury. Annu Rev Ecol Syst., 29: 543-566, 1998.
NRIAGU, J. O. Mechanistic steps in the photoreduction of mercury in natural waters. Sci Total Environ., 154: 1-8, 1994.
RODRIGUES, R. R., LORENZZETTI, J. A. A numerical study of the effects of bottom topography and coastline geometry on the Southeast Brazilian coastal upwelling. Cont Shelf Res., 21: 371-394, 2001.
ROLFHUS, K. R., FITZGERALD, W. F. Linkages between atmospheric mercury deposition and the metylmercury content of marine fish. Water Air and Soil Poll., 80: 291-297, 1995.
ROSS, M. A. Methylmercury. Health Eff. Rev. 1: 1-2, 1996.
RUELAS-INZUNZA, J., MEZA-LÓPEZ, G., PAÉZ-OSUNA, F. Mercury in fish that are of dietary importance from the coasts of Sinaloa (SE Gulf of California). J Food Compos Anal., 21: 211-218, 2008.
SCHAANNING, M. T., HYLLAND, K., ERIKSEN, D. Ø., BERGAN, T. D., GUNNARSON, J. S., SKEI, J. Interactions between eutrophication and contaminants. II. Mobilization and bioaccumulation of Hg and Cd from marine sediments. Mar Pollut Bull., 1-6 (33): 71-79, 1996.
SELLER, P., KELLY, C. A., RUDD, J. W. M., MACHUTCHON, A. R. Photodegradation of methylmercury in lakes. Nature, 380: 694-697, 1996.
SILVA-FILHO, E. V., KÜTTER, M. T., KÜTTER, V. T., LACERDA, L. D. Mercúrio em peixes no Brasil e sua implicação ecológica: revisão bibliográfica. In: III Congresso Brasileiro de Oceanografia -CBO'2008, I Congresso Ibero-Americano de Oceanografia -I CIAO. Fortaleza (CE), 20 a 24 de maio/2008. http://www.institutomilenioestuarios.com.br/pdfs/Participacao_Eventos/10_CBO2008/resumos/02.pdf
STORELLI, M. M., GIACOMINELLI-STUFFLER, R., STORELLI, A., MARCOTRIGIANO, G. O. Accumulation of mercury, cadmium, lead and arsenic in swordfish and bluefin tuna from the Mediterranean Sea: a comparative study. Mar Pollut Bull., 50: 993-1018, 2005ª.
STORELLI, M. M., STORELLI, A., GIACOMINELLI-STUFFLER, R., MARCOTRIGIANO, G. O. Mercury speciation in the muscle of two commercially important fish, hake (Merluccius merluccius) and striped mullet (Mullus barbatus) from the Mediterranean Sea: estimated weekly intake. Food Chem., 89: 295-300, 2005^b
THIBAUD, Y. Utilisation du modèle de Thomann pour linterprétation des concentrations en mercure des poissons de lAtlantique. Aquat. Living Resour., 5: 5780, 1992.
URÍA, J. E. S., SANZ-MEDEL, A. Inorganic and methylmercury speciation in environmental samples -Review. Talanta., 47: 509-524, 1998.
VAN WALLEGHEM, J. L. A., BLANCHFIELD, P. J., HINTELMANN, H. Elimination of Mercury by Yellow Perch in the Wild. Environ Sci Technol., 41: 58955901, 2007.
VALENTIN, J. L. The Cabo Frio Upwelling System, Brazil. In: Seeliger, U.; Kjerfve, H. (Ed.). Coastal Marine Ecosystems of Latin America. Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 2001. 97-105 p.
VIANA, F., HUERTAS, R., DANULAT, E. Heavy Metal Levels in Fish from Coastal Waters of Uruguay. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol., 48: 530-537, 2005.
WATRAS, C. J., BLOOM, N. S. Mercury and methylmercury in individual zooplankton for bioaccumulation. Limnol Oceanogr., 37: 1313-1318, 1992.
SILVA, C. A. Especiação do mercúrio na cadeia trófica pelágica de uma costa sujeita a ressurgência, Cabo Frio -RJ. PhD Thesis in Geociências. Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, Brazil, 2006.

Publication Dates

Publication in this collection
17 Oct 2011
Date of issue
Sept 2011

History

Accepted
13 July 2009
Reviewed
05 May 2009
Received
20 Mar 2009

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

[1] AL-MAJED, N. B., PRESTON, M. An assessment of the total and methylmercury content of zooplankton and fish tissue collected from Kuwait territorial waters. Mar Pollut Bull 40, 298-307.

[2] Anderson M, Gardfeldt K, Wangberg I, Sprovieri F, Pirrone N, (2007) Seasonal and daily variation of mercury evasion at coastal and off-shore sites at the Mediterranean Sea. Mar Chem; 104: 214-226, 2000.

[3] ANVISA Agência Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária, Portaria 685, 27 de agosto de 1998, http://elegis.bvs.br/leisref/public/search.php, Last access in July 2009.

[4] AUGELLI, M. A., MUNOZ, R. A. A., RICHTER, E. M., CANTAGALLO, M. I., ANGNES, L. Analytical procedure for total mercury determination in fishes and shrimps by chronopotentiometric stripping analysis at gold film electrodes after microwave digestion. Food Chem 101: 579-584, 2007.

[5] BARBIERI, E. Cabo Frio e Iguaba Grande, dois microclimas distintos a um curto intervalo espacial. In: Lacerda LD, Araújo DSD, Cerqueira R, Turcq B Eds.), Restingas: Origem, estrutura, processos. CEUFF, Niterói, 1984.

[6] BALDI, F. The biogeochemical cycle of Mercury in the Tyrrhenian Sea. FAO Fisheries Report, 325, supplement, 29-43, 1984.

[7] BERNHARD, M. Mercury accumulation in a pelagic food chain. In Environmental inorganic chemistry, eds A. E. Matertell and K. J. Irgolic, Deerfeld Beach, VCH Publishers, Florida, 1985, pp. 349-358.

[8] BLOOM, N. S. On the chemical form of mercury in edible fish and marine invertebrate tissue. J Fish Aquat Sci 49: 1010-1017, 1992.

[9] BOISCHIO, A. A. P., HENSHEL, D. Fish Consumption, Fish Lore, and Mercury Pollution-Risk Communication for the Madeira River People. 2000. Environ Res Section A, 84: 108-126, 2000.

[10] BURGER, J., GOCHFELD, M. Mercury in canned tuna: white versus light and temporal variation. Environ Res., 96: 239-249, 2004.

[11] CABAÑERO, A. I., MADRID, Y., AMARA, C. C. Selenium and mercury accessibility in fish samples: an in vitro digestion method. Anal Chim Acta., 526: 51-61, 2004.

[12] CALADO, L.; DA SILVEIRA, I. C. A.; GANGOPADHYAY, A., DE CASTRO, B.M. Eddyinduced upwelling off Cape São Tomé (22ºS, Brazil). Cont. Shelf Res., 30: 1181-1188, 2010.

[13] CAMPO, D., MOSTARDA, E., CASTRIOTA, L., SCARABELLO, M.P., ANDALORO, F. Feeding habits of the Atlantic bonito, Sarda sarda (Bloch, 1793) in the southern Tyrrhenian Sea. Fish Res., 81(2-3): 169-175, 2006.

[14] CARBONEL, C. A. A. H.; VALENTIN, J. L. Numerical modelling of phytoplankton bloom in the upwelling ecosystem of Cabo Frio (Brazil). Ecol Model., 116: 135148, 1999.

[15] CARBONEL, C. A. A. H. Modelling of upwellingdownwelling cycles caused by variable wind in a very sensitive coastal system. Cont Shelf Res., 23: 1559-578, 2003.

[16] CHAVES, F. P., BERTRAND, A., GUEVARA-CARRASCO, R., SOLER, P., CSIRKE, J. The northern Humboldt Current System: Brief history, present status and a view towards the future. Prog Oceanogr., 79: 95105, 2008.

[17] CHOY, C. A., POPP, B. N., KANEKO, J. J., DRAZEN, J. C. The influence of depth on mercury levels in pelagic fishes and their prey. PNAS, 106 (33): 13865-13869, 2009.

[18] DREVNICK, P. E., SANDHEINRICH, M. B., ORIS, J.T. Increased ovarian follicular apoptosis in fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas) exposed to dietary methylmercury. Aquat Toxicol., 79: 49-54, 2006.

[19] EGELAND, G. M., MIDDAUGH, J. P. Balancing fish consumption benefits with mercury exposure, Science., 278 (5345): 1904-1905, 1997.

[20] GANTHER, H. E., SUNDE, M. L. Factors in fish modifying methylmercury toxicity and metabolism. Biol Trace Elem Res,119: 221-233, 2007.

[21] GOYER, R. A. (Chair) et al, Toxicological Effects of Methylmercury (National Academy Press, Washington, DC, 2000) pp 368.

[22] GUALLAR, E., et al., Mercury, fish oils, and the risk of miocardial infarction. N. Engl. J. Med., 347(22): 17471754, 2002.

[23] GUIMARAENS, M. A., PAIVA, A. M., COUTINHO, R. Modeling Ulva spp dynamics in a tropical upwelling region. Ecol Model, 188: 448-460, 2005.

[24] HARRIS, H. H., PICKERING, I. J., GEORGE, G. N. The Chemical Form of Mercury in Fish. Science., 301: 1203, 2003.

[25] IBAMA. Estatística da pesca 2006 Brasil: grandes regiões e unidades da federação. Brasília: IBAMA. 2008.

[26] JOIRIS, C. R., HOLSBEEK, L., MOATEMRI, N. L. Total and methylmercury in sardines Sardinella aurita and Sardina pilchardus from Tunisia. Mar. Pollut. Bull., 38 (3): 188-192, 1999.

[27] KANNAN, K., SMITH, R.G. Jr., LEE, R. F., WINDOW, H. L., HEITMULLER, P. T., MACAULEY, J. M., SUMMERS, J. K. Distribution of Total Mercury and Methyl Mercury in Water, Sediment, and Fish from South Florida Estuaries. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol., 34, 109-118, 1998.

[28] KEHRIG, H. A., COSTA, M., MOREIRA, I., MALM, O. Total and methylmercury in a Brazilian estuary, Rio de Janeiro. Mar. Pollut. Bull., 44: 1018-1023, 2002.

[29] KOJADINOVIC, J., POTIER, M., LE CORRE, M., COSSON, R. P., Bustamante, P. Mercury content in commercial pelagic fish and its risk assessment in the Western Indian Ocean. Sci. Total Environ., 366: 688700, 2006.

[30] KÜTTER, V. T., MIRLEAN, N., BAISCH, P. R. M., KÜTTER, M. T., SILVA-FILHO, E. V. Mercury in freshwater, estuarine, and marine fishes from Southern Brazil and its ecological implication. Environ Monit Assess., 159: 35-42, 2009.

[31] MASON, R. P., REINFELDER, J. R., MOREL, F. M. M. Bioconcentration of mercury and methylmercury. Water Air Soil Poll., 80: 915-921, 1996.

[32] MASON, R. P., MCALOON, K. M., LEARNER, J. J., LAPORTE, J. M., ANDRES, S. 2000. Factors controlling the bioaccumulation of mercury and methylmercury into benthic invertebrates and fishes. In: Nriagu, J. (Ed.), International Conference on Heavy Metals in the Environment. University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI.

[33] MATTHEWS, A. D. Mercury content of commercially(?) important fish of the Seychelles, and hair mercury levels of a selected part of the population. Environ Res., 30: 305-12, 1983.

[34] MAURICE-BOURGOIN, L., QUIROGA, I., CHINCHEROS, J., COURAU, P. Mercury distribution in waters and fishes of the upper Madeira exposure in riparian Amazonian populations. Sci Total Environ., 260: 73-86, 2000.

[35] MIRLEAN, N., LARNED, S. T., NIKORA, V., KÜTTER, V. T. Mercury in lakes and lake fishes on a conservationindustry gradient in Brazil. Chemosphere., 60: 226-236, 2005.

[36] MOL, J. H., RAMLAL, S. J., LIETAR, C., VERLOO, M. Mercury contamination in freshwater, estuarine, and marine fishes in relation to small-scale gold mining in Suriname, South America. Environ Res A., 86: 183197, 2001.

[37] MONPERRUS, M., POINT, D., GRALL, J., CHAUVAUD, L., AMOUROUX, D., BAREILLE, G., DONARD, O. Determination of metal and organometal trophic bioaccumulation in the benthic macrofauna of the Adour estuary coastal zone (SW France, Bay of Biscay). J Environ Monitor., 7: 693-700, 2005.

[38] MONTEIRO, L. R., COSTA, V., FURNESS, R. W., SANTOS, R. S. Mercury concentrations in prey fish indicate enhanced bioaccumulation in mesopelagic environments. Mar Ecol-Prog Ser., 141: 21-25, 1996.

[39] MOREL, F. M. M., KRAEPIEL, A. M., AMYOT, M. The chemical cycle and bioaccumulation of mercury. Annu Rev Ecol Syst., 29: 543-566, 1998.

[40] NRIAGU, J. O. Mechanistic steps in the photoreduction of mercury in natural waters. Sci Total Environ., 154: 1-8, 1994.

[41] RODRIGUES, R. R., LORENZZETTI, J. A. A numerical study of the effects of bottom topography and coastline geometry on the Southeast Brazilian coastal upwelling. Cont Shelf Res., 21: 371-394, 2001.

[42] ROLFHUS, K. R., FITZGERALD, W. F. Linkages between atmospheric mercury deposition and the metylmercury content of marine fish. Water Air and Soil Poll., 80: 291-297, 1995.

[43] ROSS, M. A. Methylmercury. Health Eff. Rev. 1: 1-2, 1996.

[44] RUELAS-INZUNZA, J., MEZA-LÓPEZ, G., PAÉZ-OSUNA, F. Mercury in fish that are of dietary importance from the coasts of Sinaloa (SE Gulf of California). J Food Compos Anal., 21: 211-218, 2008.

[45] SCHAANNING, M. T., HYLLAND, K., ERIKSEN, D. Ø., BERGAN, T. D., GUNNARSON, J. S., SKEI, J. Interactions between eutrophication and contaminants. II. Mobilization and bioaccumulation of Hg and Cd from marine sediments. Mar Pollut Bull., 1-6 (33): 71-79, 1996.

[46] SELLER, P., KELLY, C. A., RUDD, J. W. M., MACHUTCHON, A. R. Photodegradation of methylmercury in lakes. Nature, 380: 694-697, 1996.

[47] SILVA-FILHO, E. V., KÜTTER, M. T., KÜTTER, V. T., LACERDA, L. D. Mercúrio em peixes no Brasil e sua implicação ecológica: revisão bibliográfica. In: III Congresso Brasileiro de Oceanografia -CBO'2008, I Congresso Ibero-Americano de Oceanografia -I CIAO. Fortaleza (CE), 20 a 24 de maio/2008. http://www.institutomilenioestuarios.com.br/pdfs/Participacao_Eventos/10_CBO2008/resumos/02.pdf

[48] STORELLI, M. M., GIACOMINELLI-STUFFLER, R., STORELLI, A., MARCOTRIGIANO, G. O. Accumulation of mercury, cadmium, lead and arsenic in swordfish and bluefin tuna from the Mediterranean Sea: a comparative study. Mar Pollut Bull., 50: 993-1018, 2005ª.

[49] STORELLI, M. M., STORELLI, A., GIACOMINELLI-STUFFLER, R., MARCOTRIGIANO, G. O. Mercury speciation in the muscle of two commercially important fish, hake (Merluccius merluccius) and striped mullet (Mullus barbatus) from the Mediterranean Sea: estimated weekly intake. Food Chem., 89: 295-300, 2005^b

[50] THIBAUD, Y. Utilisation du modèle de Thomann pour linterprétation des concentrations en mercure des poissons de lAtlantique. Aquat. Living Resour., 5: 5780, 1992.

[51] URÍA, J. E. S., SANZ-MEDEL, A. Inorganic and methylmercury speciation in environmental samples -Review. Talanta., 47: 509-524, 1998.

[52] VAN WALLEGHEM, J. L. A., BLANCHFIELD, P. J., HINTELMANN, H. Elimination of Mercury by Yellow Perch in the Wild. Environ Sci Technol., 41: 58955901, 2007.

[53] VALENTIN, J. L. The Cabo Frio Upwelling System, Brazil. In: Seeliger, U.; Kjerfve, H. (Ed.). Coastal Marine Ecosystems of Latin America. Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 2001. 97-105 p.

[54] VIANA, F., HUERTAS, R., DANULAT, E. Heavy Metal Levels in Fish from Coastal Waters of Uruguay. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol., 48: 530-537, 2005.

[55] WATRAS, C. J., BLOOM, N. S. Mercury and methylmercury in individual zooplankton for bioaccumulation. Limnol Oceanogr., 37: 1313-1318, 1992.

[56] SILVA, C. A. Especiação do mercúrio na cadeia trófica pelágica de uma costa sujeita a ressurgência, Cabo Frio -RJ. PhD Thesis in Geociências. Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, Brazil, 2006.