Editorial Comment: Effects of testicular dysgenesis syndrome components on testicular germ cell tumor prognosis and oncological outcomes

COMMENT

Testicular cancer is the most curable solid tumor and the most common malignancy in men between the ages of 18 and 35 years, although it accounts for just 1% of all cancers in men (¹). Testicular germ cell tumors account for 95% of testicular cancers which are classified as either seminomas or non-seminomas (²).

There are a variety of known risk factors for testicular neoplasia, including cryptorchidism (³), history of hypospadias (⁴), individuals with androgen insensitivity syndrome or mixed gonadal dysgenesis (⁵, ⁶), a personal or family history of testicular cancer, infertility or subfertility (⁷) and HIV infection (⁸). All of these risk factors predispose to the development of carcinoma in situ and invasive testicular cancer.

Testicular dysgenesis syndrome composed by undescended testis, hypospadias, decreased spermatogenesis and testicular germ cell tumor has also been recently described (⁹). Thus far, there has been a lack of information regarding the effects of the testicular dysgenesis syndrome on the testicular germ cell tumor prognosis.

The current issue of the International Brazilian Journal of Urology presents an interesting original paper from a Turkish group. Selvi and colleagues on the paper entitled “Effects of testicular dysgenesis syndrome components on testicular germ cell tumor prognosis and oncological outcomes” (¹⁰) retrospectively assessed the clinical characteristics and oncological outcomes of 69 patients who underwent radical orchiectomy due to testicular germ cell tumor. In a subgroup analysis, higher testicular dysgenesis syndrome rates were found in advanced stage testicular tumors (36.1% versus 9.1%; p=0.008). The group with testicular dysgenesis syndrome had higher local recurrence, distant metastasis, and also higher cancer-specific mortality in comparison to the group without the syndrome (the differences were statistically significant, p<0.001 for the 3 outcomes). In terms of survival, the recurrence-free survival, the metastasis-free survival and the cancer-specific survival were statistically significant lower in the group of patients with testicular dysgenesis syndrome. In the multivariate analysis, testicular dysgenesis syndrome was the most important independent predictive factor related with local recurrence, distant metastasis, recurrence-free survival, metastasis-free survival and cancer-specific survival in both seminomas and non-seminomas, and also for the entire group of patients diagnosed with testicular germ cell tumor.

Despite the originality of this scientific report, some limitations must be addressed, since it is based on a small retrospective single center cohort, susceptible to selection bias once the patients whose data could not be completed were excluded from the study.

Finally, this is a thought-provoking hypothesis which is generating research. Further studies are warranted in order to confirm the current findings.

REFERENCES

• ¹
  Siegel RL, Miller KD, Jemal A. Cancer statistics, 2020. CA Cancer J Clin. 2020;70:7-30.
• ²
  Walsh TJ, Grady RW, Porter MP, Lin DW, Weiss NS. Incidence of testicular germ cell cancers in U.S. children: SEER program experience 1973 to 2000. Urology. 2006;68:402-5; discussion 405.
• ³
  Oh J, Landman J, Evers A, Yan Y, Kibel AS. Management of the postpubertal patient with cryptorchidism: an updated analysis. J Urol. 2002;167:1329-33.
• ⁴
  Schnack TH, Poulsen G, Myrup C, Wohlfahrt J, Melbye M. Familial coaggregation of cryptorchidism, hypospadias, and testicular germ cell cancer: a nationwide cohort study. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2010;102:187-92.
• ⁵
  Levin HS. Tumors of the testis in intersex syndromes. Urol Clin North Am. 2000;27:543-51, x.
• ⁶
  Gourlay WA, Johnson HW, Pantzar JT, McGillivray B, Crawford R, Nielsen WR. Gonadal tumors in disorders of sexual differentiation. Urology. 1994;43:537-40.
• ⁷
  Richiardi L, Akre O, Montgomery SM, Lambe M, Kvist U, Ekbom A. Fecundity and twinning rates as measures of fertility before diagnosis of germ-cell testicular cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst. 200421;96:145-7.
• ⁸
  Garolla A, Vitagliano A, Muscianisi F, Valente U, Ghezzi M, Andrisani A, et al. Role of Viral Infections in Testicular Cancer Etiology: Evidence From a Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2019;10:355.
• ⁹
  Skakkebaek NE, Rajpert-De Meyts E, Main KM. Testicular dysgenesis syndrome: an increasingly common developmental disorder with environmental aspects. Hum Reprod. 2001;16:972-8.
• ¹⁰
  Selvi I, Ozturk E, Yikilmaz TN, Sarikaya S, Basar H Jr. Effects of testicular dysgenesis syndrome components on testicular germ cell tumor prognosis and oncological outcomes. Int Braz J Urol. 2020;46:725-40.

Publication Dates

• Publication in this collection
  31 July 2020
• Date of issue
  Sep-Oct 2020

History

• Received
  14 May 2020
• Accepted
  22 May 2020