The biological causes for the reduced number of seeds per fruit in the `Sunki' mandarin (Citrus sunki Hort. ex Tan.), a promising citrus rootstock in Brazil, were studied. Three hypotheses were investigated: (1) existence of an anatomical limitation related to a reduced number of ovules in the ovary; (2) occurrence of sterility due to abnormal formation of the embryo sac and/or pollen grains; (3) self-incompatibility. Histological studies of the ovary, observations of fruits, seeds, and pollen grains as well as pollinations with other citrus species led to the conclusion that although `Sunki' fruits usually bear only two or three viable seeds, they have however, a biological potential to produce up to 17 seeds. The formation and viability of male and female gametes are normal. The main reason for the reduced number of seeds is the self-incompatibility of this clone. When pollinated with other species, there is a significant increase in the number of seeds/fruit of a magnitude dependent on the pollen source. Therefore, it is possible to increase the number of seeds/fruit with adequate pollinators although this will result in substantial increase only in the number of zygotic plants and not in the nucellar ones as would be commercially desirable.
Citrus sunki; Citrus sunki; self-incompatibility; seed number; biology of reproduction
