Comparison of cognitive function between patients on chronic hemodialysis who carry out assisted physical activity and inactive ones

Abstracts

A inatividade física é um dos determinantes de agravos clínicos e problemas psíquicos em pacientes renais. Em duas clínicas-satélite, foi oferecido um programa de atividade física (AF) para 86 pacientes em hemodiálise. Destes, 49 pacientes iniciaram AF de forma espontânea e 37 permaneceram inativos. Após 6 meses, foi aplicado um questionário de satisfação autorreferido e o teste Miniexame do Estado Mental Modificado (3MS) para avaliação de capacidade cognitiva. A cognição dos pacientes inativos foi comparada com a daqueles que participaram do programa de AF por, no mínimo, três meses. Os pacientes, independentemente da idade e do tempo de tratamento dialítico, apresentaram déficit cognitivo acima do esperado. No grupo geral, os pacientes ativos obtiveram melhor desempenho cognitivo em comparação aos inativos (p < 0,05). Quando separados por grupos etários, os pacientes ativos acima de 60 anos apresentaram melhores resultados do que os inativos (p < 0,05). Concluímos que pacientes com respostas cognitivas melhores são mais ativos fisicamente e/ou a atividade física contribui para a melhor capacidade cognitiva nesse grupo.

cognição; educação física e treinamento; insuficiência renal crônica; diálise renal

ORIGINAL ARTICLE

Centro Integrado de Nefrologia - CINE; Home Dialysis Center

Corresponding author

ABSTRACT

Physical inactivity is a determinant of clinical disorders and psychological problems in patients with chronic kidney disease patients. In two satellite clinics, a program of physical activity (PA) was offered to 86 patients undergoing hemodialysis. Of those, 49 patients entered the PA program spontaneously and 37 remained inactive. After six months, a satisfaction self-reported questionnaire and the Modified Mini-Mental State (3MS) Examination for assessment of cognitive function were applied. Cognition was compared between inactive patients and those participating in the PA program for at least three months. Regardless of age and duration of dialysis, patients showed a cognitive deficit greater than expected. In the general group, better cognitive function was observed in active patients as compared to the inactive ones (p < 0.05). When separated by age groups, active patients over the age of 60 years had better results than the inactive ones (p < 0.05). We concluded that patients with better cognitive responses are more physically active and/or physical activity contributes to better cognitive function.

Keywords: cognition, physical educational and training, chronic kidney failure, renal dialysis.

INTRODUCTION

Physical inactivity is one of the factors contributing to the increase in clinical disorders1 and psychological problems2 in patients witn chronic kidney disease. Aiming at raising the consciousness of patients about the importance of physical activity and its benefits, a joint work of psychologists and physical trainers was implemented at two satellite clinics, the CINE (Centro Integrado de Nefrologia) and the Home Dialysis Center, in the city of São Paulo, São Paulo state. A physical activity (PA) program with spontaneous patients' entry was elaborated for individuals undergoing hemodialysis (HD) treatment.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

The PA program consists of two weekly 20- to 30-minute sessions of combined strengthening and peripheral muscle resistance exercises and stretching, always preceding the HD sessions. The PA program aims at improving muscle strength and stretching to make patients' daily chores easier. The patients' entry into the PA program is spontaneous.

The PA program was offered to 86 patients who had been in a HD program for at least six months. Forty-nine patients entered the PA program, while 37 remained inactive. To be considered active, patients had to participate in the supervised PA program for at least three months with 100% attendance.

After six months, the modified mini-mental state (3MS)³ examination was applied aiming at assessing if physically active patients had enhanced cognitive function. The cognitive function of inactive individuals was compared with that of patients participating in the PA program for at least three months. The test was applied within the first hour of the HD session. The results of the cognitive function obtained (average, and below or above average) were compared between active and inactive patients in the general group (n = 86) and according to age bracket. To assess whether the benefit was greater in the elderly group, the patients were divided into groups according to their ages as follows: Group I, patients under the age of 35 years (n = 11); Group II, patients aged from 35 to 60 years (n = 47); and Group III, patients over the age of 60 years (n = 28). As there were two categorical variables (physical activity and result of the 3MS examination), the Chi-square test and the Fisher exact test were performed.

When comparing the score obtained in the 3MS examination (numerical data), inactive individuals scored lower than active individuals in the general group and in Group III. No difference was observed in the other groups. Mann-Whitney nonparametric test was used.

After the period of six months of the PA intervention, a self-reported questionnaire was applied to assess the patient's satisfaction with the program. It consisted of the following one open and six multiple-choice questions related to body pain, physical and psychic changes, and participation:

RESULTS

Gender distribution was similar in the three groups assessed (Tables 1 and 2).

A progressive deficiency in cognitive function related to age was observed (Table 3). When comparing cognitive function and physical activity as categorical variables, patients with average results or results above average showed a tendency towards being the most physically active. This suggests that the number of patients assessed should be increased (Table 4).

The patients' scores obtained in the general group (n = 86) and according to the age bracket were compared. A significant difference was observed in Group III. Physically active patients scored highest in 3MS. A score reduction was observed as age increased both in the active and inactive groups. However, the physically inactive group showed the greatest loss (80 ± 13; 75 ± 19; and 62 ± 15) (Table 5).

The physical activity practice in that population resulted in positive responses in the self-reported questionnaire. In the physically active group, 52% of the patients showed a reduction in pain complaints and 25% of them provided a positive response regarding an increase in one's perception of health, expressed as well-being and mood enhancement.

The results have been interpreted as satisfactory, and the PA program maintained and encouraged.

DISCUSSION

On average, the prevalence of cognitive deficit in the Brazilian population over the age of 60 years ranges from 5.9% to 29.7%.4,5 In a meta-analysis assessing 27 studies, Jorm et al6 have reported that the prevalence of dementia doubles every 5.1 years from the age of 60 years. In the sample studied, patients with chronic kidney disease undergoing a HD program showed, regardless of gender and duration of the dialysis treatment, a cognitive impairment above that expected for their respective age bracket (26%, 47%, and 71%). Such findings are corroborated by the study by Yaffe K et al7 demonstrating a reduction in the cognitive response of patients with chronic kidney disease in the pre-dialysis phase.

Cognition is an important factor for determining the therapeutic approach and for assessing adherence to treatment.

Recently, a study conducted by the Group of Cognitive Neurology and Behavior of the Neurology Clinic of the Hospital das Clinicas of the Medical School of the University of São Paulo has shown that more than half of the population has difficulty in understanding information about administration of medication, results of tests, and scheduling of medical visits. The study assessed 312 individuals, 32.4% of whom showed difficulty in understanding phrases and simple texts. Among the elderly, that rate reached 51.6%. Although the study focused on functional illiteracy, the cognitive impairment in the elderly population cannot be excluded as a limiting factor to adherence to treatment.⁸

Considering that 39% of the patients on a chronic HD program in Brazil⁹ are over the age of 60 years, and that in the sample studied 71% of the patients had cognitive impairment at that age, we believe that the multiprofessional team should be encouraged to adopt a simpler and more direct approach. In addition, instruction sessions should be provided to caregivers.

CONCLUSION

We concluded that patients with better cognitive responses are more physically active and/or that physical activity contributes to improve cognitive function.

REFERENCES

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• 6. Jorm AF, Korten AE, Henderson AS. The prevalence of dementia: A quantitative integration of the literature. Acta Psychiatr Scand 1987; 76:465-79.
• 7. Yaffe K, Ackerson L, Tamura MK et al. Chronic Kidney Disease and Cognitive Function in Older Adults: Findings from the Chronic Renal Insufficiency Cohort Cognitive Study. J Am Geriatric Soc [Epub] 2010; 58:338-45.
• 8. Carthery-Goulart MT, Anghinah R, Areza-Fegyveres R et al. Performance of a Brazilian population on the test of functional health literacy in adults. Rev Saúde Pública [Epub] 2009; 43:631-8.
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Comparison of cognitive function between patients on chronic hemodialysis who carry out assisted physical activity and inactive ones

Carmen Tzanno Branco Martins; Geison Stein Meirelles Ramos; Simone Adriana Guaraldo; Clarissa Baia Bargas Uezima; João Paulo Lian Branco Martins; Elzo Ribeiro Junior

Publication Dates

• Publication in this collection
  11 Apr 2011
• Date of issue
  Mar 2011

History

• Received
  27 Jan 2010
• Accepted
  28 Sept 2010