Reorientando a identidade nacional em Native speaker, de Chang-rae Lee, e O sol se põe em São Paulo, de Bernardo Carvalho

Nielson, Rex P.

doi:10.1590/2316-4018449

Resumos

Uma leitura comparativa entre os romances Native speaker (1995), do escritor norte-americano Chang-rae Lee, e O sol se põe em São Paulo (2007), de Bernardo Carvalho, permite uma reavaliação da construção das identidades minoritárias presentes nas duas megalópoles americanas de Nova York e São Paulo. Os enredos dos dois romances são marcados por uma crise de identidade vivida por um homem, descendente de imigrantes asiáticos (da Coreia num caso e do Japão no outro), que procura negociar sua identidade americana (falando em termos hemisféricos) em termos da origem e língua de sua família. Contudo, apesar das ansiedades parecidas sobre a assimilação presentes nos dois romances, ambos revelam diferenças significativas em relação às formas como os Estados Unidos e o Brasil responderam às diferenças culturais ao mesmo tempo que desafiam os mitos nacionais de inclusão e pertencer.

diferença cultural; raça; identidade nacional; Bernardo Carvalho; Chang-rae Lee

A comparative reading of the novels Native speaker (1995), by the North American writer Chang-rae Lee, and O sol se põeem São Paulo (2007), by Bernardo Carvalho, allows for a reevaluation of how minority identities have been constructed in the two American megalopolises New York and São Paulo. The plotlines of both novels hinge on the identity crisis of a second-generation Asian immigrant (from Korea in one case and Japan in the other) who is seeking to negotiate his American identity (speaking in hemispheric terms) in terms of his family's origin and language. However, despite the similar anxieties over assimilation present in both novels, they both reveal significant differences regarding the ways in which the United States and Brazil have responded to cultural difference even as they challenge national myths of inclusion and belonging.

cultural difference; race; national identity; Bernardo Carvalho; Chang-rae Lee

AZEVEDO, Celia Maria Marinho de (2003). Abolicionismo: Estados Unidos e Brasil, uma história comparada. São Paulo: Annablume.
BAILEY, Ferreira-Pinto; ZILBERMAN, Regina (2010). Brasil, Brasis, ou: a hora e a vez das minorias étnicas. Revista Iberoamericana, v. 76, n. 230, p. 11-21.
CARVALHO, Bernardo (2010). Fiction as exception. Luso-BrazilianReview, v. 47, n. 1, p. 1-10.
CARVALHO, Bernardo (2007). O sol se põe em São Paulo São Paulo: Companhia das Letras.
CHAMETZKY, Jules (1989). Beyond melting pots, cultural pluralism, ethnicity: or, déjà vu all over again. Melus: journal of the society for the study of the multi-ethnic literature of the United States, v. 16, n. 4, p. 3-17.
CHEN, Tina (2002). Impersonation and other disappearing acts in native speaker.ModernFictionStudies, v. 48, n. 3, p. 637-667.
CHIARELLI, Stefania (2007). As coisas fora do lugar: modos de ver em Bernardo Carvalho. Estudos de LiteraturaBrasileiraContemporânea, n. 30, p. 71-78.
CORLEY, Liam (2006). Just another ethnic pol: literary citizenship in Chang-rae Lee's Native speakerIn: LIMA, Shirley Geok-lin et al. (Org.).Transnational asianamerican literature: sites and transits. Philadelphia: Temple University Press.
COOPER, Rand Richards (1995). Excessive identities.New York Times, 9 abr.
DANIEL, G. Reginald (2006). Race and multiraciality in Brazil and the United States: converging paths? University Park: The Pennsylvania State University Press.
DU BOIS, W. E. B. (1903). The souls of black folk: essays and sketches. Chicago: A. C. McClurg& Co.
ELLISON, Ralph (1952). Invisible manNew York: Vintage Books.
ENGLES, Tim (1997). Visions of me in the whitest raw light: assimilation and doxic whiteness in Chang-rae Lee's Native speakerHitting Critical Mass: a journal of asianamerican cultural studies, v. 4, n. 2, p. 27-48.
FABRIS, Mariarosaria (2007). A questão realista no cinema brasileiro: aportes neorrealistas. Alceu, v. 8, n. 15, p. 82-94.
FAUSTO, Boris (Ed.) (1999). Fazer a América São Paulo: Editora USP.
FONG, Mary; CHUANG, Rueyling (Ed.) (2004). Communicatingethnicand cultural identity Oxford: Rowman&LittlefieldPublishers.
GLAZER, Nathan; MOYNIHAN, Daniel (1963). Beyondthemeltingpot: thenegroes, puertoricans, jews, italiansandirishof New York city. Cambridge: MIT Press.
GLEASON, Philip (1964). The meltingpot: symboloffusionorconfusion? American Quarterly, v. 16, n. 1, p. 22-46.
GORDON, Milton (1964). Assimilation in americanlife: the role ofrace, religionandnationalorigins. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
HAMILTON, Charles V. et al. (2001). Beyondracism: raceandinequality in Brazil, South Africa, andthe United States. London: LynneRienner.
HANNERZ, Ulf (1992). Cultural complexity: studies in the social organizationofmeaning. New York: Columbia University Press.
KELLER, Mary; FONTENOT, Chester J. (Org.) (2007). Re-cognizing W.E.B DuBois in thetwenty-firstcentury: essayson W. E. B. Du Bois. Macon: MercerUniversity Press.
KLINGER, Diana Irene (2007). Escritas de si, escritas do outro: o retorno do autor e a virada etnográfica. Rio de Janeiro: 7Letras.
LEE, Chang-rae (2003). Mute in an english-only world. In: SHREVE, Susan (Org.). Dream me home safely: writers on growing up in America. New York: Mariner Books.
LEE, Chang-rae (1995). Native speakerNew York: Riverhead Books.
LESSA, Ricardo (2008). Brasil e EstadosUnidos: o que fez a diferença.Rio de Janeiro: CivilizaçãoBrasileira.
LESSER, Jeffrey (1999).Negotiating national identity: immigrants, minorities, and the struggle for ethnicity in Brazil.Durham: Duke University Press.
MACHADO DE ASSIS, José Maria (1959). Dom Casmurro. Obras completas Rio de Janeiro: Aguilar.
MARTINS, Pablo (2002). O anonimato em primeiro plano. São Paulo: Aruanda/ECA-USP, dez. Disponível em: <http://goo.gl/kREYwJ>. Acesso em: 3 mar. 2012.
MARX, Anthony W. (1998). Makingraceandnation: a comparisonofthe United States, South Africa, andBrazil. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
PERSONS, George (Org.) (2003). Raceanddemocracy in theAmericas New Brunswick: TransactionPublishers.
PETERSON, Charles F. (2007). DuBois, Fanon, Cabral: themarginsof elite anti-colonialleadership. Lanham: Lexington.
SANTIAGO, Silviano (2001). The space in-between: essays on latinamerican culture. Durham: Duke University Press.
SEIGEL, Michol (2009). Uneven encounters: making race and nation in Brazil and the United States.Durham: Duke University Press.
SKIDMORE, Thomas E. (1993 [1974]).Black into white: race and nationality in brazilian thought. Durham: Duke University Press.
SOUSA, Sandra (2010). Conheces o nome que te deram, não conheces o nome que tens: a questão identitária do nome próprio e a experiência nipo-brasileira em O sol se põe em São Paulo de Bernardo Carvalho. Revista Iberoamericana, v. 76, n. 230, p. 187-199. (Dossiê Brasil, Brasis, ou: a hora e a vez das minorias étnicas.
SOUZA, Jessé (1997). Multiculturalismo e racismo: umacomparaçãoBrasil-EstadosUnidos.São Paulo: Paralelo 15.
STAM, Robert (1997). Tropical multiculturalism: a comparative history of race in Brazilian cinema and culture.Durham: Duke University Press.
TALLACK, Douglas (2012). Tall stories: New York skyscrapers in art and literature. In: SPATIAL PERSPECTIVES: Literature and Architecture, 1850-Present. Oxford, University of Oxford, 22 jun. (Comunicação em evento.) Disponível em: <http://goo.gl/IxCWDT>. Acesso em: 30 mai. 2014.
TELLES, Edward E. (2004). Race in another America: the significance of skin color in Brazil. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
TINNEMEYER, Andrea (2006). Identity politics of the captivity narrative after 1848 Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press.
VIEIRA, Nelson H. (1995). Jewish voices in brazilian literature: a prophetic discourse of alterity. Gainseville, FL: University Press of Florida.
ZANGWILL, Israel (1909). The melting pot New York: Macmillan.

Datas de Publicação

Publicação nesta coleção
27 Jan 2015
Data do Fascículo
Dez 2014

Histórico

Aceito
Out 2014
Recebido
Jun 2014

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

[1] AZEVEDO, Celia Maria Marinho de (2003). Abolicionismo: Estados Unidos e Brasil, uma história comparada. São Paulo: Annablume.

[2] BAILEY, Ferreira-Pinto; ZILBERMAN, Regina (2010). Brasil, Brasis, ou: a hora e a vez das minorias étnicas. Revista Iberoamericana, v. 76, n. 230, p. 11-21.

[3] CARVALHO, Bernardo (2010). Fiction as exception. Luso-BrazilianReview, v. 47, n. 1, p. 1-10.

[4] CARVALHO, Bernardo (2007). O sol se põe em São Paulo São Paulo: Companhia das Letras.

[5] CHAMETZKY, Jules (1989). Beyond melting pots, cultural pluralism, ethnicity: or, déjà vu all over again. Melus: journal of the society for the study of the multi-ethnic literature of the United States, v. 16, n. 4, p. 3-17.

[6] CHEN, Tina (2002). Impersonation and other disappearing acts in native speaker.ModernFictionStudies, v. 48, n. 3, p. 637-667.

[7] CHIARELLI, Stefania (2007). As coisas fora do lugar: modos de ver em Bernardo Carvalho. Estudos de LiteraturaBrasileiraContemporânea, n. 30, p. 71-78.

[8] CORLEY, Liam (2006). Just another ethnic pol: literary citizenship in Chang-rae Lee's Native speakerIn: LIMA, Shirley Geok-lin et al. (Org.).Transnational asianamerican literature: sites and transits. Philadelphia: Temple University Press.

[9] COOPER, Rand Richards (1995). Excessive identities.New York Times, 9 abr.

[10] DANIEL, G. Reginald (2006). Race and multiraciality in Brazil and the United States: converging paths? University Park: The Pennsylvania State University Press.

[11] DU BOIS, W. E. B. (1903). The souls of black folk: essays and sketches. Chicago: A. C. McClurg& Co.

[12] ELLISON, Ralph (1952). Invisible manNew York: Vintage Books.

[13] ENGLES, Tim (1997). Visions of me in the whitest raw light: assimilation and doxic whiteness in Chang-rae Lee's Native speakerHitting Critical Mass: a journal of asianamerican cultural studies, v. 4, n. 2, p. 27-48.

[14] FABRIS, Mariarosaria (2007). A questão realista no cinema brasileiro: aportes neorrealistas. Alceu, v. 8, n. 15, p. 82-94.

[15] FAUSTO, Boris (Ed.) (1999). Fazer a América São Paulo: Editora USP.

[16] FONG, Mary; CHUANG, Rueyling (Ed.) (2004). Communicatingethnicand cultural identity Oxford: Rowman&LittlefieldPublishers.

[17] GLAZER, Nathan; MOYNIHAN, Daniel (1963). Beyondthemeltingpot: thenegroes, puertoricans, jews, italiansandirishof New York city. Cambridge: MIT Press.

[18] GLEASON, Philip (1964). The meltingpot: symboloffusionorconfusion? American Quarterly, v. 16, n. 1, p. 22-46.

[19] GORDON, Milton (1964). Assimilation in americanlife: the role ofrace, religionandnationalorigins. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

[20] HAMILTON, Charles V. et al. (2001). Beyondracism: raceandinequality in Brazil, South Africa, andthe United States. London: LynneRienner.

[21] HANNERZ, Ulf (1992). Cultural complexity: studies in the social organizationofmeaning. New York: Columbia University Press.

[22] KELLER, Mary; FONTENOT, Chester J. (Org.) (2007). Re-cognizing W.E.B DuBois in thetwenty-firstcentury: essayson W. E. B. Du Bois. Macon: MercerUniversity Press.

[23] KLINGER, Diana Irene (2007). Escritas de si, escritas do outro: o retorno do autor e a virada etnográfica. Rio de Janeiro: 7Letras.

[24] LEE, Chang-rae (2003). Mute in an english-only world. In: SHREVE, Susan (Org.). Dream me home safely: writers on growing up in America. New York: Mariner Books.

[25] LEE, Chang-rae (1995). Native speakerNew York: Riverhead Books.

[26] LESSA, Ricardo (2008). Brasil e EstadosUnidos: o que fez a diferença.Rio de Janeiro: CivilizaçãoBrasileira.

[27] LESSER, Jeffrey (1999).Negotiating national identity: immigrants, minorities, and the struggle for ethnicity in Brazil.Durham: Duke University Press.

[28] MACHADO DE ASSIS, José Maria (1959). Dom Casmurro. Obras completas Rio de Janeiro: Aguilar.

[29] MARTINS, Pablo (2002). O anonimato em primeiro plano. São Paulo: Aruanda/ECA-USP, dez. Disponível em: <http://goo.gl/kREYwJ>. Acesso em: 3 mar. 2012.

[30] MARX, Anthony W. (1998). Makingraceandnation: a comparisonofthe United States, South Africa, andBrazil. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

[31] PERSONS, George (Org.) (2003). Raceanddemocracy in theAmericas New Brunswick: TransactionPublishers.

[32] PETERSON, Charles F. (2007). DuBois, Fanon, Cabral: themarginsof elite anti-colonialleadership. Lanham: Lexington.

[33] SANTIAGO, Silviano (2001). The space in-between: essays on latinamerican culture. Durham: Duke University Press.

[34] SEIGEL, Michol (2009). Uneven encounters: making race and nation in Brazil and the United States.Durham: Duke University Press.

[35] SKIDMORE, Thomas E. (1993 [1974]).Black into white: race and nationality in brazilian thought. Durham: Duke University Press.

[36] SOUSA, Sandra (2010). Conheces o nome que te deram, não conheces o nome que tens: a questão identitária do nome próprio e a experiência nipo-brasileira em O sol se põe em São Paulo de Bernardo Carvalho. Revista Iberoamericana, v. 76, n. 230, p. 187-199. (Dossiê Brasil, Brasis, ou: a hora e a vez das minorias étnicas.

[37] SOUZA, Jessé (1997). Multiculturalismo e racismo: umacomparaçãoBrasil-EstadosUnidos.São Paulo: Paralelo 15.

[38] STAM, Robert (1997). Tropical multiculturalism: a comparative history of race in Brazilian cinema and culture.Durham: Duke University Press.

[39] TALLACK, Douglas (2012). Tall stories: New York skyscrapers in art and literature. In: SPATIAL PERSPECTIVES: Literature and Architecture, 1850-Present. Oxford, University of Oxford, 22 jun. (Comunicação em evento.) Disponível em: <http://goo.gl/IxCWDT>. Acesso em: 30 mai. 2014.

[40] TELLES, Edward E. (2004). Race in another America: the significance of skin color in Brazil. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.

[41] TINNEMEYER, Andrea (2006). Identity politics of the captivity narrative after 1848 Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press.

[42] VIEIRA, Nelson H. (1995). Jewish voices in brazilian literature: a prophetic discourse of alterity. Gainseville, FL: University Press of Florida.

[43] ZANGWILL, Israel (1909). The melting pot New York: Macmillan.

Brasil

Brasil

Reorientando a identidade nacional em Native speaker, de Chang-rae Lee, e O sol se põe em São Paulo, de Bernardo Carvalho

Re-orientingnationalidentity in Native Speaker, by Chang-rae Lee, e O sol se põe em São Paulo, by Bernardo Carvalho

Resumos

Datas de Publicação

Histórico