Renal diseases in the elderly underwent to percutaneous biopsy of native kidneys

Abstracts

INTRODUÇÃO: Tem ocorrido aumento da população de idosos e estes vêm envelhecendo em melhores condições clínicas do que no passado. Entretanto, a distribuição e evolução das doenças renais nos idosos ainda são pouco conhecidas, em parte devido à resistência em indicar biópsia renal. OBJETIVO: Avaliar a distribuição, a evolução e as características clínicas das nefropatias diagnosticadas por biópsia em pacientes idosos. PACIENTES E MÉTODOS: Foram avaliadas todas as biópsias renais percutâneas de rins nativos. Elas foram realizadas entre janeiro de 1990 e dezembro de 2006 em 71 pacientes com idade mínima de 60 anos (67,3 ± 6,5 anos), sendo 47 do gênero masculino e 24 do feminino. Os pacientes foram agrupados conforme a indicação clínica da biópsia. RESULTADOS: Síndrome nefrótica foi verificada em 35 pacientes (49,3%) associada, na maioria dos casos, à nefropatia membranosa (17 casos), seguida por amiloidose e glomeruloesclerose segmentar e focal com 7 casos cada. Hipótese diagnóstica de injúria renal aguda (IRA), com 19 pacientes, teve como principais diagnósticos a necrose tubular aguda (6 casos) e a nefropatia do cilindro (3 casos). Dentre os 19 casos, apenas dois tiveram evolução satisfatória, enquanto os demais morreram precocemente ou evoluíram para doença renal avançada. Doze pacientes biopsiados por hematúria ou proteinúria assintomática tiveram diagnósticos variados, mas a maioria já apresentava nefropatia crônica relevante. Biópsia por síndrome nefrítica ocorreu em 5 casos, também com diagnósticos variados. CONCLUSÕES: Síndrome nefrótica foi a principal indicação de biópsia renal com a nefropatia membranosa como diagnóstico mais frequente. Entre os pacientes com IRA e hematúria ou proteinúria assintomática os diagnósticos foram variados com elevadas taxas de nefropatia crônica avançada.

biópsia por agulha; assistência a idosos; síndrome nefrótica; insuficiência renal aguda

ORIGINAL ARTICLE ARTIGO ORIGINAL

^IServiços Médicos de Anestesia - SMA

^IIDepartment of Pathology of the FMRP - USP

^IIIDivision of Nephrology of the Department of Internal Medicine of the HCFMRP - USP

^IVDepartment of General Nursing; Nursing School of Ribeirão Preto - USP

^VDivision of Nephrology of the Department of Internal Medicine of the HCFMRP - USP

^VIDivision of Nephrology of the Department of Internal Medicine of the HCFMRP -USP / FAEPA

^VIIDepartment of Pathology of the FMRP-USP

^VIIIDepartment of Internal Medicine of the FMRP-USP

Corresponding author

ABSTRACT

INTRODUCTION: The elderly population is growing and aging in better clinical conditions than in the past. However, the distribution and course of kidney diseases in elderly patients are not well known partially due to reluctance to indicate renal biopsies in those patients.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the distribution, clinical features, and outcomes of nephropathies diagnosed by biopsy in the elderly.

PATIENTS AND METHODS: Seventyone patients (47 males, 24 females) aged 60 years or older (67.3 ± 6.5 years), undergoing biopsy from January 1990 to December 2006, were evaluated. They were grouped according to their clinical syndromes.

RESULTS: Nephrotic syndrome was observed in 35 patients (49.3%), mainly associated with membranous nephropathy (17 patients), followed by amyloidosis and focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (seven patients each). Acute kidney injury (AKI) was diagnosed in 19 patients, and the main histopathological diagnoses were acute tubular necrosis (six patients) and cast nephropathy (three patients). Of those 19 patients, only two had a favorable course, while the others died early or progressed toward advanced chronic kidney disease. Twelve patients undergoing biopsy because of asymptomatic hematuria or proteinuria had different diagnoses, but most of them already had significant chronic nephropathy. In five patients with nephritic syndrome, the biopsies also showed several diagnoses.

CONCLUSIONS: Nephrotic syndrome was the major indication for renal biopsy, and membranous nephropathy was the most frequent diagnosis. Among patients with AKI and asymptomatic hematuria or proteinuria, different diagnoses were found with high levels of advanced chronic nephropathy.

Keywords: needle biopsy, aged, nephrotic syndrome, acute kidney failure.

INTRODUCTION

Similarly to several other organs, human kidneys also undergo structural and functional changes due to aging, such as a reduction in weight and volume, an increase in the number of glomeruli with global sclerosis, and a reduction in plasma flow and glomerular filtration rate.^1-3 However, such changes rarely cause per se proteinuria or any other clinical manifestation. If, on the one hand, clinical and laboratory renal manifestations proper of aging are scarce, on the other, kidney diseases in the elderly have greater clinical repercussions as compared to those in younger individuals, because the functional renal reserve of the former is smaller.

The exact distribution of kidney diseases in the elderly is difficult to determine because of several reasons, the first being the large variation in the criteria for indicating kidney biopsy in the different services. Usually that procedure is given priority only in some of the patients with nephrotic syndrome, or in more severe cases of acute kidney injury (AKI) or with rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis. In addition, elderly patients more often have other overlapping clinical problems and a more impaired general condition, which increase concerns with the complications of biopsy and restrict the indication of treatment of nephropathy with immunosuppressive drugs. However, the increase in life expectancy has led to an increase in the elderly population, whose aging occurs in better clinical conditions than in the past. These aspects lead to the need of diagnosis and treatment of nephropathies also in the elderly, yielding several publications encouraging the indications for renal biopsies. Even in the very elderly, over the age of 80 years, no formal contraindication to renal biopsy exists, particularly in the diagnoses of nephrotic syndrome and AKI, as long as safety criteria are met.⁴ In Brazil, the Paulista Registry of Glomerulopathies has reported that the frequency of biopsies in patients over the age of 60 years accounts for 8.0% of the notified cases, and, in those over the age of 80 years, for 0.4%.⁵ Another Brazilian study has reported that 2.2% of the 9,617 biopsies in native kidneys were performed in elderly patients.⁶

This study aimed at assessing the distribution, clinical characteristics, and evolution of the nephropathies diagnosed by use of renal biopsy in the elderly.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

This retrospective and descriptive study assessed the medical records and all reports of percutaneous biopsy of topic kidneys of patients aged 60 years or more. The biopsies were performed between January 1990 and December 2006 at the Hospital das Clínicas of the Medical School of Ribeirão Preto of the Universidade de São Paulo (HCFMRP-USP). The study sample comprised 71 patients (47 males and 24 females), and their mean age was 67.3 ± 6.5 years at the time of biopsy (Table 1). Patients whose biopsies were of transplanted kidneys or performed to diagnose localized kidney diseases, such as tumors, were excluded from the study. The study was approved by the Committee on Ethics and Research in Human Beings of the HCFMRP-USP.

From the medical record, the following clinical data were assessed: age at the time of biopsy; clinical presentation of the kidney disease (nephrotic syndrome, nephritic syndrome, asymptomatic hematuria or proteinuria, and AKI with no defined cause); duration of clinical history; other systemic alterations related; medications used; and laboratory findings (urinary sediment, serum levels of creatinine, urea, glycemia, electrolytes, albumin, protein electrophoresis, 24-hour proteinuria, serologies, and other complementary tests, such as myelography and biopsy of other tissues when relevant).

Clinical presentation was classified as follows: nephrotic syndrome (edema, proteinuria > 3.5 g/24 h, and hypoalbuminemia); nephritic syndrome (edema, hematuria, proteinuria < 3.5 g/24 h, and an acute reduction in renal function associated with hypertension of recent onset); asymptomatic hematuria or proteinuria (concomitant or non-concomitant glomerular hematuria and proteinuria); and AKI (supposedly recent elevation in serum creatinine, with no defined cause and no conclusive signs of advanced chronic kidney disease).

The histopathological diagnoses were obtained from the renal biopsy reports. According to the routine of the Renal Pathology Laboratory of the HCFMRP-USP, the fragments of tissue obtained through percutaneous renal biopsy were analyzed by use of the following: common light microscopy (stained with hematoxylin and eosin, Masson's trichrome, impregnation with methenamine silver stain, and congo red stain, when necessary); immunofluorescence microscopy [(anti-IgA, -IgG, -IgM, -C3, -C1q, -fibrinogen, -kappa and -lambda polyclonal antibodies conjugated with fluorescein isothiocyanate (Dako, Glostrup, Denmark)]; and, when indicated, electron microscopy.

RESULTS

Data referring to age, duration of clinical history until biopsy, presence of hypertension, serum creatinine and albumin, and 24-hour proteinuria on the occasion of renal biopsy are shown in Table 1. No statistically significant difference between them was observed when compared by gender.

The indications of renal biopsy were as follows: nephrotic syndrome, 35 (49.3%) patients; initial diagnostic hypothesis of AKI with no apparent cause, 19 (26.8%); asymptomatic glomerular hematuria or proteinuria, 12 (16.9%); and nephritic syndrome, five (7.0%).

HISTOPATHOLOGICAL DIAGNOSES IN PATIENTS WITH NEPHROTIC SYNDROME BY THE TIME OF RENAL BIOPSY

Table 2 shows the clinical data of 35 elderly patients with nephrotic syndrome undergoing renal biopsy. Hypertension was found in 22 patients (62.9%). Serum creatinine and 24-hour proteinuria on the occasion of renal biopsy were 1.79 ± 1.12 mg/dL and 5945.4 ± 3171.9 mg/24 h, respectively, and serum albumin was 1.94 ± 0.63 g/dL.

The most frequent diagnosis was membranous nephropathy (17 patients) as follows: primary, in 15 patients; associated with gastric adenocarcinoma (death after two months due to sepsis in the post-operative period), in one patient; and associated with marginal cell splenic lymphoma (despite treatment with splenectomy, after three years, the proteinuria and renal function worsened), one patient. Of the primary membranous nephropathies with no specific treatment, total remission occurred in three patients, and progression to stages 4 and 5 chronic kidney disease occurred in four. In patients treated with immunosuppressive drugs, total remission was observed in two, partial in one, and progression to stages 4 and 5 occurred in two, in addition to one death. Two patients were not followed up in our service.

Amyloidosis was diagnosed in seven patients, five of whom had no defined underlying disease, but one had associated leprosy, and another had POEMS syndrome (polyneuropathy, organomegaly, endocrinopathy, M protein, and skin abnormalities). Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis was also diagnosed in seven patients. Although all of them were characterized as primary, in one patient, nephrotic syndrome occurred four weeks after a bothrops accident. For that patient, glomerulopathy was treated with prednisone, and total remission occurred in six weeks. Primary minimal change disease was diagnosed in two patients, one of whom maintained total remission after 72 months and the other persisted with nephrotic proteinuria after 30 months of treatment with prednisone, and also showed a progressive elevation in serum creatinine.

In the patient with leprosy (lepromatous form), the histopathological diagnosis of the glomerulopathy was not conclusive. However, the introduction of polychemotherapy resulted in total remission of nephrotic syndrome. In the last patient with nephrotic syndrome, the histopathological diagnosis could not be established because the biopsy did not reach the kidney. However, the patient presented spontaneous partial remission of nephrotic syndrome and maintained renal function stable after 36 months.

Of the 35 patients with nephrotic syndrome, six were lost to follow-up at our hospital due to referral to their original services right after biopsy. Other seven patients died between two and ten months after biopsy, five of whom due to infections.

HISTOPATHOLOGICAL DIAGNOSES IN PATIENTS SUSPECT OF HAVING AKI BY THE TIME OF RENAL BIOPSY

Nineteen patients underwent biopsy due to the initial clinical hypothesis of AKI with no defined cause, and their clinical data are shown in Table 3. Mean age was 68.1 ± 6.8 years, and 14 patients were males and five females. Hypertension was present in ten patients (52.6%). The duration of clinical history was 43.8 ± 80.9 days, and initial serum creatinine was 7.47 ± 3.41 mg/dL. The histopathological diagnosis was acute tubular necrosis (ATN) in six patients, and its course is discussed below. Three other patients were diagnosed with cast nephropathy due to multiple myeloma, all of whom initiated dialysis, but none of them reversed kidney failure, dying after 30 days, six months, and 18 months. In another patient, the biopsy established the diagnosis of acute post-infectious glomerulonephritis associated with diffuse and intense chronic tubulointerstitial nephritis, already requiring dialysis, but the patient never recovered renal function. Renal biopsy diagnosed sarcoidosis in another patient, and he was referred to his original service. Other two patients were diagnosed with pauci-immune crescentic glomerulonephritis, both with diffuse and intense chronic tubulointerstitial lesion and no sign of systemic disease. One of them died with acute myocardial infarction after one month, and the other due to hospital pneumonia after two months.

The distribution of six causes of ATN was as follows: one patient had obstructive uropathy due to invasive neoplasia of the rectum, and died after four weeks; one patient with multiple myeloma and fast progression to the stage 5 of chronic kidney disease had ATN after the use of iodinated contrast medium; one patient with marked ATN associated with bothrops accident did not recover renal function, remaining on dialysis; two patients had ATN of undefined etiology, one improved renal function partially but persisted with chronic kidney disease stage 4 after 84 months, while the other patient was referred to his original service; the last patient had ATN of sudden onset, initially of unknown cause, and, after recovery of renal function, showed nephrotic proteinuria with hypoalbuminemia. Revision of the renal biopsy specimen showed normal glomeruli on light microscopy and immunofluorescence, but extensive fusion of the foot processes of the visceral epithelial cells on electron microscopy. The diagnosis of minimal change disease was established and the cause of ATN was attributed to probable ischemia due to reduced oncotic pressure secondary to hypoalbuminemia. Treatments with prednisone isolated or associated with cyclophosphamide were not effective. Remission of proteinuria occurred only after use of mycophenolate mofetil.

In other eight patients, the histopathological findings showed glomerulosclerosis and diffuse and intense chronic tubulointerstitial fibrosis as follows: one had advanced chronic nephropathy due to diabetes mellitus (death after two months due to pneumonia); one had chronic uncharacteristic glomerulonephritis (death due to uncharacteristic systemic vasculitis); one had multiple myeloma (dialysis was initiated); and four had advanced and unspecific chronic nephropathy, being referred to their original services. One patient with temporal arteritis, whose histopathological diagnosis could not be made because the biopsy did not get renal tissue, was also referred to his original service.

HISTOPATHOLOGICAL DIAGNOSIS IN PATIENTS WITH ASYMPTOMATIC HEMATURIA OR PROTEINURIA BY THE TIME OF BIOPSY

Table 4 shows the clinical data of 12 elderly patients who underwent biopsy because of the initial clinical finding of asymptomatic hematuria or proteinuria. The duration of their clinical history was 5.5 ± 4.4 months and initial serum creatinine and proteinuria were 2.27 ± 1.32 mg/dL and 1388.4 ± 989.8 g/24 h, respectively. Only two patients showed clinical improvement. The first was a woman with class IV lupus nephritis (WHO classification), treated with immunosuppressive drugs, who, after 10 years, had a serum creatinine of 0.9 mg/dL, and neither proteinuria nor hematuria. The other patient with clinical improvement had post-infectious glomerulonephritis, and, after 48 months, maintained microscopic hematuria, non-nephrotic proteinuria, and serum creatinine of 1.4 mg/dL.

Two patients were diagnosed with advanced diabetic nephropathy, and, after 12 months maintained a slow and progressive elevation of serum creatinine. Two other patients were diagnosed with focal segmental glomerulosclerosis, one of whom progressed slowly to stage 5 chronic kidney disease after 36 months, while the other was referred to his original service. Another patient was diagnosed with pauci-immune focal segmental glomerulonephritis and progressed to stage 5 chronic kidney disease after four years. Three other patients with stage 3 chronic kidney disease had unspecific chronic glomerulonephritis and progressed as follows: one patient had leprosy and died after two months due to sepsis due to cellulitis of the lower limbs; the other maintained proteinuria close to 2000 mg/24 hours and slow elevation in serum creatinine after four years; the third patient was referred to his original service. The biopsy of two other patients with stage 4 chronic kidney disease showed only unspecific diffuse chronic nephropathy.

HISTOPATHOLOGIcAL DIAGNOSES IN PATIENTS WITH NEPHRITIC SYNDROME OR SUSPICION OF RAPIDLY PROGRESSIVE GLOMERULONEPHRITIS BY THE TIME OF RENAL BIOPSY

Table 5 shows the clinical data of elderly patients undergoing biopsy clinically diagnosed as nephritic syndrome (four patients) or suspected of having rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis (one patient). Three patients were males and two females, and the duration of clinical history was 47.0 ± 54.1 days. Hypertension was observed in four of the five patients. On the occasion of biopsy, age was 69.8 ± 4.9 years, proteinuria was 2116.6 ± 1562.2 mg/24 h, serum creatinine was 4.04 ± 3.77 mg/dL, and serum albumin was 2.66 ± 0.66 g/dL.

The histopathological diagnosis of two patients was membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis, and both had negative serologies for hepatitis B and C viruses. In one of them, a reduction in proteinuria and serum creatinine was observed, but, after 24 months, creatinine persisted as 2.2 mg/dL and proteinuria as 560 mg/24 hours. The other patient maintained a slow elevation in serum creatinine (1.8 mg/dL) and persistent proteinuria (3914 mg/24) after six years. Another patient had post-infectious glomerulonephritis and maintained total remission with serum creatinine of 0.6 mg/dL after two years of follow-up. Another patient was diagnosed with Henoch-Schõnlein purpura, and already had glomerulosclerosis and advanced tubulointerstitial fibrosis, being referred for dialysis. The fifth patient had a clinical diagnosis of rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis, and, on the occasion of biopsy, serum creatinine was 10.3 mg/dL due to essential mixed cryoglobulinemia, but the biopsy did not reach the kidney. The patient was treated with prednisone and cyclophosphamide, and, after 11 months, creatinine level dropped to 2.2 mg/dL and proteinuria persisted as 690 mg/24 hours.

DISCUSSION

In the present study, the histopathological diagnoses were classified and analyzed based on the hypothesis of the clinical syndrome on the occasion of renal biopsy, because each clinical syndrome usually corresponds to specific diseases. The diagnostic hypotheses of those syndromes could include a component of advanced chronic kidney disease or could even not be confirmed. This explains why several hypotheses, mainly those of acute kidney failure (AKF), were not confirmed by biopsy, which identified advanced chronic kidney disease. However, in face of an undefined diagnosis and a possible component of AKI, which is, thus, reversible, or to perform a complete investigation of systemic diseases, biopsy was indicated.

The major indication of renal biopsy in the present sample was nephrotic syndrome (almost 50% of the patients). However, the frequency of biopsy indication varies in different services. Similarly to our results, in two other studies^7,8, nephrotic syndrome was also the major cause of renal biopsy (64% and 44%, respectively). Another study, however, classified the patients as elderly (66 to 79 years) or very elderly (> 80 years). In the first age range, the major indications for biopsy were AKF (41%) and nephrotic syndrome (33%), while, in the very elderly group, the frequencies of biopsy indications were 33% for nephrotic syndrome, 23% for AKF, and 20% for acute nephritic syndrome.⁹ Even in the very elderly, the indications for biopsy have also varied, because, as previously reported, the major indications for biopsy were AKF (46.4%), progressive chronic kidney disease (23.8%), nephrotic syndrome (13.2%), and association of AKF and nephrotic syndrome (9.4%).¹⁰

In the present study, considering the patients with nephrotic syndrome, renal biopsy most frequently established the diagnosis of membranous nephropathy (almost 50% of the patients), followed by amyloidosis and focal segmental glomerulosclerosis and other glomerulopathies. In another study with elderly patients and nephrotic syndrome, primary membranous nephropathy was also the most frequent finding (40.8% of the patients), followed by minimal change disease (25%) and others; however, no patient with secondary membranous nephropathy has been reported.¹¹ Other studies^7,12 have also reported primary membranous nephropathy as the most frequent cause of nephrotic syndrome in the elderly, with rates of 44.3% and 28%, respectively. However, other authors have reported that focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (22.2%) and minimal change disease (18.5%) were the most common, while membranous nephropathy corresponded to 14.8%.⁸ Changes in the frequencies of glomerulopathies can also occur as age increases, because an increase in the percentage of patients with minimal change disease has been described over the age of 80 years associated with a reduction in the percentage of patients with membranous nephropathy.⁹ However, that finding is not constant, because, in another study with patients over the age of 80 years, membranous nephropathy was the most frequent glomerulopathy, followed by amyloidosis (18%) and minimal change disease (16%).^{1 0} It is worth noting that, in this study sample, two out of the 17 patients with membranous nephropathy, two out of the five patients with amyloidosis, and one unspecific glomerulopathy were well characterized as secondary. The greater frequency of secondary glomerulopathies in the elderly population has long been known.^11,13

The diagnostic hypothesis of AKF was the second cause of biopsy indication in this study. As previously mentioned, it is worth noting the high rate of advanced chronic kidney disease as the final diagnosis in opposition to the initial hypothesis of acute disease. Such finding may be partially due to the presentation with severe functional deficiency and no sign of chronic disease, requiring the elimination of the AKI hypothesis. In this context there is also a role for the presence of diseases that rapidly generate renal fibrosis, such as cast nephropathy or crescentic glomerulonephritis,. However, even some patients with ATN have not improved, and advanced age and lower renal blood flow rates may have contributed to that, for instance.

The initial diagnosis of ATN and later association with minimal change disease is not uncommon among elderly patients. One study with very elderly patients has shown that of eight patients with minimal change disease, five had AKI associated¹⁰. Another study has reported that association in nine patients.¹⁴ The reasons for the high frequency in that population have not been discussed, but the greater susceptibility of the kidneys of elderly patients to that additional complication may exist.

Among patients undergoing biopsy because of asymptomatic hematuria or proteinuria, a great diversity of diagnosis was observed, and, again, it was found an elevated rate of stages 4 and 5 chronic kidney disease. In fact, several of those patients already had reduced levels of glomerular filtration rate, suggesting the presence of installed chronic kidney disease. In a previously published study, progressive chronic kidney injury in the elderly was the cause of biopsy in 23.8% of the patients^{1 0} and the diagnoses were also extremely varied. The knowledge about the distribution of kidney diseases manifesting only as asymptomatic hematuria or proteinuria is even lower because renal biopsy is less indicated in such situations, because of the supposition that the disease has a benign behavior and no defined treatment. In another study, the indication of biopsy due to isolated hematuria or proteinuria has occurred in only two patients, diagnosed as having membranous nephropathy and amyloidosis, respectively¹⁰. In an additional study, the authors emphasized that no patient with that clinical manifestation was included.⁸

Only five patients (7%) with nephritic syndrome or rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis were present in the present sample of renal biopsies in the elderly. That finding is worth noting because such clinical presentations are usually more common as an indication of biopsy in the elderly, with reported rates of 16%,⁸ when rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis is not included, and of 16% ⁹ and 14.6%, when that syndrome is included.⁷ In the very elderly patients, the incidence of those clinical presentations can increase to 26%.⁹ The five diagnoses of acute nephritic syndrome of the present sample do not allow comparisons. However, data from the literature have shown crescentic glomerulonephritis in 50% of patients with that clinical presentation, mainly with the pauci-immune pattern, in addition to a variable frequency of usual diagnoses, such as IgA nephropathy, type I membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis, and post-infectious glomerulonephritis.⁷'^9,10,13,15

This study did not aim at assessing the impact of the biopsy result on the subsequent medical management. However, the histopathological diagnosis was considered to contribute to a better therapeutic guidance and definition of prognosis. We agree with the current tendency identified in several publications^4,8-10,14 that renal biopsy can be indicated in nephropathies in the elderly as long as safety criteria are met.

CONCLUSIONS

In conclusion, the present study shows that nephrotic syndrome is the major indication of renal biopsy in the elderly in our country. In that population, membranous nephropathy is the main morphological diagnosis, followed by amyloidosis and focal segmental glomerulosclerosis. Among patients undergoing biopsy due to the diagnostic hypothesis of AKI, ATN was the main morphological diagnosis. Although that group is supposed to have AKI, a high rate of advanced chronic tubulointerstitial fibrosis was diagnosed, and there was no recovery of renal function in the follow-up of those patients. The diagnoses of patients undergoing biopsy due to asymptomatic hematuria or proteinuria varied, and the histological assessment also evidenced a high rate of associated diffuse chronic tubulointerstitial fibrosis.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

We thank CNPq for the Scientific Initiation grant provided to Claudine Maria Jorge de Oliveira, and the Productivity in Research grants provided to Roberto Silva Costa, Rosana Aparecida Spadoti Dantas, Eduardo Barbosa Coelho, and Márcio Dantas. We also thank the Fundação de Apoio ao Ensino, Pesquisa e Assistência of the HCFMRP-USP for financial support.

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Renal diseases in the elderly underwent to percutaneous biopsy of native kidneys

Claudine Maria Jorge de Oliveira^I; Roberto Silva Costa^II; Osvaldo Merege Vieira Neto^III; Rosana Aparecida Spadoti Dantas^IV; Miguel Moysés Neto^V; Elen Almeida Romão^VI; Gyl Eanes Barros-Silva^VII; Eduardo Barbosa Coelho^VIII; Márcio Dantas^VIII

Publication Dates

• Publication in this collection
  07 Jan 2011
• Date of issue
  Dec 2010

History

• Accepted
  07 Sept 2010
• Received
  12 Aug 2010