Whole-grain pan bread with the addition of jabuticaba peel flour

Pães de forma integrais com adição de farinha de casca de jabuticaba

ABSTRACT:

The objective of this study was to analyze the potential of the jabuticaba peel flour (JPF) as an ingredient in whole-grain bread. Pan bread formulations with different concentrations of jabuticaba peel flour were made: 0% (T0), 5% (T1), 10% (T2), and 15% (T3). Proximate composition, pH, water activity, color, phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity of bread were determined. The addition of JPF to the bread formulations led to a reduction of carbohydrate levels (51.14 to 46.55 g 100 g^-1), lipids (4.79 to 3.35 g 100 g^-1) and an increase in moisture (31.06 to 37.31 g 100 g^-1) and ash (0.22 to 0.35 g 100 g^-1). The fiber content increased up to three times, and the phenolic compounds up to seven times, thus increasing the antioxidant activity of the JPF-based bread when compared to the control. Bread made with the addition of JPF presented lower L^* values (46.72 to 36.07) and higher a^* values (3.10 to 9.07) compared to the control. Therefore, jabuticaba peel flour can be considered a potential ingredient for addition to whole-grain pan bread with desirable nutritional and functional characteristics.

Key words:
antioxidants; Myrciaria jaboticaba; baking; nutrition

RESUMO:

Este trabalho teve como objetivo analisar o potencial da farinha de casca de jabuticaba (FCJ) como ingrediente em pães de forma integrais. Foram elaboradas formulações de pães com diferentes concentrações de farinha de casca de jabuticaba: 0% (T0), 5% (T1), 10% (T2) e 15% (T3). Foram realizadas análises de composição centesimal, pH, atividade de água, cor, compostos fenólicos e atividade antioxidante dos pães. A adição de FCJ às formulações de pão levou a uma redução dos níveis de carboidratos (51,14 a 46,55 g 100 g^-1), lipídios (4,79 a 3,35 g 100 g^-1) e aumento da umidade (31,06 a 37,31 g 100 g^-1) e minerais (0.22 a 0.35 g 100 g^-1). O teor de fibras aumentou até três vezes e os compostos fenólicos até sete vezes, aumentando a atividade antioxidante do pão à base de FCJ quando comparado ao controle. O pão elaborado com a adição de FCJ apresentou menores valores de L^* (46,72 a 36,07) e maiores valores de a^* (3,10 a 9,07) em relação ao controle. Portanto, a farinha de casca de jabuticaba pode ser considerada um ingrediente potencial para a adição ao pão de forma integral com características nutricionais e funcionais desejáveis.

Palavras-chave:
antioxidante; Myrciaria jaboticaba; pães; nutrição.

INTRODUCTION:

The growing concern about consuming healthy foods has spurred the food industry to look for new sources of ingredients. The full use of food appears as an alternative to diversify the options of raw materials, since husks and seeds are the least consumed parts and are sources of fibers and minerals (STORCK et al., 2013). Jabuticaba is a fruit with great potential to be used in the manufacture of functional foods and has been gaining prominence due to its nutritional and therapeutic benefits that fit it in the list of super fruits (ALEZANDRO et al., 2013; CHANG et al., 2019). Jabuticaba is a Brazilian tropical fruit that has white pulp and dark colored film, and is consumed fresh or processed in juices, jellies, wines and liquors (WU et al., 2012; QUATRIN et al., 2019).

In the production of jabuticaba juice, co-products represent 60% of the fruit’s weight (GURAK et al., 2014). The peel represents up to 43% of the fruit and contains high concentrations of polyphenols, anthocyanins, phenolic acids, flavonoids, quercetin, gallic acid and epicatechin, in addition to being a source of fibers and minerals (LEITE-LEGATTI et al., 2012; PLAZA et al., 2016; LAMAS et al., 2018; LIMA, et al., 2008).

The increased demand for nutritional diversification makes pan bread an excellent alternative for enrichment. Several studies are being carried out with the aim of improving the nutritional value of foods using jabuticaba peels due to its ability to be used as a natural pigment and vehicle for bioactive compounds in food products (WU et al., 2013; FREITAS-SÁ et al., 2018; OLIVEIRA et al., 2019). Therefore, there is an interest of adding powder of jabuticaba peel to the bread to make it more nutritious. The aim of this study was to produce whole grain bread with the addition of different concentrations of jabuticaba peel flour and to evaluate the product’s physical-chemical characteristics.

MATERIALS AND METHODS:

Production of jabuticaba peel flour

Mature jabuticaba (Myrciaria jaboticaba), variety Sabará, was donated by the community of the city of Jacarezinho-PR, Brazil, in September 2016. Soon after, the raw material was selected and sanitized. Then, the jabuticaba flesh was manually removed, and peels were layered in aluminum baking sheets. The peels were dried in an oven with forced air circulation (Lucadema, 82/480 model, Brazil) at 60 °C for 12 h (FERREIRA et al., 2012), and crushed using a domestic blender (Britânia, B1000 model, Brazil) at a maximum speed. The resulting flour was vacuum packed in high-density polyethylene bags (Selovac, DZ300T, Brazil) and stored at -18 °C until use.

Production of pan bread with the addition of jabuticaba peel flour

The pan bread was made according to a standard formulation (conventional whole-grain bread), consisting of a control treatment and three treatments with the addition of 5, 10, and 15% jabuticaba peel flour (JPF) (Table 1). All ingredients were weighed using an analytical balance (Bel) and placed in an automatic mixing bowl (Britânia, multipane model, Brazil). For dough manufacture, the dry ingredients were mixed, followed by the wet ingredients. The manufacturing steps were mixing the ingredients, kneading, resting, 2^nd kneading, final fermentation, and cooking, according to the manufacturer’s instructions of the equipment. After baking, pan bread was removed from the forms and cooled to room temperature, manually sliced (25 mm thickness), vacuum packed in high-density polyethylene bags, and stored at -18 °C until use.

Table 1
Whole-grain pan bread formulations made with the addition of jabuticaba peel flour (JPF).

Ingredients* (%)	T0	T1	T2	T3
Special wheat flour	40g	40g	40g	40g
Whole wheat flour	60g	60g	60g	60g
Jabuticaba peel flour	0	5	10	15
Water	69	69	69	69
Crystal sugar	12	12	12	12
Vegetal fat (80% lipids)	3.75	3.75	3.75	3.75
Salt	1.8	1.8	1.8	1.8
Whole milk powder	3.0	3.0	3.0	3.0
Instant dry biological yeast	2	2	2	2
Enzyme alpha-amylase	1.0	1.0	1.0	1.0
Anti-mold calcium propionate	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2
Vital gluten	2	2	2	2

• ^*% in relation to the total weight of flour on a wet basis (100 g).
• T0= Whole-grain pan bread without the addition of jabuticaba peel flour; T1= Whole-grain pan bread with the addition of 5% jabuticaba peel flour; T2= Whole-grain pan bread with the addition of 10% jabuticaba peel flour; T3= Whole-grain pan bread with the addition of 15% jabuticaba peel flour.

Physicochemical characterization of bread and jabuticaba peel flour

The pH was determined using a digital potentiometer (PHS-38W). Water activity (aw) was measured in the Aqualab 4TE apparatus. Color measurements were performed in a Minolta colorimeter, CR-200 b, for luminosity (L), red (a+), green (a-), yellow (b+), blue (b-) and Chroma (C).The moisture content was determined by oven drying at 105 ºC ± 2 ºC. The nitrogen content was determined by the Kjeldahl method according to the methodology 991.20 (AOAC, 2005) and the ash content by the incineration in a muffle at 550 ºC. Crude fiber was determined using the methodology 920.86 (AOAC, 2005). Lipids were determined by the BLIGH & DYER method (1959). Carbohydrates were calculated by difference.

Obtaining extract for determination of phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity of jabuticaba peel flour and bread

The extracts for analysis of total phenolics and antioxidant activity were obtained as proposed by MOORE et al. (2006) and described by LI et al. (2015), with modifications. In centrifuge tubes, about 2 g sample was mixed with 16 mL methanol acidified with 1% HCl. The tubes were then transferred to a water bath, protected from light and subjected to stirring (100 rpm) for 3 h at 25 °C. The methanolic extracts were centrifuged at 6000 rpm (4350 x g) for 15 min at 4 °C. Supernatants were collected in amber vials and kept under refrigeration (4 ºC).

Quantification of phenolic compounds

The content of total phenolic compounds was determined by the Folin-Ciocalteau spectrophotometric method, described by SINGLETON & ROSSI (1965) with modifications. First, an analytical curve with different dilutions was performed using a gallic acid stock solution (200 mg L^-1), with concentrations ranging from 0 mg L^-1 to 150 mg L^-1. Then, 0.6 mL dilution of gallic acid solution (mg L^-1) and 3.0 mL Folin-Ciocalteu reagent in water (1:10 v/v) were transferred to test tubes, and homogenized in a tube shaker. After 3 min stirring, 2.4 mL saturated Na₂CO₃ (7.5% w/v) was added. The tubes were allowed to stand in the dark for 1 h, and the absorbance was read in a spectrophotometer at 760 nm. Using the extract, one aliquot of 0.6 mL was transferred to test tubes and 3.0 mL of Folin-Ciocalteu reagent diluted in water (1:10 v/v). Tubes were homogenized in a tube shaker and after 3min of stirring, 2.4 mL saturated Na₂CO₃ (7.5% w/v) was added. The tubes remained in the dark for 1 h, the absorbance was read in a spectrophotometer at 760 nm. To prepare the blank, 0.6 mL of water was used having the same analytical conditions described above. Results were expressed as milligrams of gallic acid equivalent per g of sample (mg GAE g^-1).

Determination of antioxidant activity

The antioxidant capacity was determined by the radical 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay, according to the methodology described by BRAND-WILLIAMS et al. (1995), with modifications. To quantify the antioxidant capacity, an analytical curve made with different methanolic dilutions was prepared from a Trolox stock solution (1.0 mmol L^-1), with concentrations varying between 0 mmol L^-1 and 1.0 mmol L^-1. A solution at 0.6 mmol L^-1 DPPH in methanol was prepared. In the dark environment, 0.1 ml aliquots of the Trolox solutions were transferred to test tubes, and 2.9 mL DPPH in methanol was added and homogenized on a tube shaker. The tubes remained in the dark for 25 min, and absorbance was read at 515 nm in a spectrophotometer calibrated with methanol.

In a dark environment, 0.1 mL aliquot of extract was transferred to test tubes, and 2.9 mL DPPH in methanol was added, homogenized, and allowed to stand for 25 min. After this period, the absorbances of extracts were read at 515 nm in a spectrophotometer. To prepare the blank 0.1 ml of methanol it was used the same procedure described above. Results were expressed as μmol of Trolox per g sample (μmol Trolox g^-1).

Experimental design and analysis of results

A completely randomized design with one control and three treatments (5, 10, and 15.0% addition of JPF) and three replicates were used. Effects of the treatments were analyzed by analysis of variance (ANOVA) and the Tukey’s test at 5% significance, using the software STATISTICA version 13.0.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION:

Physicochemical characterization of jabuticaba peel flour

The jabuticaba peel flour was characterized for 14.76 g 100 g^-1 moisture, 6.79 g 100 g^-1 proteins, 1.52 g 100 g^-1 lipids, 11.82 g 100 g^-1 crude fiber, 1.57 g 100 g^-1 ash, 65.04 g 100 g^-1 carbohydrates, 3.85 pH, 0.33 water activity (aw), 75.08 mg GAE g^-1 phenolic compounds, and 565.11μmol Trolox g^-1 antioxidant activity. With respect to the color parameters, the flour exhibited L^*, a^*, b^*, and Chroma values of 20.77, 13.87, 4.81, and 14.68, respectively.

The jabuticaba peel flour (JPF) presented phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity, as well as being a source of fibers and proteins. The phenolic content and antioxidant activity in JPF were higher than reported by RUFINO et al. (2010) for fruit extract and LENQUISTE et al. (2015) for peel flour and lower than that reported by LEITE-LEGATTI et al. (2012) and LAMAS et al. (2018) for peel flour. Other extracts such as the grape peel and mulberry provided lower phenolic contents compared to our JPF (WANG et al., 2013; MEZNI et al., 2017). Probably there were phenolic losses in our JPF during the drying process in an oven with forced air circulation. Regarding colorimetry, the JPF showed a greater tendency to dark color, tending to red and yellow. The flour had average value of acid pH and low water activity, reaching a zone of less tendency towards enzymatic and microbiological deterioration (BONAZZI; DUMOULIN, 2011).

Physicochemical characterization of pan bread

The lowest pH was reported for T3, with no significant difference from T2, which did not differ from T1. In contrast, T0 was significantly different from all treatments, presenting a higher pH value (P<0.05) (Table 2). The lower pH values of the formulations made with the addition of JPF may be due to the typical acidic behavior of this ingredient (pH = 3.85).

Table 2
Proximate composition (g 100 g^-1), phenolic compounds, antioxidant activity, physicochemical parameters, and color measurements of whole-grain pan bread made with the addition of jabuticaba peel flour.

Parameter	T0	T1	T2	T3
---------------------------------------------------------------------Physicochemical parameters--------------------------------------------------------------
pH	6.25a±0.08	5.70b±0.09	5.68b,c±0.02	5.36c±0.03
Aw	0.89c±0.01	0.92b±0.01	0.93a±0.00	0.92b±0.00
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------Color---------------------------------------------------------------------------
L*	46.72a±2.11	38.97b±2.44	37.03b±2.07	36.07b±0.85
a*	3.10c±0.32	7.60b±0.69	8.63a,b±0.66	9.07a± 0.28
b*	13.80a±0.76	11.90a±3.10	12.75a±0.96	9.68a±4.85
Chroma	14.19a±0.81	14.20a±2.87	15.42a±1.13	13.27a±6.64
--------------------------------------------------------------------Proximate composition (%)----------------------------------------------------------------
Moisture	31.06c±11.72	34.74b±1.53	37.31a±1.61	35.59a,b±1.32
Protein	10.32a±0.50	9.39b±0.56	9.37b±0.86	9.77a,b±0.69
Lipids	4.79a±0.36	3.35c±0.11	3.73b ±0.15	3.61b,c±0.09
Crude fiber	1.93c±0.32	2.31b±0.18	2.70a±0.27	2.91a±0.12
Carbohydrate	51.14a±1.70	49.86a,b±2.10	46.55c±1.84	47.82b,c±1.29
Ash	0.22c±0.04	0.35a±0.08	0.33a,b±0.02	0.30b±0.53
-----------------------------------Phenolic compounds (mg GAE g-1) and antioxidant activity (μmol Trolox g-1)------------------------------------
Phenolic compounds	0.63c±0.06	3.03b±0.96	4.06a±0.99	4.54a±0.23
Antioxidant activity	9.35c±0.64	23.58b± 6.44	31.02a± 7.00	29.94a,b± 1.28

• ^*Means followed by the same letter on the same line do not differ by Tukey's test p<0.05. GAE = Gallic acid equivalent. T0= Whole-grain pan bread without the addition of jabuticaba peel flour; T1= Whole-grain pan bread with the addition of 5% jabuticaba peel flour; T2= Whole-grain pan bread with the addition of 10% jabuticaba peel flour; T3= Whole-grain pan bread with the addition of 15% jabuticaba peel flour.

The lowest water activity value was found in the control bread, with significant differences from the others (P<0.05). The JPF may have led to an increase in free water retention of pan bread, which was not observed in the control, probably because of the hydrophilic characteristics of the fibers (CHU et al., 2019).

The control bread presented a higher L^* value (46.72), differing statistically from the other treatments (P<0.05). Thus, the JPF favored the decrease in luminosity of the product because the JPF submit a greater tendency to dark color. Similar results were observed by BORGES et al. (2011) in bread enriched with flaxseed flour, with lower L^* values when compared to the control. The treatment T3 presented a greater red hue, with no significant differences from T2, which in turn did not differ from T1. In contrast, T0 differed from all other treatments (P<0.05). The higher a^* values observed in JPF-based formulations were due to the addition of JPF, which presented a^* value of 13.87. The parameter a^* is also an indicative of darkening, as the brown color resulting from the degradation of sugars or enzymatic reactions (BORGES et al., 2013). Related to the coordinate b^* and Chroma, no significant differences were observed among the treatments.

The effect of the addition of green banana (with its peel) flour as partial substitute (10% or 20%) of wheat flour was evaluated by GOMES et al. (2016). Breads with green banana flour had lower protein content, but higher water, ash and fiber contents than the traditional bread, like reported in our results. Pan breads made with flour of yellow passionfruit’s albedo and jabuticaba peel showed lower luminosity values ​​and higher a^* values when compared to the control as also verified in this study, but the authors observed lower b^* values, which did not occur in the present study (CONSTANTINO & LOPES, 2019).

The control bread treatment presented higher carbohydrate, lipids and protein contents and lower fiber, moisture and ash contents when compared to other treatments (Table 2). The increase in moisture when compared to the control may be due to differences in the water absorption during dough kneading, which is influenced by the higher fiber levels in the formulations containing JPF. The addition of JPF decreased the lipid content of pan bread because JPF has lower lipid content compared to whole wheat flour.

An increase in fiber content of more than 50% was observed in T2 and T3, due to the higher fiber content of jabuticaba peel flour when compared to whole wheat flour. ESHAK (2016) reported similar crude fiber levels in bread supplemented with banana peel (0%, 5%, and 15%), with values of 1.42%, 1.97%, and 2.18%, respectively. A tendency to decrease the carbohydrate content was observed with the addition of JPF in bread and can be explained by the dilution of the proportion of the components due to the increase in JPF. The JPF-based formulations exhibited higher ash levels when compared to the control bread, thus evidencing the higher ash levels of JPF (1.57 g 100 g^-1).

Pan breads made with flour of yellow passion fruit’s albedo and jabuticaba peel showed high levels of moisture, fiber and ash, low levels carbohydrate and no differences for proteins, similar to the present study (CONSTANTINO & LOPES, 2019). MICHELETTI et al. (2018) evaluated muffins containing different levels of jabuticaba peel flour. Higher moisture, ash and fiber levels and lower lipid and protein levels were detected in the formulation with 9% JPF, when compared to the traditional muffins. Results were similar to the present study.

Phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity

An increase (P<0.05) in total phenolics (Table 2) was observed with the addition of JPF to the formulations. The values ​​reported in this study were higher than those by SĘCZYK et al.(2017) for wheat bread enriched with 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, and 5% flaxseed (0.47, 0.53, 0.59, 0.66, and 0.81 mg GAE g ^-1, respectively). Phenolic compounds are unstable and can easily undergo degradation, either by specific plant enzymes or the influence of metals, light, heat, or alkaline media (QUIDEAU et al., 2011). However, the phenolic compounds found in T3 were 7.00-fold higher when compared to the control sample.

With regard to the antioxidant capacity, significant differences were observed among the treatments T0, T1, and T2, while the treatment T3 did not differ from T2 and T1 (P<0.05). It was observed that the antioxidant activity was increased by 3.31 and 3.20 fold, respectively, in T2 and T3 when compared to the control sample. This increase is due to the concentration of phenolic compounds from JPF. Results of the antioxidant capacity reported in this study corroborate with the findings of CHLOPICKA et al. (2012). Those authors studied the effect of the addition of cereals (buckwheat, amaranth, and quinoa at 15% and 30%) on the antioxidant properties of bread. The addition of buckwheat flour to bread, particularly at higher levels, was more effective in increasing the antioxidant activity which increased by 2.36 and 3.64 fold; respectively, when compared to amaranth and quinoa at the higher concentrations, with an increase of 1.20-1.79 and 0.60-1.71 fold, respectively, due to the higher content of phenolic compounds presented in comparison with the other cereals.

Substitution of wheat flour with 2.5%, 5% and 7.5% of pomegranate peel powder for making pan breads resulted in significant increases in total phenolics and antioxidant activity as in our study (SAYED-AHMED, 2014). Other study that investigated watermelon rind powder into the formula of pan bread also observed that antioxidant potential and phenolic compounds increased in pan bread (BADR, 2015).

CONCLUSION:

The addition of jabuticaba peel flour reduced the total carbohydrates, lipids and proteins of pan bread, and increased moisture, crude fiber, ash, phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity when compared to the control. Thus, the JPF has proven to be an effective ingredient to enrich food, allowing a classification as a potentially functional product.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The authors are grateful to Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais - FAPEMIG (Contract No. CAG - MPR-00136-16) for the financial support. This paper was carried out with the financial support of the Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - Brazil (CAPES) - Financing Code 001

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• CR-2019-0623.R3

Publication Dates

• Publication in this collection
  19 June 2020
• Date of issue
  2020

History

• Received
  19 Aug 2019
• Accepted
  20 Apr 2020
• Reviewed
  15 May 2020