Synthesis and Application of Bimetallic Zinc(II) Phenoxy-Imine Complexes as Initiators for Production of Lactide Polymers

Abstract

This article reports the synthesis of two bimetallic zinc(II) complexes containing phenoxy-imine ligands and their application as initiators of ring opening polymerization (ROP) of L-lactide (LA). The phenoxy-imine ligands were obtained from salicylaldehyde derivatives and 2,3,5,6-tetramethylphenylenediamine, yielding two bidentate regions per ligand. The reactions of both phenoxy-imine ligands with ZnEt₂ in the presence of n-BuOH afforded [Zn₂(L1)(OBu)₂] and [Zn₂(L2)(OBu)₂], which were characterized by elemental analysis, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and ¹H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. In addition, the geometries of both complexes were investigated by DFT (B3LYP/LACVP**) calculations. [Zn₂(L1)(OBu)₂] and [Zn₂(L2)(OBu)₂] were tested as initiators of ROP of LA at 180 °C using different LA/Zn molar ratios, namely 500, 1000 and 2500. Both complexes showed good activity, resulting in conversions up to 96% in 2 h. The poly-LLA exhibited average molecular weight (M_w) ranging from 45,000-92,000, relatively low polydispersity (M_w/M_n = 1.6-2.0) and high stereoregularity with melting temperature T_m = 164 °C.

Keywords:
L-lactide; zinc complex; phenoxy-imine; polymerization; DFT calculations

Introduction

The manufacture of lactide polymers has been pursued due to their biodegradability and biocompatibility. Polylactide (PLA) and their copolymers are important polyesters. They are versatile macromolecules that can be used in biomedical areas, such as prostheses and implants, and in the pharmaceutical industry as components of drug delivery systems, besides their applications in packaging.¹

An effective way to produce these polymers involves ring-opening polymerization (ROP) of lactides (LAs). Several methodologies are available for such reactions. However, the most commonly used methodology exploits coordination-insertion pathways, since they allow the production of higher molecular weight polymers exhibiting low polydispersity. Furthermore, these reactions offer a high degree of polymer structure and tacticity controls.^2,3 ROP of lactide monomers requires the use of catalysts (initiators) that may be cationic, anionic or neutral coordination complexes and should provide a rapid polymerization with adequate control of polymer features.^3,4 There is a great number of metal-based catalysts able to perform ROP reactions via coordination-insertion mechanism. However, some of these catalysts are toxic and difficult to remove from the reaction mixtures, preventing applications of the resulting polymers in biomedical and pharmaceutical areas.^2,5

Zinc(II) complexes are ubiquitous in catalysis, from enzymatic transformations to organic synthesis. In effect, zinc(II) complexes have been employed as initiators to produce PLA by ROP reactions. In addition to being a soft Lewis acid, zinc is a biocompatible metal, providing less poisonous residues in the produced polymers if compared to other metals. Among other features, Zn-based initiators allow a high control over polymer tacticity, thus producing polymers with high stereoregularity.^5-7 Although different coordination compounds could be used as catalysts for LA polymerization, little is known about the influence of their structures and electronic properties on PLA production.^8,9 In this respect, we have been interested in the synthesis of phenoxy-imine ligands capable of simultaneously coordinating two metal atoms. This kind of ligand can furnish bimetallic Zn-based initiators containing two metal centers close to each other, which can act in a synergic fashion during the polymerization reaction.

In this work, we report the synthesis, spectroscopic characterization and DFT (density functional theory) study of two new bimetallic zinc(II) complexes containing phenoxy-imine ligands, and their application as initiators of ROP of L-lactide aiming to correlate the influence of the initiator structure on the thermal properties of the produced poly(L-lactic acid).

Experimental

Materials

The syntheses of the bimetallic zinc(II) complexes and the polymerization reactions were carried out under inert atmosphere (dry N₂) using Schlenk-type glassware and glove bags. Toluene was dried over sodium-benzophenone under N₂. 3,5-Diiodine-2-hydroxybenzaldehyde and 5-methyl-2-hydroxybenzaldehyde (Aldrich), ZnEt₂ 15% solution in hexane (Akzo Nobel), and EtOH were purchased from commercial sources and used as received. n-BuOH (Aldrich) was dried under molecular sieves. L-Lactide (Purac) was recrystallized from dry toluene prior to use.

Ligands and complexes characterization

Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectra were recorded on a Varian Mercury VX (300 MHz, 25 °C) spectrometer using CDCl₃. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) analyses were carried out on a Frontier FT-IR/FIR spectrometer using the technique of attenuated total reflectance (ATR). Melting points were determined using a Quimis melting point apparatus (model 0340513) with controlled heating. Elemental analyses were performed in a HANAU Elementary Vario Micro cube.

Lactide polymerization

The activity of C1 and C2 was investigated in the bulk polymerization of L-lactide using molar monomer/initiator ratios LA/Zn = 500, 1000 and 2500. The mixture of the desired zinc initiator and L-lactide was prepared in a Schlenk flask under nitrogen atmosphere and the polymerization was carried out by heating the mixture at 180 °C for 2 h, after which the reaction medium was quenched by cooling it to room temperature.¹⁸ Subsequently, the solid product was dissolved in chloroform and the polymer precipitated from ethanol. The isolated polymer was dried under vacuum at 50 °C.

Polymer characterization

NMR spectra were recorded in a Varian Mercury VX-300 NMR spectrometer operating at 75 MHz (¹³C) (25 °C) using CDCl₃. Gel permeation chromatography (GPC) was carried out in a Shimadzu LC 20 instrument equipped with a set of two Phenogel columns and a RID-20A differential index detector. GPC analyses were performed using chloroform as eluent at 1 mL min ^-1 and 25 °C. A calibration curve using ten polystyrene standards was used for molecular weight determination by the Shimadzu software. Thermal properties of the polymers were determined by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) using a TA Q1000 calorimeter with a heating and cooling rate of 10 °C min ^-1 from −10 to 200 °C under nitrogen flow. Values of glass transition (T_g), crystallization temperature on heating (cold crystallization, T_cc) and melting temperature (T_m) were obtained from a second heating after a quenching run. The crystallization temperature on cooling (T_c) was recorded in a cooling run after the second heating run. Thermogravimetric analyses (TGA) were performed with a TA TGA Q500 Thermo analyzer. Measurements were carried out under nitrogen at a heating rate of 20 °C min ^-1 up to 700 °C with a gas flow rate of 20 mL min ^-1.

Synthesis of L1

L1 was synthesized using a modified literature procedure.^10-13 An ethanolic solution (15 mL) of 3,5-diiodine-2-hydroxybenzaldehyde (1.244 g, 2 mmol) was added dropwise to an ethanolic solution (15 mL) of 2,3,5,6-tetramethylphenylenediamine (0.164 g, 1 mmol). The reaction mixture was refluxed for 3 h and then stirred overnight at room temperature. Subsequently, the resulting yellow solution was cooled, affording a yellow precipitate, which was filtered off and washed with hexane. Yield: 62%; mp > 300 °C; elemental analysis for C₂₄H₂₀N₂O₂I₄ (anal. calcd. (found)): C, 32.89 (32.70); H, 2.28 (2.45), N: 3.19 (3.30); IR (KBr, ± 4 cm ^-1) ν / cm ^-1 3433 (νO−H), 2916 (νC−H, aromatic), 1617 (νC=N, imine), 1545 and 1432 (νC=C, aromatic), 1277 (νC−N), 1155 and 1064 (νC−O, phenol), 645 (νC−I); ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃, 25 °C) d 8.23 (s, 2H, CH=N), 7.24-7.05 (m, 4H, ArH), 2.35 (s, 12H, CH₃).

Synthesis of L2

L2 was similarly synthesized from 5-methyl-2-hydroxybenzaldehyde (0.800 g, 2 mmol) and 2,3,5,6-tetramethylphenylenediamine (0.164 g, 1 mmol). Yield: 60%; mp 271-272 °C; elemental analysis for C₂₆H₂₈N₂O₂ (anal. calcd. (found)): C, 78.01 (78.40); H, 7.00 (6.89); N, 7.00 (7.20); IR (ATR, ± 4 cm ^-1) ν / cm ^-1 3432 (νO−H); 2917 (νC−H, aromatic), 1625 (νC=N, imine), 1593 and 1491 (νC=C, aromatic), 1280 (νC−N), 1068 (νC−O, phenol); ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃, 25 °C) d 8.16 (s, 2H, CH=N), 8.09-7.62 (m, 6H, ArH), 5.4 (m, 2H, -OH, phenol), 2.14 (s, 18H, CH₃).

Synthesis of [Zn₂(L1)(OBu)₂] (C1)

C1 was prepared using a modified literature procedure.^14-17 In a 25 mL Schlenk flask, 15% hexane solution of ZnEt₂ (0.20 mL, 0.22 mmol) was added dropwise to a solution of L1 (0.100 g, 0.11 mmol) in dry toluene (10 mL) at 0-4 °C (L1/ZnEt₂ molar ratio = 1:2). The reaction mixture was stirred overnight at room temperature. After this period, 0.02 mL of n-BuOH was added, maintaining the mixture under stirring for additional 3 h. The greenish-yellow solid formed was washed three times with dry toluene and dried under vacuum. Yield: 80%; mp > 300 °C; elemental analysis for Zn₂C₃₂H₃₆N₂O₄I₄ (anal. calcd. (found)): C, 33.38 (33.75); H, 3.13 (3.27); N, 2.43 (2.60); IR (KBr, ± 4 cm ^-1) ν / cm ^-1 2921 (νC−H, aromatic), 1598 (νC=N, imine), 1489 and 1433 (νC=C, aromatic), 1214 (νC−N), 1142-1065 (νC−O, phenol), 686 (νC−I); ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃, 25 °C) d 7.26 (m, 4H, ArH), 2.34-2.00 (s, 4H, -O-CH₂-, butylalcohol), 1.51 (s, 12H, Ar-CH₃), 1.26 (s, 4H, -CH₂-, butylalcohol), 0.89 (s, 4H, -CH₂-, butylalcohol) and 0.07 (s, 6H, CH_3, butylalcohol).

Synthesis of [Zn₂(L2)(OBu)₂] (C2)

C2 was similarly prepared from L2 (0.100 g, 0.25 mmol) and 15% hexane solution of ZnEt₂ (0.41 mL, 0.50 mmol) (L2/ZnEt₂ molar ratio = 1:2). Yield: 85%; mp > 300 °C; elemental analysis for Zn₂C₃₄H₄₄N₂O₄ (anal. calcd. (found)): C, 60.46 (60.80); H, 6.52 (6.99); N, 4.15 (4.57); IR (ATR, ± 4 cm ^-1) ν / cm ^-1 2920 (νC−H, aromatic), 1595 (νC=N, imine), 1531 and 1467 (νC=C, aromatic), 1321 (νC−N), 1069 (νC−O, phenol); ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃, 25 °C) d 8.23 (s, 2H, CH=N), 7.30 (m, 6H, ArH), 2.34 (s, 4H, -O-CH₂-, butylalcohol), 2.13 (s, 18H, Ar-CH₃), 1.50 (s, 4H, -CH₂-, butylalcohol), 1.3 (s, 4H, -CH₂-, butylalcohol), 0.08 (s, 6H, CH₃, butylalcohol).

DFT calculations

All calculations were carried out with JAGUAR 7.9 using an energy convergence criterion of 1.00 × 10 ^-8hartree.¹⁹ Gas-phase geometry optimizations were performed without constraints using the B3LYP hybrid functional along with the LACVP** basis set.²⁰ The vibrational frequencies of each optimized geometry were evaluated at the same level of calculation and verified to be real.²¹ An excellent agreement between experimental and calculated frequencies was obtained.

Results and Discussion

Ligands and complexes

The condensation reaction of salicylaldehyde derivatives with anilines constitutes an ordinary method for the preparation of phenoxy-imines and was used in this work to prepare two bidentate ligands (L1 and L2). L1 and L2 were synthesized in high yields according to a modified literature procedure.^14-17,22 Complexes C1 and C2 (Figure 1) were also obtained in high yields. The structures of these ligands allow the coordination of two zinc(II) centers while the vast majority of the phenoxy-imine ligands coordinate to only one metal.

Figure 1
Structural formulas for C1 and C2.

In the IR spectra of L1 and L2 (Figures 2 and 3), ν(OH) bands of weak intensity lie at about 3430 cm ^-1, while strong ν(C=N) bands occur at about 1620 cm ^-1. After coordination of zinc(II), the ν(C=N) and ν(C=C) bands were shifted to lower wavenumbers with respect to L1 and L2 (Figures 2 and 3).²³ The presence of ν(O−H) bands after complexation may be ascribed to residual solvent (n-BuOH) molecules or complex degradation.^24,25 Figures 4 and 5 illustrate the ¹H NMR spectra of C1 and C2, respectively. Aromatic and aliphatic ¹H signals occur in the expected regions.

Figure 2
FTIR (KBr) spectra of L1 and C1.

Figure 3
FTIR (ATR) spectra of L2 and C2.

Figure 4
¹H NMR spectrum (300 MHz , CDCl₃) of C1.

Figure 5
¹H NMR spectrum (300 MHz , CDCl₃) of C2.

DFT calculations

Two conformers were considered for each zinc(II) initiator (Figure 6). At the B3LYP/LACVP** level of calculation, the self-consistent field (SCF) energy difference between anti-C1 and syn-C1 is very small (0.7 kcal mol ^-1), whereas anti-C2 is only 1.8 kcal mol ^-1 more stable than syn-C2. Based on these results, both initiators are likely to operate as a mixture of isomers in the reaction conditions. Figure 6 shows that C1 and C2 exhibit three-coordinate zinc(II) centers in the expected trigonal planar coordination environment. Moreover, the Zn-O_OBu bond is shorter than Zn-O_OPh regardless of the isomer. Our DFT results suggest that both C1 and C2 operate via imine-phenoxide-assisted coordination-insertion ROP mechanism.

Figure 6
Geometries of anti- and syn-C1 (top) and anti- and syn-C2 (bottom) optimized at the B3LYP/LACVP** level of calculation. Bond distances are given in Å and angles in degrees.

Polymerization

C1 and C2 were evaluated regarding their activity to produce poly(L-lactide) from ROP of L-lactide (LLA) (Figure 7). Polymerizations were carried out using different LLA/Zn molar ratios (500, 1000 and 2500) in 2 h at 180 °C. Polymer yield, number average molecular weight (M_n), weight average molecular weight (M_w) and polydispersity (M_w/M_n) are presented in Table 1.

Figure 7
Polymerization of L-lactide catalyzed by C1 and C2.

Table 1
Polymerization of L-lactide with C1 and C2 at 180 ºC for 2 h

Initiator	[LLA]/[Zn]	Mn	Mw / (g mol-1)	Mw/Mn	Yield / %
C1	500	40,800	66,600	1.63	95.8
	1000	46,000	82,000	1.78	96.0
	2500	50,100	92,200	1.84	86.7
C2	500	35,000	65,200	1.86	93.0
	1000	24,800	50,100	2.02	79.5
	2500	26,000	45,200	1.74	71.5

• M_n: number average molecular weight; M_w: weight average molecular weight; M_w/M_n: polydispersity.

C1 and C2 are very effective initiators for bulk polymerization of L-lactide, producing poly(L-lactic acid) (PLLA) in good yields (between 71 and 96%) when reactions were performed at 180 °C for 2 h. For both initiators, the yield increased as the LLA/Zn molar ratio decreased, attaining a maximum yield of 96% at LLA/Zn = 500. This behavior can be explained considering that at lower LLA/Zn ratios, the Zn concentration and consequently the number of active species are higher, increasing the polymerization rate. The PLLA obtained with these initiators showed relatively high molecular weight, with M_w varying from 45,200 to 92,200 g mol ^-1. It is important to highlight that the two complexes have different behavior depending on the influence of LLA/Zn ratio on the PLLA molecular weight. For C1, when LLA/Zn ratio decreases, M_w also decreases, while for C2, when LLA/Zn ratio decreases, M_w increases. This behavior might be related to the ligand structure, but it cannot be rationalized at the moment.

The polydispersity (M_w/M_n) of the polymers ranges from 1.63 to 2.02, which is in the range expected for high molecular weight PLLA obtained by ROP with metal initiators.⁵C1 produced polymers in higher yields, higher molecular weights and lower polydispersities as compared with C2.

As reported in literature, for many medical application a M_w of about 70,000 g mol ^-1 is desired, for instance for preparation of electrospun scaffolds. Thus, the M_w obtained in this work is exactly in the desired range for some medical application.^2,5

It is important to mention that the molecular weights were obtained by GPC. All PLLA samples showed monomodal GPC curves (not presented in this work), indicating that only one type of active species seems to be present during the polymerization reactions. According to our DFT results, each complex can exist as two stable isomers, anti and syn. Moreover, each complex has two metallic centers capable of polymerizing LLA. In this regard, all active catalysts are likely to behave in a similar fashion during the catalysis, indicating that for each bimetallic initiator the metal centers are kinetically isolated from each other. Therefore, the differences in the polymer features obtained with C1 and C2 seem to be influenced by the stereoelectronic features of the phenoxy-imine ligands and should not be attributed to the different isomers that occur in the reaction mixture.

Microstructure of PLLA

The microstructures of the PLLA were studied by ¹³C NMR spectroscopy. The ¹³C NMR spectra of these polymers show three signals at 16, 68.5 and 169 ppm, attributed to methyl, methine and carbonyl groups, respectively.^5,26-28 The polymerization of L-lactide can produce a highly isotactic polymer if no side reactions, like racemization, take place during polymerization. Racemization reactions can be induced by the metal initiator and, in principle, it is influenced by the metal type and ligand structure, introducing D-lactyl units in the polymer structure. The presence of these isomeric units in the polymer backbone is manifested by the appearance of lateral side signals in the methine and carbonyl signals.¹⁸¹³C NMR spectra of these polymers (Figure 8) did not show any significant signals beside the peak of the carbonyl and methine regions, suggesting that L-D dyads are not present in significant amounts. Therefore, the PLLA polymer structures are highly stereoregular. Apparently, the different stereoelectronic attributes of C1 and C2 did not strongly affect the regularity of the produced PLLA, which are highly isotactic.

Figure 8
¹³C NMR spectra (75 MHz, CDCl₃) of PLLA prepared with C1 and C2: (a) carbonyl and (b) methine groups.

Powder X-ray diffraction (XRD) data were used to obtain information on the crystallinity of the resulting PLLA (Figures 9 and 10). From XRD, it is possible to infer that the initiators could produce highly crystalline polymers. It was not possible to identify by this technique any relation between the complex structure and the degree of crystallinity (X_c) of the polymers, but it is possible to note that the intensity of the reflection at about 17° increased as LLA/Zn increased for C1, suggesting the influence of LLA/Zn in the polymer crystallinity. However, the tendency observed for C1 was not reproduced for C2, since the crystallinity seems to decrease as the LLA/Zn ratio increased by considering the intensity of this reflection.

Figure 9
XRD curves for PLLA obtained from C1.

Figure 10
XRD curves for PLLA obtained from C2.

Thermal properties of PLLA

Figure 11 shows the DTG curves for the polymers obtained in this work. The results show that the PLLAs obtained from C1 exhibit the lowest temperature of maximum degradation rate T_max, considering the three LLA/Zn molar ratios. The PLLAs obtained from C2 showed a remarkably higher T_max in the three LLA/Zn molar ratios. This demonstrates that the thermal property of PLLA was directly influenced by the structural and electronic variation of the ligands coordinated to Zn^II. It seems that the presence of iodine in the ligand C1 structure led to less thermally stable PLLAs.

Figure 11
DTG curves for PLLAs obtained from C1 and C2.

Table 2 summarizes the results of thermal stability for the polymers. When heated to 700 °C under N₂, the PLLAs produced by using C1 generated lower amount of residue than those prepared from C2. In addition, polymers prepared from C1 showed lower thermal decomposition temperatures (T_onset and T_max).

Table 2
Thermal degradation data for PLLAs obtained from C1 and C2

Initiator	LLA/Zn	Tonset / ºC	Tmax / ºC	Residuea / %
C1	500	270.1	120.7/299.7	2.2
	1000	270.1	136.8/304.9	4.2
	2500	276.9	148.5/312.5	0.5
C2	500	330.2	358.2	5.2
	1000	342.2	354.9	5.7
	2500	328.0	357.6	2.9

• ^a
  Residue at 700 ºC. T_onset and T_max: thermal decomposition temperatures.

The transition temperatures and degree of crystallinity of the PLLAs were also determined by DSC. Figures 12 and 13 show the DSC heating run (second heating run after quenching) for PLLA obtained with catalysts C1 and C2, respectively. The curves show 3 events: glass transition temperature (T_g), crystallization temperature on heating (cold crystallization) (T_cc), and melting transition temperature (T_m).

Figure 12
DSC curves of PLLA obtained with C1 at different LLA/Zn molar ratios.

Figure 13
DSC curves of PLLA obtained with C2 at different LLA/Zn molar ratios.

Table 3 lists the T_g, T_m, T_cc, and the degree of crystallinity (X_c) of PLLAs obtained from the second heating run after a first melting of the samples to erase thermal history and quenching to obtain amorphous materials.

Table 3
Thermal properties of the PLLAs obtained by using C1 and C2 (second DSC heating run)

Initiator	LLA/Zn	Tg / ºC	Tcc / ºC	Tm / ºC	Xc / %
C1	500	48.5	89.2	153.3/160.9	19.2
	1000	44.0	88.5	151.8/160.7	22.7
	2500	42.4	89.8	146.7/155.8	22.8
C2	500	43.0	89.4	150.3/163.8	28.7
	1000	41.8	95.2	148.3/156.7	18.9
	2500	42.2	85.5	130.1/151.3	33.6

• T_g: glass transition temperature; T_cc: crystallization temperature on heating (cold crystallization); T_m: melting transition temperature; X_c: degree of crystallinity.

Table 3 shows that the polymers obtained from C1 and C2 initiators display T_g values between 42 and 48 °C, which fall within the range usually found for PLLA (40-60 °C). Our values occur in the lower-bound of the expected range, which can be related to the molecular weight of these polymers as shown in Table 2. The literature reports that commercial high molecular weight PLLA (M_w above 150,000 g mol ^-1) has T_g around 60 °C. The polymers obtained in this work had M_w below 100,000 g mol ^-1. The T_g showed no significant variation with LLA/Zn ratio. The melting transition of the polymers showed a bimodal behavior with two visible peaks of T_m as described in Table 3. The peak at higher temperature varied from 151.3 to 163.8 °C, values in the range reported in literature (from 130 to 180 °C).²⁹ Regarding the degree of crystallinity (X_c), almost no variation was observed relative to the variation of LLA/Zn ratio for the polymers synthesized from the C1 initiator, whereas for C2 the higher LLA/Zn ratio (lower Zn content) generated polymers with a higher degree of crystallinity. These two features, high molecular weights and crystallinity, of the polymers obtained from C1 and C2 make them appropriate for use as biomaterials.^29,30

Conclusions

Two bimetallic Zn^II complexes (C1 and C2) containing phenoxy-imine ligands were prepared and characterized by IR and ¹H NMR spectroscopy. Their molecular structures were optimized by DFT calculations at the B3LYP/LACVP** level, which showed that both complexes have two stable isomers, syn and anti. C1 and C2 display the necessary features to act as initiators of lactide polymerization, showing good ROP activity in the bulk polymerization of L-lactide, resulting in the production of poly(L-lactic acid) (PLLA) with conversion up to 96%. The produced polymers are semi-crystalline materials and exhibit M_w up to 92,000 g mol ^-1 and relatively low polydispersity in the polymerization condition used in this work. Based on the ¹³C NMR and thermal data, we conclude that the polymers synthesized from C1 and C2 show high regularity. Apparently the difference between the structures of the ligands does not affect the regularity of the polymers obtained, but do directly affect their thermal stabilities. The polymers obtained from C1 and C2 exhibit high molecular weights and crystallinity which make them potential candidates for application as biomaterials.

Acknowledgments

The authors are grateful to CNPq (310917/2014-0) and FAPERJ (E-26/201.304/2014) for financial support, and CAPES (PNPD Program) and Project FP7-People-2011-IRSES-295262 (VAIKUTUS Project) for L. C. Ferreira Post-Doc fellowship.

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Publication Dates

• Publication in this collection
  Feb 2018

History

• Received
  4 Apr 2017
• Accepted
  10 July 2017