Quilombolas e direitos humanos no Suriname

Price, Richard

doi:10.1590/S0104-71831999000100009

Resumo

Desde a independência do Suriname em 1975, o relacionamento entre o Estado e sua população quilombola (cerca de 52 mil pessoas, talvez 15% da população nacional) deteriorou. Do ponto de vista quilombola, os tipos de atrocidades associadas às guerras coloniais do século dezoito voltaram à tona. A Guerra Civil que começou em 1986, que jogou o exército nacional contra os “Jungle Commandos” (compostos principalmente de quilombolas) só fez piorar a situação dos quilombolas. Um grande julgamento pela Corte Inter-Americana de Direitos Humanos em 1992, tendo como réu o Estado do Suriname, terminou com uma vultosa indenização por danos aos quilombolas Saramaka, autores da queixa. Recentemente a situação piorou, quando os quilombolas – sem qualquer proteção legal sob a constituição do Suriname – viram as terras pelas quais os seus antepassados lutaram e morreram serem confiscadas unilateralmente pelo Estado e doadas, em concessões gigantescas, a companhias madeireiras e mineradoras multinacionais (da Indonésia, da Malásia, da China e do Canadá). O efeito das atuais políticas para os quilombolas não é nada menos do que etnocídio.

Palavras-chave
direitos humanos; quilombolas; Suriname

Abstract

Since Suriname’s independence in 1975, the relationship between the State and its Maroon populations (some 52,000 people, perhaps 15% of the national population) has deteriorated. From a Maroon perspective, the kinds of atrocities associated with the eighttenth-century colonial wars have resurfaced. The Civil War that began in 1986, pitting the national army against the Jungle Commandos (made up largely of Maroons), has only worsened the Maroons’ situation. A major trial before the Inter-American Court of Human Rights in 1992, with the State of Suriname as defendant, ended with a large cash award for damages to the Saramaka Maroon plaintiffs. Recently the situation has worsened, as the Maroons – with no legal protection in the Suriname constitution – have seen the lands their ancestors fought and died for confiscated unilaterally by the State and given, in giant concessions, to multinational timber and mining companies (Indonesian, Malaysian, Chinese, and Canadian). The effect of current policies toward Maroons is nothing less than ethnocide.

Keywords
human rights; quilombolas; Surinam

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Referências

¹
AMNESTY INTERNATIONAL. Suriname: violations of human rights. London, 1987.
²
BILBY, K. M. The remaking of the Aluku: culture, politics, and Maroon ethnicity in French South America. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation. Johns Hopkins University, 1990.
³
BILBY, K. M. Swearing by the past, swearing to the future: sacred oaths, alliances, and treaties among the Guianese and Jamaican Maroons. Ethnohistory, n. 44, p. 655-689, 1997.
⁴
BINDER, D. Diplomacy and public relations: image maker aids new democracy. The New York Times, New York, Jan. 25, 1988.
⁵
BRANA-SHUTE, G. On the corner: male social life in a Paramaribo Creole neighborhood. Assen: Van Gorcum, 1979.
⁶
BRANA-SHUTE, G. An inside-out insurgency: the Tukuyana Amazones of Suriname. In: SUTTON, P.; PAYNE, A. (Ed.). Size and survival: the politics of security in the Caribbean and the Pacific. London: Frank Cass, 1993. p. 54-69.
⁷
CERQUONE, J. Flight from Suriname: refugees in French Guiana. Washington: U.S. Committee for Refugees, 1987.
⁸
CHIN, H. E.; BUDDINGH’, H. Surinam: politics, economics and society. London: Frances Pinter, 1987.
⁹
DEW, E. The difficult flowering of Surinam: ethnicity and politics in a plural society. The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff, 1978.
¹⁰
FOREST PEOPLES PROGRAMME. Suriname: Saramacca Maroons say no to multinational logging. Press release. 20 Apr. 1998.
¹¹
FRANSZOON, A. Crisis in the Backlands. Hemisphere, v. 1, n. 2, p. 36-38, 1989.
¹²
IN MEMORIAM HERMAN EDDY GOODING: viribus audax, manmoedig door innerlijke kracht. Paramaribo: Moiwana’86, 1992.
¹³
MEEL, P. Money talks, morals vex: the Netherlands and the decolonization of Suriname, 1975-1990. European Review of Latin American and Caribbean Studies, n. 48, p. 75-98, 1990.
¹⁴
MEMRE MOIWANA. Paramaribo: Moiwana’86, 1990.
¹⁵
MENSENRECHTEN 1991 SURINAME. Paramaribo: Moiwana’86, 1992.
¹⁶
MUNNEKE, H. F. Customary law and national legal system in the Dutch-speaking Caribbean, with special reference to Suriname. European Review of Latin American and Caribbean Studies, n. 51, p. 91-99, 1991.
¹⁷
NOWAK, M. Suriname: an International Alert report. London: International Alert, 1989.
¹⁸
OAS. Report on the situation of human rights in Suriname Washington, 1983. (OAS/Ser.L/II.61/Doc.6 rev. 1, October 5).
¹⁹
OAS. Second report on the human rights situation in Suriname Washington, 1985. (OAS/Ser.L/II.66/ Doc.21 rev. 1, October 2).
²⁰
OAS. Annual report of the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights 1989-1990 Washington, 1990. (OAS/Ser.L/V/n.77 rev.l/Doc.7, 17 May).
²¹
OAS. Annual report 1991: Inter-American Commission on Human Rights. Washington, 1992. (OAS/ Ser.L/VÆ1.81 rev.l/Doc.6, 14 February).
²²
OOSTINDIE, G. The Dutch Caribbean in the 1990s: decolonization or recolonization?. Caribbean Affairs, n. 5, p. 103-119, 1992.
²³
PADILLA, D. J. Reparations in Aloeboetoe v. Suriname. Human Rights Quarterly, 1995.
²⁴
POLIMÉ, T. S.; THODEN VAN VELZEN, H. U. E. Vluchtelingen, opstandelingen en andere Bosnegers van Oost-Suriname, 1986-1988. Utrecht: Instituut voor Culturele Antropologie, 1988.
²⁵
PRICE, R. First-time: the historical vision of an Afro-American people. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1983a.
²⁶
PRICE, R. Saramaka wars Ann Arbor: Karoma, 1983b.
²⁷
PRICE, R. To slay the Hydra: Dutch colonial perspectives on the Alabi’s World. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1990.
²⁸
PRICE, R. Executing ethnicity: the killings in Suriname. Cultural Anthropology, n. 10, p. 437-471, 1995.
²⁹
PRICE, R. Scrapping Maroon history: Brazil’s promise, Suriname’s shame. New West Indian Guide, n. 72, p. 233-255, 1998.
³⁰
PRICE, R.; PRICE, S. On the mall: presenting Maroon tradition-bearers at the 1992 FAF. Bloomington: The Folklore Institute, Indiana University, 1995.
³¹
PRICE, S.; PRICE, R. Maroon arts: cultural vitality in the African diaspora. Boston: Beacon Press, 1999.
³²
QUINTUS BOSZ, A. J. A. Drie eeuwen grondpolitiek in Suriname Assen: Van Gorcum, 1954.
³³
QUINTUS BOSZ, A. J. A. De rechten van de bosnegers op de ontruimde gronden in het stuwmeergebied. Surinaams Juristenblad, n. 5, p. 14-21, 1965.
³⁴
SCHOLTENS, B. Bosnegers en overheid in Suriname: de ontwikkeling van de politieke verhouding 1651-1992. Paramaribo: Afdeling Cultuurstudies: Minov, 1994.
³⁵
STEDMAN, J. G. Stedman’s Surinam: life in an eighteenth-century slave society. Edited by Richard Price & Sally Price. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1992.
³⁶
THODEN VAN VELZEN, H. U. E. Ten geleide and Militaire patstelling beheerst Suriname. In: POLIMÉ, T. S., THODEN VAN VELZEN, H. U. E. Vluchtelingen, opstandelingen en andere Bosnegers van Oost-Suriname, 1986-1988. Utrecht: Instituut voor Culturele Antropologie, 1988. p. 7-25.
³⁷
THODEN VAN VELZEN, H. U. E. The Maroon insurgency: anthropological reflections on the civil war in Suriname. In: BRANA-SHUTE, G. (Ed.). Resistance and rebellion in Suriname: old and new. Williamsburg: College of William and Mary, 1990. p. 159-188.
³⁸
WAKO, S. A. Visit by the special rapporteur to Suriname Geneva: Commission on Human Rights, Economic and Social Council of the United Nations, 1985. (E/CN.4/1985/17, Annex V).
³⁹
WAKO, S. A. Summary or arbitrary executions: report by the special rapporteur. Geneva: Commission on Human Rights, Economic and Social Council of the United Nations, 1988. (E/CN.4/1988/22,19 January).
⁴⁰
WESTERLOO, G. van; DIEPRAAM, W. Frimangron Amsterdam: De Arbeiderspers, 1975.
⁴¹
WORLD RAINFOREST MOVEMENT. Urgent action Suriname 21 Aug. 1996. Internet text.
⁴²
ZWAMBORN, M. Suriname. In: HUMAN RIGHTS IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES. Utrecht: Studie- en Informatiecentrum Mensenrechten, Rijksuniversiteit te Utrecht, 1992. p. 1-30.

Datas de Publicação

Publicação nesta coleção
Maio 1999

Esta obra está licenciada com uma Licença Creative Commons - Atribuição 4.0 Internacional.

[1] ¹
AMNESTY INTERNATIONAL. Suriname: violations of human rights. London, 1987.

[2] ²
BILBY, K. M. The remaking of the Aluku: culture, politics, and Maroon ethnicity in French South America. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation. Johns Hopkins University, 1990.

[3] ³
BILBY, K. M. Swearing by the past, swearing to the future: sacred oaths, alliances, and treaties among the Guianese and Jamaican Maroons. Ethnohistory, n. 44, p. 655-689, 1997.

[4] ⁴
BINDER, D. Diplomacy and public relations: image maker aids new democracy. The New York Times, New York, Jan. 25, 1988.

[5] ⁵
BRANA-SHUTE, G. On the corner: male social life in a Paramaribo Creole neighborhood. Assen: Van Gorcum, 1979.

[6] ⁶
BRANA-SHUTE, G. An inside-out insurgency: the Tukuyana Amazones of Suriname. In: SUTTON, P.; PAYNE, A. (Ed.). Size and survival: the politics of security in the Caribbean and the Pacific. London: Frank Cass, 1993. p. 54-69.

[7] ⁷
CERQUONE, J. Flight from Suriname: refugees in French Guiana. Washington: U.S. Committee for Refugees, 1987.

[8] ⁸
CHIN, H. E.; BUDDINGH’, H. Surinam: politics, economics and society. London: Frances Pinter, 1987.

[9] ⁹
DEW, E. The difficult flowering of Surinam: ethnicity and politics in a plural society. The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff, 1978.

[10] ¹⁰
FOREST PEOPLES PROGRAMME. Suriname: Saramacca Maroons say no to multinational logging. Press release. 20 Apr. 1998.

[11] ¹¹
FRANSZOON, A. Crisis in the Backlands. Hemisphere, v. 1, n. 2, p. 36-38, 1989.

[12] ¹²
IN MEMORIAM HERMAN EDDY GOODING: viribus audax, manmoedig door innerlijke kracht. Paramaribo: Moiwana’86, 1992.

[13] ¹³
MEEL, P. Money talks, morals vex: the Netherlands and the decolonization of Suriname, 1975-1990. European Review of Latin American and Caribbean Studies, n. 48, p. 75-98, 1990.

[14] ¹⁴
MEMRE MOIWANA. Paramaribo: Moiwana’86, 1990.

[15] ¹⁵
MENSENRECHTEN 1991 SURINAME. Paramaribo: Moiwana’86, 1992.

[16] ¹⁶
MUNNEKE, H. F. Customary law and national legal system in the Dutch-speaking Caribbean, with special reference to Suriname. European Review of Latin American and Caribbean Studies, n. 51, p. 91-99, 1991.

[17] ¹⁷
NOWAK, M. Suriname: an International Alert report. London: International Alert, 1989.

[18] ¹⁸
OAS. Report on the situation of human rights in Suriname Washington, 1983. (OAS/Ser.L/II.61/Doc.6 rev. 1, October 5).

[19] ¹⁹
OAS. Second report on the human rights situation in Suriname Washington, 1985. (OAS/Ser.L/II.66/ Doc.21 rev. 1, October 2).

[20] ²⁰
OAS. Annual report of the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights 1989-1990 Washington, 1990. (OAS/Ser.L/V/n.77 rev.l/Doc.7, 17 May).

[21] ²¹
OAS. Annual report 1991: Inter-American Commission on Human Rights. Washington, 1992. (OAS/ Ser.L/VÆ1.81 rev.l/Doc.6, 14 February).

[22] ²²
OOSTINDIE, G. The Dutch Caribbean in the 1990s: decolonization or recolonization?. Caribbean Affairs, n. 5, p. 103-119, 1992.

[23] ²³
PADILLA, D. J. Reparations in Aloeboetoe v. Suriname. Human Rights Quarterly, 1995.

[24] ²⁴
POLIMÉ, T. S.; THODEN VAN VELZEN, H. U. E. Vluchtelingen, opstandelingen en andere Bosnegers van Oost-Suriname, 1986-1988. Utrecht: Instituut voor Culturele Antropologie, 1988.

[25] ²⁵
PRICE, R. First-time: the historical vision of an Afro-American people. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1983a.

[26] ²⁶
PRICE, R. Saramaka wars Ann Arbor: Karoma, 1983b.

[27] ²⁷
PRICE, R. To slay the Hydra: Dutch colonial perspectives on the Alabi’s World. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1990.

[28] ²⁸
PRICE, R. Executing ethnicity: the killings in Suriname. Cultural Anthropology, n. 10, p. 437-471, 1995.

[29] ²⁹
PRICE, R. Scrapping Maroon history: Brazil’s promise, Suriname’s shame. New West Indian Guide, n. 72, p. 233-255, 1998.

[30] ³⁰
PRICE, R.; PRICE, S. On the mall: presenting Maroon tradition-bearers at the 1992 FAF. Bloomington: The Folklore Institute, Indiana University, 1995.

[31] ³¹
PRICE, S.; PRICE, R. Maroon arts: cultural vitality in the African diaspora. Boston: Beacon Press, 1999.

[32] ³²
QUINTUS BOSZ, A. J. A. Drie eeuwen grondpolitiek in Suriname Assen: Van Gorcum, 1954.

[33] ³³
QUINTUS BOSZ, A. J. A. De rechten van de bosnegers op de ontruimde gronden in het stuwmeergebied. Surinaams Juristenblad, n. 5, p. 14-21, 1965.

[34] ³⁴
SCHOLTENS, B. Bosnegers en overheid in Suriname: de ontwikkeling van de politieke verhouding 1651-1992. Paramaribo: Afdeling Cultuurstudies: Minov, 1994.

[35] ³⁵
STEDMAN, J. G. Stedman’s Surinam: life in an eighteenth-century slave society. Edited by Richard Price & Sally Price. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1992.

[36] ³⁶
THODEN VAN VELZEN, H. U. E. Ten geleide and Militaire patstelling beheerst Suriname. In: POLIMÉ, T. S., THODEN VAN VELZEN, H. U. E. Vluchtelingen, opstandelingen en andere Bosnegers van Oost-Suriname, 1986-1988. Utrecht: Instituut voor Culturele Antropologie, 1988. p. 7-25.

[37] ³⁷
THODEN VAN VELZEN, H. U. E. The Maroon insurgency: anthropological reflections on the civil war in Suriname. In: BRANA-SHUTE, G. (Ed.). Resistance and rebellion in Suriname: old and new. Williamsburg: College of William and Mary, 1990. p. 159-188.

[38] ³⁸
WAKO, S. A. Visit by the special rapporteur to Suriname Geneva: Commission on Human Rights, Economic and Social Council of the United Nations, 1985. (E/CN.4/1985/17, Annex V).

[39] ³⁹
WAKO, S. A. Summary or arbitrary executions: report by the special rapporteur. Geneva: Commission on Human Rights, Economic and Social Council of the United Nations, 1988. (E/CN.4/1988/22,19 January).

[40] ⁴⁰
WESTERLOO, G. van; DIEPRAAM, W. Frimangron Amsterdam: De Arbeiderspers, 1975.

[41] ⁴¹
WORLD RAINFOREST MOVEMENT. Urgent action Suriname 21 Aug. 1996. Internet text.

[42] ⁴²
ZWAMBORN, M. Suriname. In: HUMAN RIGHTS IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES. Utrecht: Studie- en Informatiecentrum Mensenrechten, Rijksuniversiteit te Utrecht, 1992. p. 1-30.

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