Dietary supplementation of <i>Agaricus bisporus</i> stalk meal on growth performance, carcass and organ traits, meat quality, cecum mesophilic aerobic bacteria counts and intestinal histology in broiler chickens

Altop, Aydin; Coskun, Isa; Filik, Ayse Gul; Cayan, Huseyin; Sahin, Ahmet; Gungor, Emrah; Erener, Guray

doi:10.1590/0103-8478cr20201051

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ANIMAL SCIENCE • Cienc. Rural 52 (6) • 2022 • https://doi.org/10.1590/0103-8478cr20201051 copy

Dietary supplementation of Agaricus bisporus stalk meal on growth performance, carcass and organ traits, meat quality, cecum mesophilic aerobic bacteria counts and intestinal histology in broiler chickens

Efeitos da suplementação dietética de farelo de caule de Agaricus bisporus no desempenho de crescimento, características de carcaça e órgãos, qualidade da carne, contagem de bactérias aeróbias mesófilas cecais e histologia intestinal em frangos de corte

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

ABSTRACT:

Effects of dietary Agaricus bisporus mixture or stalk or cap on growth performance, carcass components and some meat quality parameters, mesophilic aerobic bacterial counts, and intestinal histomorphology in broiler chickens were investigated. Two hundred and forty one-day-old male Ross 308 broiler chickens were divided into 4 experimental groups with 4 replicates, each including 15 birds. Chickens were fed with basal diet (C), mushroom mixture (MM, 10 g stalk+10 g cap/kg diet), mushroom stalk (MS, 20 g/kg diet) and mushroom cap (MC, 20 g/kg diet). Feed conversion ratio (FCR) was improved (P < 0.01) by dietary MS while feed intake (FI) decreased (P < 0.01) in all treatment groups compared to control. However, body weight gain (BWG) was decreased (P < 0.01) by MC inclusion. Mushroom supplemented groups had higher (P < 0.05) mesophilic aerobic bacteria in the cecum. MS inclusion increased villus height to crypt depth ratio in the jejunum (P < 0.01) and villus height in the ileum (P < 0.01) and jejunum (P < 0.05). MC increased (P < 0.01) crypt depth in the jejunum. There were no statistical differences among groups for carcass components (P > 0.05). The L^* values were decreased (P < 0.01) in thigh meat but increased (P < 0.01) in breast meat by mushroom inclusion. The a^* values were decreased (P < 0.01) and b^* values were increased (P < 0.05) in both thigh and breast meat with mushroom addition to diet. The obtained results indicated that A. bisporus stalk meal at an inclusion level of 20 g/kg of diet had favourable effects on growth performance with higher feed efficiency, improved intestinal morphology with higher villus height and increased meat quality of broiler chickens.

Key words:
mushroom; feed efficiency; villus height; feed additives; by-product

Universidade Federal de Santa Maria Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Centro de Ciências Rurais , 97105-900 Santa Maria RS Brazil , Tel.: +55 55 3220-8698 , Fax: +55 55 3220-8695 - Santa Maria - RS - Brazil
E-mail: cienciarural@mail.ufsm.br

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[1] E-mail: aaltop@omu.edu.tr. ^*Corresponding author

Ingredients	Starter diet (0-21 days)	Grower diet (21-42 days)
Maize	400	300
Soybean meal (%46)	188	120
Full-fat soybean	100	-
Maize bran	126	151
Sunflower meal (%36)	100	82
Wheat	-	120
Wheat bran	-	75
Meat and bone meal	35	30
Corn meal	9.30	32.26
Vegetable oil	25.0	60.0
Limestone	6.96	15.0
Dicalcium phosphate	-	1.00
Sodium bicarbonate	-	2.00
DL-methionine (%88)	2.50	1.74
L-lysine (%99)	2.24	4.50
Salt	2.50	2.50
Vitamin, Mineral premix^*	2.50	2.50
Coccidial		0.50
Total	1000	1000
----------------------------------------------------------------Analysed composition (%)---------------------------------------------------------------------
Crude protein	23.0	20.0
Ether extract	6.59	8.50
Crude fiber	5.45	6.15
Ash	6.57	6.69
------------------------------------------------------------------Calculated composition (%)------------------------------------------------------------------
Metabolizable energy, MJ·kg^-1	12.56	13.39
Lysine	1.30	1.20
Methionine	0.60	0.50
Methionine-cysteine	0.77	0.62
Threonine	0.77	0.51
Tryptophan	0.26	0.19
Calcium	0.96	0.98
Total phosphorus	0.78	0.70
Available phosphorus	0.50	0.45
Sodium	0.27	0.26
Chlorine	0.22	0.22

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Diets¹-------------------------------------------------------------------------
	C	MM	MS	MC	SEM	P
Initial body weight (g)	42	42	42	42	0.02	NS
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------BWG (g)-----------------------------------------------------------------------
0-21 days	618	629	617	616	3.2	NS
22-42 days	1866^a	1822^ab	1875^a	1786^b	11.4	^*
0-42 days	2485^a	2452^ab	2509^a	2403^b	11.1	^**
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------FI (g)---------------------------------------------------------------------------
0-21 days	970^a	961^b	900^b	913^b	5.7	^**
22-42 days	3584^a	3485^ab	3463^b	3533^b	14.6	^*
0-42 days	4554^a	4387^b	4363^b	4446^b	18.5	^**
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------FCR (g:g)-----------------------------------------------------------------------
0-21 days	1.56^a	1.43^b	1.46^b	1.48^b	0.011	^**
22-42 days	1.92^ab	1.91^ab	1.85^b	1.98^a	0.010	^**
0-42 days	1.83^a	1.79^b	1.74^c	1.85^a	0.008	^**

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------Diets¹---------------------------------------------------------------------------
Parameters†	C	MM	MS	MC	SEM	P
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------Duodenum---------------------------------------------------------------------------
Villus height (μm)	1436	1349	1398	1369	18.9	NS
Crypt depth (μm)	219	208	213	243	5.5	NS
Villus height:Crypt depth	6.60	6.50	6.60	5.60	0.160	NS
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------Jejunum-------------------------------------------------------------------------
Villus height (μm)	1242^bc	1180^c	1461^a	1363^ab	22.10	^**
Crypt depth (μm)	156^b	167^b	167^b	204^a	4.50	^**
Villus height:Crypt depth	7.90^ab	7.10^b	8.70^a	6.70^b	0.210	^**
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------Ileum---------------------------------------------------------------------------
Villus height (μm)	1013^b	889^b	1027^a	974^b	13.1	^*
Crypt depth (μm)	183	158	161	177	3.6	NS
Villus height:Crypt depth	5.50	5.60	6.30	5.50	0.130	NS

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Diets¹---------------------------------------------------------------------------
	C	MM	MS	MC	SEM	P
Carcass yield	73	73	74	73	0.2	NS
Edible inners organs	1.56	1.64	1.60	1.56	0.015	NS
Abdominal fat	1.66	1.71	1.66	1.67	0.014	NS
Bursa fabricius	0.89	0.94	0.95	0.93	0.013	NS
Pancreas	0.72	0.76	0.80	0.79	0.014	NS
Proventriculus	0.56	0.55	0.54	0.56	0.007	NS
Gut weight†	3.59	3.64	3.56	3.62	0.027	NS
Gut length †	8.38	8.41	8.45	8.48	0.030	NS

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------Diets----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Parameters†	C	MM	MS	MC	SEM	P
--------------------------------------------------------------------------Thigh meat------------------------------------------------------------------------------
L^∗, lightness	58.27^a	52.39^b	54.82^c	56.39^ab	0.400	^**
a^*, redness	4.26^a	3.22^b	3.48^b	2.88^b	0.003	^**
b^*, yellowness	3.68^b	3.91^b	4.26^b	6.08^a	0.047	^*
pH	7.13^b	7.19^a	7.21^a	7.12^b	0.011	^**
WHC	11.58	10.84	11.56	12.06	0.427	NS
--------------------------------------------------------------------------Breast meat-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
L^∗, lightness	50.20^bc	52.35^ab	52.87^a	49.48^c	0.414	^**
a^*, redness	5.19^a	3.71^b	3.66^b	4.03^b	0.132	^**
b^*, yellowness	4.69^bc	5.30^ab	4.13^c	5.85^a	0.200	^*
pH	6.56^b	6.71^a	6.59^b	6.68^a	0.016	^**
WHC	13.84	13.15	11.85	12.01	0.584	NS