Anthropogenic nutrient pollution of coral reefs in Southern Bahia, Brazil

Costa Jr., Ozeas S.

Abstracts

Spatial, temporal and anthropogenic controls on nutrient distribution were evaluated for nearshore and offshore reefs at Porto Seguro Bay, Southern Bahia. Water samples were analysed for total oxidised nitrogen (TON), soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP), reactive silica (DSi), and chlorophyll a (Chl). The results indicate that rainfall promotes a significant (F=19.873, p<0.001) increase in the load of nutrients to nearshore (average 12% increase) and offshore reefs (average 31% increase). Nutrient concentrations at the urbanized reef (TON=1.93-3.21µM; SRP=0.57-0.89µM; DSi=8.48-11.15µM) are on average 25% higher than at non-urban reefs and over 200% higher than the offshore reef. The urbanized reef also presented the highest rates of increase in nutrient input between dry and rainy seasons (TON=+0.36µM; SRP=+0.08µM; DSi=+0.70µM). Differences in nutrient concentration between nearshore and offshore reefs are more pronounced during dry season, when the bulk of land-based nutrient contribution is confined to the nearshore reefs. SRP values in the study area ranked among the highest in the world for coral reef areas and phytoplankton growth appears to be nitrogen-limited.

Coastal eutrophication; Nitrogen; Phosphorus; Submarine groundwater discharge; Coral reef; Nutrients; Seasonality; Coastal urbanization

Este artigo discute os fatores espaço, tempo e atividade antrópica na distribuição de nutrientes em amostras dos recifes costeiros da Baía de Porto Seguro, sul do Estado da Bahia. Análises realizadas nas amostras d'água incluem a porção reativa de nitrogênio (TON), fósforo (SRP) e silicato (DSi) dissolvidos, e clorofila (Chl). Resultados indicam um aumento significante (F=19.873, p<0.001) na descarga de nutrientes durante a estação chuvosa para os recifes costeiros (média de 12%) e para o recife oceânico (média de 31%). O recife urbano (TON=1.93-3.21µM; SRP=0.57-0.89µM; DSi=8.48-11.15µM) apresentou concentrações 25% mais altas que o outro recife costeiro, e mais de 200% acima do recife oceânico. Aquele recife também apresentou as mais altas taxas de aumento na descarga de nutrientes entre as estações seca e chuvosa (TON=+0.36µM; SRP=+0.08µM; DSi=+0.70µM). A diferença nas concentrações de nutrientes entre os recifes costeiros e oceânico é maior durante a estação seca, quando a contribuição continental de nutrientes está confinada a áreas próximo à costa. As concentrações de fósforo inorgânico na área de estudo estão entre as mais altas do mundo para áreas coralinas, e o fitoplâncton parece ser limitado pela disponibilidade de nitrogênio.

Eutrofização costeira; Nitrogênio; Fósforo; Descarga de água subterrânea marinha; Recife de coral; Nutrientes; Sazonalidade; Urbanização costeira

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ADEY, W. H.; STENECK, R. S. Highly productive eastern Caribbean reefs: synergistic effects of biological, chemical, physical, and geological factors. In: REAKA, M. L. (Ed.). The ecology of coral reefs Symposium Series of Undersea Research. NOAA Undersea Research Program, Rockville, Maryland, 1985. v. 3, p. 163-187.
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ARAR, E. J. In vitro determination of chlorophylls a, b, c₁ + c₂ and pheopigments in marine and freshwater algae by visible spectrophotometry. USEPA Method 446-0 Cincinnati, Ohio: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1997.
BELL, P. R. F. Eutrophication and coral reefs: some examples in the Great Barrier Reef lagoon. Wat. Res, v. 26, p. 553-568, 1992.
BENDER, M.; MARTIN, W.; HESS, J.; SAYLES, F.; BALL, L.; LAMBERT, C. A whole-core squeezer for interfacial pore-water sampling. Limnol. Oceanogr, v. 32, p.1214-1225, 1987.
BENSON, R. L.; TRUONG, Y. B.; MCKELVIE, I. D.; HART, B. T. Monitoring of dissolved reactive phosphorus in wastewater by flow injection analysis. Part 1. Method development and validation. Wat. Res, v. 30, p. 1959-1964, 1996.
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CHARPY, L.; CHARPY-ROUBAUD, C.; BUAT, P. Excess primary production, calcification and nutrient fluxes of a patch reef (Tikehau atoll, French Polynesia). Mar. Ecol.- Prog. Ser, v. 173, p. 139-147, 1998.
CONTADOR, L.; PARANHOS, R. Water quality trends in Urca inlet (Guanabara bay, Brazil) from 1986 to 1992. Arq. Biol. Tecnol, v. 39, p. 735-744, 1996.
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COSTA, O. S. JR.; ATTRILL, M.; PEDRINI, A. G.; DE-PAULA, J. C. Spatial and seasonal distribution of seaweeds on coral reefs from Southern Bahia, Brazil. Bot. Mar, v. 45, p. 346-355, 2002.
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CROSSLAND, C. J.; HATCHER, B. G.; ATKINSON, M. J.; SMITH, S. V. Dissolved nutrients of a high-latitude coral reef, Houtman Abrolhos Islands, Western Australia. Mar. Ecol.- Prog Ser., v. 14, p. 159-163, 1984.
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H.B.O.I – Harbour Branch Ocenographic Institution. Nutrients may be the root cause of coral decline. Mar. Poll. Bull., v. 52, p. 361-361, 2006.
HANSHAW, B. B.; BACK, W. Chemical mass-wasting on the north Yucatan Peninsula by groundwater dissolution. Geology , v. 8, p. 222-224, 1980.
HEIRI, O.; LOTTER, A. F.; LEMCKE, G. Loss on ignition as a method for estimating organic and carbonate content in sediments: Reproducibility and comparability of results. J. Paleolim, v. 25, p. 101-110, 2001.
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JAHNKE, R.; RICHARDS, M.; NELSON, J.; ROBERTSON, C.; RAO, A.; JAHNKE, D. Organic matter remineralization and porewater exchange rates in permeable South Atlantic Bight continental shelf sediments. Cont. Shelf Res, v. 25, p. 1433-1452, 2005.
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Publication Dates

Publication in this collection
15 Jan 2008
Date of issue
Dec 2007

History

Accepted
30 Sept 2007
Reviewed
14 July 2007
Received
06 July 2006

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

[1] ABOU-AISHA, K. M.; KOBBIA, I. A.; EL ABYAD, M. S.; SHABANA, E. F.; SCHANZ, F. Impact of phosphorus loadings on macro-algal communities in the Red Sea coast of Egypt. Wat. Air Soil Poll, v. 83, p. 285-297, 1995.

[2] ADEY, W. H.; STENECK, R. S. Highly productive eastern Caribbean reefs: synergistic effects of biological, chemical, physical, and geological factors. In: REAKA, M. L. (Ed.). The ecology of coral reefs Symposium Series of Undersea Research. NOAA Undersea Research Program, Rockville, Maryland, 1985. v. 3, p. 163-187.

[3] AGUIAR, V. M.; BRAGA, E. S. Seasonal and tidal variability of phosphorus along a salinity gradient in the heavily polluted estuarine system of Santos/São Vicente - São Paulo, Brazil. Mar. Poll. Bull., v. 54, p. 464-488, 2007.

[4] ARAR, E. J. In vitro determination of chlorophylls a, b, c₁ + c₂ and pheopigments in marine and freshwater algae by visible spectrophotometry. USEPA Method 446-0 Cincinnati, Ohio: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1997.

[5] BELL, P. R. F. Eutrophication and coral reefs: some examples in the Great Barrier Reef lagoon. Wat. Res, v. 26, p. 553-568, 1992.

[6] BENDER, M.; MARTIN, W.; HESS, J.; SAYLES, F.; BALL, L.; LAMBERT, C. A whole-core squeezer for interfacial pore-water sampling. Limnol. Oceanogr, v. 32, p.1214-1225, 1987.

[7] BENSON, R. L.; TRUONG, Y. B.; MCKELVIE, I. D.; HART, B. T. Monitoring of dissolved reactive phosphorus in wastewater by flow injection analysis. Part 1. Method development and validation. Wat. Res, v. 30, p. 1959-1964, 1996.

[8] BREWER, P. G.; RILEY, J. P. The automatic determination of nitrate in seawater. Deep-Sea Res, v. 12, p. 765-772, 1965.

[9] BREWER, P. G.; RILEY, J. P. The automatic determination of silicate-silicon in natural waters with special reference to seawaters. Anal. Chim. Acta, v. 35, p. 514-519, 1966.

[10] CARBONEL, C.A.A.; VALENTIN, J.L. Numerical modelling of phytoplankton bloom in the upwelling ecosystem of Cabo Frio (Brazil). Ecol. Modell, v. 116, p. 135-148, 1999.

[11] CHARETTE, M.A.; SPLIVALLO, R.; HERBOLD, C.; BOLLINGER, M.S.; MOORE, W.S. Salt marsh submarine groundwater discharge as traced by radium isotopes. Mar. Chem, v. 84, p. 113-121, 2003.

[12] CHARPY, L.; CHARPY-ROUBAUD, C.; BUAT, P. Excess primary production, calcification and nutrient fluxes of a patch reef (Tikehau atoll, French Polynesia). Mar. Ecol.- Prog. Ser, v. 173, p. 139-147, 1998.

[13] CONTADOR, L.; PARANHOS, R. Water quality trends in Urca inlet (Guanabara bay, Brazil) from 1986 to 1992. Arq. Biol. Tecnol, v. 39, p. 735-744, 1996.

[14] CORBETT, D. R.; CHANTON, J.; BURNETT, W.; DILLON, K.; RUTKOWSKI, C.; FOURQUREAN, J.W. 1999. Patterns of groundwater discharge into Florida Bay. Limnol. Oceanogr, v. 44, p. 1045-1055, 1999.

[15] COSTA, O. S., JR. Nutrification and its effects on coral reefs from Southern Bahia, Brazil PhD Thesis, University of Plymouth, Plymouth, U.K., March 2002. 297 p.

[16] COSTA, O. S. JR.; ATTRILL, M.; PEDRINI, A. G.; DE-PAULA, J. C. Spatial and seasonal distribution of seaweeds on coral reefs from Southern Bahia, Brazil. Bot. Mar, v. 45, p. 346-355, 2002.

[17] COSTA, O. S. JR.; LEÃO, Z.M.A.N.; NIMMO, M.; ATTRILL, M. Nutrification impacts on coral reefs from northern Bahia, Brazil. Hydrobiologia, v. 440, p. 307-315, 2000.

[18] CROSSLAND, C. J.; HATCHER, B. G.; ATKINSON, M. J.; SMITH, S. V. Dissolved nutrients of a high-latitude coral reef, Houtman Abrolhos Islands, Western Australia. Mar. Ecol.- Prog Ser., v. 14, p. 159-163, 1984.

[19] CUET, P.; NAIM, O.; FAURE, G.; CONAN, J. Y. Nutrient-rich groundwater impact on benthic communities of La Saline fringing reef (Reunion Island, Indian Ocean): Preliminary results In: INTERNATIONAL CORAL REEF SYMPOSIUM, 6. James Cook University, Townsville, Australia. Proceedings, v. 2, p. 207-212, 1988.

[20] DITTMAR, T.; LARA, R. J. Do mangroves rather than rivers provide nutrients to coastal environments south of the Amazon River? Evidence from long-term flux measurements. Mar Ecol.- Prog. Ser., v. 213, p. 67-77, 2001.

[21] FOLK, R. L.; WARD, W. C. Brazos River bar: a study in the significance of grain size parameters. J. Sediment. Petrol, v. 27, p. 3-26, 1957.

[22] FURNAS, M. J.; MITCHELL, A. W.; GILMARTIN, M.; REVELANTE, N. Phytoplankton biomass and primary production in semi-enclosed reef lagoons of the central Great Barrier Reef, Australia. Coral Reefs , v. 9, p. 1-10, 1990.

[23] FURNAS, M. J.; MITCHELL, A. W.; SKUZA, M. Shelf-scale nitrogen and phosphorus budget for the central Great Barrier Reef (16-19ºS). In: INTERNATIONAL CORAL REEF SYMPOSIUM, 8. Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Balboa, Panama. Proceedings, v. 1, p. 809-814, 1997.

[24] GARDOLINSKI, P. C. F. C.; HANRAHAN, G.; ACHTERBERG, E. P.; GLEDHILL, M.; TAPPIN, A. T.; HOUSE, W. A.; WORSFOLD, P. J. Comparison of sample storage protocols for the determination of nutrients in natural waters. Wat. Res., v. 35, p. 3670-3678, 2001.

[25] H.B.O.I – Harbour Branch Ocenographic Institution. Nutrients may be the root cause of coral decline. Mar. Poll. Bull., v. 52, p. 361-361, 2006.

[26] HANSHAW, B. B.; BACK, W. Chemical mass-wasting on the north Yucatan Peninsula by groundwater dissolution. Geology , v. 8, p. 222-224, 1980.

[27] HEIRI, O.; LOTTER, A. F.; LEMCKE, G. Loss on ignition as a method for estimating organic and carbonate content in sediments: Reproducibility and comparability of results. J. Paleolim, v. 25, p. 101-110, 2001.

[28] HEMOND, H. F.; FIFIELD, J. L. Subsurface flow in a salt marsh peat: a model and field study. Limnol. Oceanogr, v. 27, p. 126-136, 1982.

[29] HOYER, M. V.; FRAZER, T. K.; NOTESTEIN, S. K.; CANFIELD, D.E. Nutrient, chlorophyll, and water clarity relationships in Florida's nearshore coastal waters with comparisons to freshwater lakes. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci, v. 59, p. 1024_1031, 2002.

[30] JAHNKE, R.; RICHARDS, M.; NELSON, J.; ROBERTSON, C.; RAO, A.; JAHNKE, D. Organic matter remineralization and porewater exchange rates in permeable South Atlantic Bight continental shelf sediments. Cont. Shelf Res, v. 25, p. 1433-1452, 2005.

[31] KAY, A. E.; LAU, L. S.; STROUP, E. D.; DOLLAR, S. J.; FELLOWS, D. P.; YOUNG, R.W.F. Hydrological and ecological inventories of the coastal waters of West Hawaii. Water Resources Research Center, Techn. Rept. #105, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii. 1977.

[32] KELLY, J. Nitrogen effects on coastal marine ecosystems. In: FOLETT, R.F.; J.L. HATFIELD (Eds.), Nitrogen in the environment: Sources, problems, and management. London: Elsevier, 2001. p. 207-253.

[33] KJERFVE, B.; RIBEIRO, C. H. A.; DIAS, G. T. M.; FILIPPO, A. M.; QUARESMA, V. D. Oceanographic characteristics of an impacted coastal bay: Baia de Guanabara, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Cont. Shelf Res, v. 17, p. 1609-1617, 1997.

[34] KLUMP, J. V.; MARTENS, C. S. Benthic nitrogen regeneration. In: CARPENTER, E.J.; CAPONE, D.G. (Eds.). Nitrogen in the marine environment New York: Academic Press, 1983. p. 411-457.

[35] KNOPPERS, B.; MEYERHOFER, M.; MARONE, E.; DUTZ, J.; LOPES, R.; LEIPE, T.; DE CAMARGO, R. Compartments of the pelagic system and material exchange at the Abrolhos Bank coral reefs, Brazil. Arch. Fish. Mar. Res, v. 47, p. 285-306, 1999.

[36] KOENING, M.L.; DE MACEDO, S.J. Hydrology and phytoplankton community structure at Itamaraca, Pernambuco (Northeast Brazil). Braz. Arch. Biol. Technol, v. 42, p. 381-392, 1999.

[37] KROEGER, K. D.; SWARZENSKI, P. W.; GREENWOOD, W. J.; REICH, C. Submarine groundwater discharge to Tampa Bay: Nutrient fluxes and biogeochemistry of the coastal aquifer. Mar. Chem, v. 104, p. 85-97, 2007.

[38] LAPOINTE, B .E.; O'CONNELL, J. D.; GARRETT, G. S. Nutrient couplings between On-Site sewage disposal systems, groundwaters, and nearshore surface waters of the Florida Keys. Biogeochemistry, v. 10, p. 289-307, 1990.

[39] LAPOINTE, B.E. Nutrient thresholds for bottom-up control of macroalgal blooms on coral reefs in Jamaica and southeast Florida. Limnol. Oceanogr, v. 42, p. 1119-1131, 1997.

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Anthropogenic nutrient pollution of coral reefs in Southern Bahia, Brazil

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