The relationship between severity of apraxia of speech and working memory

Ortiz, Karin Zazo; Martins, Fernanda Chapchap

doi:10.1590/S1980-57642010DN40100011

Abstract

Based on previously observed relationships between working memory (WM) and speech, the current study investigated the relationship between degree of oral apraxia (AOS) and WM capacity. Methods: This study involved assessment and classification of degree of apraxia of speech in 22 apraxic participants and evaluation of WM capacity using digit span and word-list repetition tests. Both tests were able to assess the phonoarticulatory loop, while the Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test investigated the phonoarticulatory loop and the episodic buffer. Results: Independently from the degree of apraxia of speech, all of participants presented compromise in WM. Conclusions: The data presented might suggest that individuals with AOS typically have WM impairment, but it is still not clear if the severity of AOS is related to WM capacity. Future studies could verify the relationship between the severity of apraxia and the severity of WM deficits.

Key words:
apraxia; memory; articulation disorders

Resumo

Considerando-se que estudos anteriores observaram correlações entre a memória operacional e a apraxia de fala, o objetivo do presente estudo foi o de verificar se há correlação entre a gravidade da apraxia de fala e a alteração da memória operacional. Métodos: Foram avaliados 22 pacientes apráxicos. Todos os participantes foram submetidos à avaliação da apraxia de fala. Para investigar a memória operacional, foram aplicados o teste de span de dígitos na ordem direta e inversa, um teste de repetição de palavras longas e curtas e o Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test, que investiga, além da alça articulatória, o buffer episódico. Resultados: Independentemente do grau da apraxia de fala, todos os participantes tiveram comprometimento da memória operacional. No entanto, não foi observada correlação entre o grau da apraxia de fala e a presença de comprometimento da memória operacional. Conclusões: Os dados sugerem que indivíduos com apraxia de fala apresentam um déficit na memória operacional. No entanto, novos estudos devem investigar a correlação entre diferentes gravidades de apraxia de fala e diferentes graus de comprometimento da memória operacional.

Palavras-chave:
apraxia; memória; transtornos da articulação

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References

¹
Tehan G, Tolan GA. Word length effects in long-term memory. J Mem Lang 2007;56:35-48.
²
Martins FC, Ortiz KZ. The relationship between working memory and apraxia of speech. Arq Neuropsiquiatr 2009;67: 483-487.
³
Baddeley A. The episodic buffer: a new component of working memory? Trends in Cognitive Sciences 2000;4(11):417-23.
⁴
Baddeley A. Exploring the central executive. Q J Exp Psychol 1996;49A:5-28.
⁵
Burgess N, Hitch G. Computational models of working memory putting long-term memory into context. Trends Cogn Sci 2005;9:535-534.
⁶
Baddeley A. Working Memory. Science 1992;255(5044):556-564.
⁷
Baddeley A, Lewis V, Vallar G. Exploring the articulatory loop. Q J Exp Psychol 1984;36A:233-252.
⁸
Gathercole SE, Baddeley AD. Speech production. In: Gathercole SE, Baddeley AD, (Editors). Working memory and language. Hove: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates; 1993:75-100.
⁹
Martins FC, Ortiz KZ. Proposta de protocolo para avaliação da apraxia de fala. Fono Atual 2004;30:53-61.
¹⁰
Darley FL, Aronson AE, Brown JR. Motor speech disorders. Philadelphia, London, Toronto: Saunders; 1975.
¹¹
Emerick LL, Haynes WO. Diagnosis and evaluation in speech pathology. 3rd ed. New Jersey: Prentice-Hall; 1986.
¹²
Kitselman KP. Assessment of Aphasia: A Speech Pathology Perspective. In: Darby JK, editor. Speech and language evaluation in neurology: adult disorders. Orlando: Grune & Stratton, Inc; 1985:197-216.
¹³
Canter GJ, Trost JE, Burns MS. Contrasting speech patterns in apraxia of speech and phonemic paraphasia. Brain Lang 2005;24:204-222.
¹⁴
Croot K. Diagnosis of AOS: definition and criteria. Sem Speech Lang 2002;23:267-279.
¹⁵
Howard LA, Binks MG, Moore AP, Playfer JR. The contribution of apraxic speech to working memory deficits in Parkinson/s disease. Brain Lang 2000;74:269-288.
¹⁶
Goodglass H, Kaplan E. The Assessment of aphasia and related disorders. 2nd edn. Philadelphia, PA: Lea & Febiger; 1983.
¹⁷
Dunlop JM, Marquardt TP. Linguistic and articulatory aspects of single word production in apraxia of speech. Cortex 1977; 13:17-29.
¹⁸
Capuano AMN. Alterações de memória e suas correlações com a linguagem. In: Ortiz KZ. Distúrbios neurológicos adquiridos: linguagem e cognição. Barueri, Manole; 2a ed, 2010:324-329.
¹⁹
Baddeley A, Hitch G. Working Memory. In: Bower GH, (editor). The psychology of learning and motivation. New York: Academic Press; 1974:47-89.
²⁰
Wilde NJ, Strauss E, Tulsky DS. Memory span on the Wechsler Scales. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol 2004;26:539-549.
²¹
Ivnik RJ, Malec JF, Tangalos EG, et al. Mayo's older americans normative studies: updated AVLT norms for ages 56 to 97. Clin Neuropsychol 1992;6:83-104.
²²
Teruya, LC, Ortiz KZ, Minett, TSC . Performance of normal adults on Rey Auditort Test: a pilot Study. Arq Neuropsiquiatr 2009;67:224-228.
²³
Vakil E, Blachstein H. Rey Auditory-Verbal Learning Test: structure analysis. J Clinical Psychol 1993;49:883-890.
²⁴
Spreen O, Strauss E. A Compendium of neuropsychological tests. 2nd ed. New York, NY: Oxford University Press; 1998.
²⁵
Miller N. The neurological bases of apraxia of speech. Seminars in Speech and Language 2002;23(4):223-243.
²⁶
Martin RC, Shelton JR, Yaffee LS. Language processing and working memory: neuropsychological evidence for separate phonological and semantic capacities. J Mem Language 1994;33:83-111.
²⁷
Engle RW, Conway ARA. Working Memory and comprehension. In: Logie, R.H., Gilhooly, K.J. Working memory and thinking. Hove: Psychology Press; 1998:67-91.
²⁸
Was CA, Woltz DJ. Reexamining the relationship between working memory and comprehension: The role of available long-term memory. J Mem Lang 2007;56:86-102.
²⁹
Ryan JJ, Lopez SJ, Paolo AM. Digit Span performance of persons 75-96 years of age: base rates and associations with selected demographic variables. Psychol Assess 1996;8:324-327.
³⁰
Unsworth N, Engle RW. Simple and complex memory spans and their relation to fluid abilities: Evidence from list-length effects. J Mem Lang 2006;54:68-80.
³¹
Service E. The Effect of word length on immediate serial recall depends on phonological complexity, not articulatory duration. Q J Exp Psychol 1998;51A:283-304.
³²
Waters GS, Rochon E, Caplan D. The role of high-level speech planning in rehearsal: evidence from patients with apraxia of speech. J Mem Lang 1992;31:54-73.

Publication Dates

Publication in this collection
Jan-Mar 2010

History

Received
19 Oct 2009
Accepted
08 Feb 2010

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License

[1] ¹
Tehan G, Tolan GA. Word length effects in long-term memory. J Mem Lang 2007;56:35-48.

[2] ²
Martins FC, Ortiz KZ. The relationship between working memory and apraxia of speech. Arq Neuropsiquiatr 2009;67: 483-487.

[3] ³
Baddeley A. The episodic buffer: a new component of working memory? Trends in Cognitive Sciences 2000;4(11):417-23.

[4] ⁴
Baddeley A. Exploring the central executive. Q J Exp Psychol 1996;49A:5-28.

[5] ⁵
Burgess N, Hitch G. Computational models of working memory putting long-term memory into context. Trends Cogn Sci 2005;9:535-534.

[6] ⁶
Baddeley A. Working Memory. Science 1992;255(5044):556-564.

[7] ⁷
Baddeley A, Lewis V, Vallar G. Exploring the articulatory loop. Q J Exp Psychol 1984;36A:233-252.

[8] ⁸
Gathercole SE, Baddeley AD. Speech production. In: Gathercole SE, Baddeley AD, (Editors). Working memory and language. Hove: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates; 1993:75-100.

[9] ⁹
Martins FC, Ortiz KZ. Proposta de protocolo para avaliação da apraxia de fala. Fono Atual 2004;30:53-61.

[10] ¹⁰
Darley FL, Aronson AE, Brown JR. Motor speech disorders. Philadelphia, London, Toronto: Saunders; 1975.

[11] ¹¹
Emerick LL, Haynes WO. Diagnosis and evaluation in speech pathology. 3rd ed. New Jersey: Prentice-Hall; 1986.

[12] ¹²
Kitselman KP. Assessment of Aphasia: A Speech Pathology Perspective. In: Darby JK, editor. Speech and language evaluation in neurology: adult disorders. Orlando: Grune & Stratton, Inc; 1985:197-216.

[13] ¹³
Canter GJ, Trost JE, Burns MS. Contrasting speech patterns in apraxia of speech and phonemic paraphasia. Brain Lang 2005;24:204-222.

[14] ¹⁴
Croot K. Diagnosis of AOS: definition and criteria. Sem Speech Lang 2002;23:267-279.

[15] ¹⁵
Howard LA, Binks MG, Moore AP, Playfer JR. The contribution of apraxic speech to working memory deficits in Parkinson/s disease. Brain Lang 2000;74:269-288.

[16] ¹⁶
Goodglass H, Kaplan E. The Assessment of aphasia and related disorders. 2nd edn. Philadelphia, PA: Lea & Febiger; 1983.

[17] ¹⁷
Dunlop JM, Marquardt TP. Linguistic and articulatory aspects of single word production in apraxia of speech. Cortex 1977; 13:17-29.

[18] ¹⁸
Capuano AMN. Alterações de memória e suas correlações com a linguagem. In: Ortiz KZ. Distúrbios neurológicos adquiridos: linguagem e cognição. Barueri, Manole; 2a ed, 2010:324-329.

[19] ¹⁹
Baddeley A, Hitch G. Working Memory. In: Bower GH, (editor). The psychology of learning and motivation. New York: Academic Press; 1974:47-89.

[20] ²⁰
Wilde NJ, Strauss E, Tulsky DS. Memory span on the Wechsler Scales. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol 2004;26:539-549.

[21] ²¹
Ivnik RJ, Malec JF, Tangalos EG, et al. Mayo's older americans normative studies: updated AVLT norms for ages 56 to 97. Clin Neuropsychol 1992;6:83-104.

[22] ²²
Teruya, LC, Ortiz KZ, Minett, TSC . Performance of normal adults on Rey Auditort Test: a pilot Study. Arq Neuropsiquiatr 2009;67:224-228.

[23] ²³
Vakil E, Blachstein H. Rey Auditory-Verbal Learning Test: structure analysis. J Clinical Psychol 1993;49:883-890.

[24] ²⁴
Spreen O, Strauss E. A Compendium of neuropsychological tests. 2nd ed. New York, NY: Oxford University Press; 1998.

[25] ²⁵
Miller N. The neurological bases of apraxia of speech. Seminars in Speech and Language 2002;23(4):223-243.

[26] ²⁶
Martin RC, Shelton JR, Yaffee LS. Language processing and working memory: neuropsychological evidence for separate phonological and semantic capacities. J Mem Language 1994;33:83-111.

[27] ²⁷
Engle RW, Conway ARA. Working Memory and comprehension. In: Logie, R.H., Gilhooly, K.J. Working memory and thinking. Hove: Psychology Press; 1998:67-91.

[28] ²⁸
Was CA, Woltz DJ. Reexamining the relationship between working memory and comprehension: The role of available long-term memory. J Mem Lang 2007;56:86-102.

[29] ²⁹
Ryan JJ, Lopez SJ, Paolo AM. Digit Span performance of persons 75-96 years of age: base rates and associations with selected demographic variables. Psychol Assess 1996;8:324-327.

[30] ³⁰
Unsworth N, Engle RW. Simple and complex memory spans and their relation to fluid abilities: Evidence from list-length effects. J Mem Lang 2006;54:68-80.

[31] ³¹
Service E. The Effect of word length on immediate serial recall depends on phonological complexity, not articulatory duration. Q J Exp Psychol 1998;51A:283-304.

[32] ³²
Waters GS, Rochon E, Caplan D. The role of high-level speech planning in rehearsal: evidence from patients with apraxia of speech. J Mem Lang 1992;31:54-73.

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