Acessibilidade / Reportar erro

Evolução em longo prazo após episódio de lesão renal aguda: revisão narrativa

Resumos

Esta revisão tem como objetivo focar o prognóstico em longo prazo de pacientes após episódio de lesão renal aguda (LRA). Pacientes sobreviventes à LRA apresentam maior mortalidade tardia quando comparados com aqueles internados sem LRA. Estudos recentes mostram mortalidade em logo prazo após LRA entre 15 e 74% e, de modo geral, são fatores que contribuem para essa mortalidade a idade avançada, a presença de comorbidades preexistentes e a recuperação incompleta da função renal. LRA também está associada com evolução para doença renal crônica, sendo a queda de função renal na alta hospitalar e número e intensidade dos episódios de LRA fatores associados com a evolução para DRC. A recuperação da função renal é definida pela maioria dos estudos como a não dependência de diálise e ocorre em 60 a 70% dos pacientes em até 90 dias. Futuros estudos são necessários para explorar o prognóstico tardio desses pacientes.

evolução clínica; evolução fatal; lesão renal aguda; mortalidade; recuperação de função fisiológica


This review will focus on long-term outcomes after acute kidney injury (AKI). Surviving AKI patients have a higher late mortality compared with those admitted without AKI. Recent studies have claimed that long-term mortality in patients after AKI varied from 15% to 74% and older age, presence of previous co-morbidities, and the incomplete recovery of renal function have been identified as risk factors for reduced survival. AKI is also associated with progression to chronic kidney (CKD) disease and the decline of renal function at hospital discharge and the number and severity of AKI episodes have been associated with progression to CKD. IN the most studies, recovery of renal function is defined as non-dependence on renal replacement therapy which is probably too simplistic and it is expected in 60-70% of survivors by 90 days. Further studies are needed to explore the long-term prognosis of AKI patients.

acute kidney injury; clinical evolution; fatal outcome; mortality; recovery of function


Introdução

Tradicionalmente, a maioria dos estudos sobre insuficiência renal aguda (IRA) grave em pacientes críticos enfoca os desfechos de curto prazo, muitas vezes avaliados no momento da alta hospitalar. O risco de mortalidade associada a IRA está diminuindo, mas ainda permanece em níveis inaceitavelmente elevados.1Susantitaphong P, Cruz DN, Cerda J, Abulfaraj M, Alqahtani F, Koulouridis I. et al.; Acute Kidney Injury Advisory Group of the American Society of Nephrology. World incidence of AKI: a meta-analysis. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2013;8:1482-93. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.2215/CJN.00710113
http://dx.doi.org/10.2215/CJN.00710113...
,2Uchino S, Kellum JA, Bellomo R, Doig GS, Morimatsu H, Morgera S, et al.; Beginning and Ending Supportive Therapy for the Kidney (BEST Kidney) Investigators. Acute renal failure in critically ill patients: a multinational, multicenter study. JAMA 2005;294:813-8. PMID: 16106006 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.294.7.813
http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.294.7.813...
Dessa forma, a IRA grave não deve mais ser vista simplesmente como um indicador da gravidade global da doença. O rim em falência pode apresentar efeitos independentes importantes sobre o desfecho que podem se estender para além da alta hospitalar.3Rewa O, Bagshaw SM. Acute kidney injury-epidemiology, outcomes and economics. Nat Rev Nephrol 2014;10:193-207. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrneph.2013.282
http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrneph.2013.28...
Portanto, a presente revisão tem como foco os desfechos de longo prazo da IRA em pacientes críticos, com ênfase na sobrevida e recuperação renal.

A fim de detectar publicações recentes (2000 até o presente) sobre desfechos de longo prazo pós-IRA, foi conduzida uma ampla pesquisa bibliográfica através do Pubmed e do MEDLINE. Os termos de pesquisa utilizados foram acute kidney injury, long-term, mortality, renal recovery e prognosis (insuficiência renal aguda, longo prazo, mortalidade, recuperação renal e prognóstico), isoladamente e em combinação. Todos os documentos identificados foram artigos completos redigidos em inglês. Procuramos outros trabalhos relevantes a partir das listas de referências dos artigos identificados.

Mortalidade de longo prazo

Vários estudos documentaram a sobrevida de longo prazo de indivíduos acometidos por IRA grave, mais especificamente em associação a internação em UTI. Muitos dos que relatam desfechos de longo prazo não permitem generalizações, pois apresentam vieses de seleção devidos à inclusão de pacientes de uma única instituição, de UTIs clínicas e cirúrgicas ou de pacientes não-críticos. Da mesma forma, muitos desses estudos tinham amostras reduzidas ou eram retrospectivos. Apenas um estudo apresentou uma revisão sistemática. Além disso, a evolução da IRA grave que de outra forma exigiria a introdução de TRS pode influenciar significativamente a decisão de retirada de suporte vital e afetar as reais estimativas de mortalidade.4Swartz R, Perry E, Daley J. The frequency of withdrawal from acute care is impacted by severe acute renal failure. J Palliat Med 2004;7:676-82. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/jpm.2004.7.676
http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/jpm.2004.7.676...

Esses fatores contribuem para as consideráveis diferenças observadas nas taxas de mortalidade a longo prazo relatadas nos estudos e, portanto, precisam ser considerados nas inferências feitas a respeito de sobrevida a longo prazo.

Quase trinta estudos relatam taxas de sobrevida pós-alta de 90 dias a dez anos, com mortalidade estimada entre 15% e 74%.5Bagshaw SM, Laupland KB, Doig CJ, Mortis G, Fick GH, Mucenski M, et al. Prognosis for long-term survival and renal recovery in critically ill patients with severe acute renal failure: a population-based study. Crit Care 2005;9:R700-9. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/cc3879
http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/cc3879...

Bagshaw SM, Mortis G, Doig CJ, Godinez-Luna T, Fick GH, Laupland KB. One-year mortality in critically ill patients by severity of kidney dysfunction: a population-based assessment. Am J Kidney Dis 2006;48:402-9. PMID: 16931213 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1053/j.ajkd.2006.06.002
http://dx.doi.org/10.1053/j.ajkd.2006.06...

Ahlström A, Tallgren M, Peltonen S, Räsänen P, Pettilä V. Survival and quality of life of patients requiring acute renal replacement therapy. Intensive Care Med 2005;31:1222-8. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00134-005-2681-6
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00134-005-268...

Korkeila M, Ruokonen E, Takala J. Costs of care, long-term prognosis and quality of life in patients requiring renal replacement therapy during intensive care. Intensive Care Med 2000;26:1824-31. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001340000726
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001340000726...

Van Berendoncks AM, Elseviers MM, Lins RL; SHARF Study Group. Outcome of acute kidney injury with different treatment options: long-term follow-up. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2010;5:1755-62. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.2215/CJN.00770110
http://dx.doi.org/10.2215/CJN.00770110...

10 Morgera S, Kraft AK, Siebert G, Luft FC, Neumayer HH. Long-term outcomes in acute renal failure patients treated with continuous renal replacement therapies. Am J Kidney Dis 2002;40:275-9. PMID: 12148099 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1053/ajkd.2002.34505
http://dx.doi.org/10.1053/ajkd.2002.3450...

11 Pereira MB, Zanetta DM, Abdulkader RC. The real importance of pre-existing comorbidities on long-term mortality after acute kidney injury. PLoS One 2012;7:e47746. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0047746
http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0...

12 Schiffl H. Renal recovery from acute tubular necrosis requiring renal replacement therapy: a prospective study in critically ill patients. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2006;21:1248-52. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ndt/gfk069
http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ndt/gfk069...

13 Loef BG, Epema AH, Smilde TD, Henning RH, Ebels T, Navis G, et al. Immediate postoperative renal function deterioration in cardiac surgical patients predicts in-hospital mortality and long-term survival. J Am Soc Nephrol 2005;16:195-200. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1681/ASN.2003100875
http://dx.doi.org/10.1681/ASN.2003100875...

14 Gallagher M, Cass A, Bellomo R, Finfer S, Gattas D, Lee J, et al.; POST-RENAL Study Investigators and the ANZICS Clinical Trials Group. Long-term survival and dialysis dependency following acute kidney injury in intensive care: extended follow-up of a randomized controlled trial. PLoS Med 2014;11:e1001601. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1001601
http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1...

15 Liaño F, Felipe C, Tenorio MT, Rivera M, Abraira V, Sáez-de-Urturi JM, et al. Long-term outcome of acute tubular necrosis: a contribution to its natural history. Kidney Int 2007;71:679-86. PMID: 17264879 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sj.ki.5002086
http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sj.ki.5002086...

16 Ponte B, Felipe C, Muriel A, Tenorio MT, Liaño F Long-term functional evolution after an acute kidney injury: a 10-year study. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2008;23:3859-66. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ndt/gfn398
http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ndt/gfn398...

17 Schiffl H, Fischer R. Five-year outcomes of severe acute kidney injury requiring renal replacement therapy. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2008;23:2235-41. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ndt/gfn182
http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ndt/gfn182...

18 Macedo E, Zanetta DM, Abdulkader RC. Long-term follow-up of patients after acute kidney injury: patterns of renal functional recovery. PLoS One 2012;7:e36388. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0036388
http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0...

19 Wu VC, Huang TM, Lai CF, Shiao CC, Lin YF, Chu TS, et al. Acute-on-chronic kidney injury at hospital discharge is associated with long-term dialysis and mortality. Kidney Int 2011;80:1222-30. PMID: 21832983 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ki.2011.259
http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ki.2011.259...

20 Lafrance JP, Miller DR. Acute kidney injury associates with increased long-term mortality. J Am Soc Nephrol 2010;21:345-52. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1681/ASN.2009060636
http://dx.doi.org/10.1681/ASN.2009060636...

21 Triverio PA, Martin PY, Romand J, Pugin J, Perneger T, Saudan P. Long-term prognosis after acute kidney injury requiring renal replacement therapy. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2009;24:2186-9. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ndt/gfp072
http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ndt/gfp072...

22 Liu KD. Acute kidney injury: is acute kidney injury a risk factor for long-term mortality? Nat Rev Nephrol 2010;6:389-91.

23 Goldberg A, Kogan E, Hammerman H, Markiewicz W, Aronson D. The impact of transient and persistent acute kidney injury on long-term outcomes after acute myocardial infarction. Kidney Int 2009;76:900-6. PMID: 19657321 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ki.2009.295
http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ki.2009.295...

24 Hsu CY, Chertow GM, McCulloch CE, Fan D, Ordoñez JD, Go AS Nonrecovery of kidney function and death after acute on chronic renal failure. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2009;4:891-8. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.2215/CJN.05571008
http://dx.doi.org/10.2215/CJN.05571008...

25 Tsagalis G, Akrivos T, Alevizaki M, Manios E, Theodorakis M, Laggouranis A, et al. Long-term prognosis of acute kidney injury after first acute stroke. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2009;4:616-22. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.2215/CJN.04110808
http://dx.doi.org/10.2215/CJN.04110808...

26 Van Berendoncks AM, Elseviers MM, Lins RL; SHARF Study Group. Outcome of acute kidney injury with different treatment options: long-term follow-up. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2010;5:1755-62. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.2215/CJN.00770110
http://dx.doi.org/10.2215/CJN.00770110...

27 Brito GA, Balbi AL, Abrão JM, Ponce D. Long-term outcome of patients followed by nephrologists after an acute tubular necrosis episode. Int J Nephrol 2012;2012:361528. PMID: 23227335 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/361528
http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/361528...

28 Gammelager H, Christiansen CF, Johansen MB, Tønnesen E, Jespersen B, Sørensen HT. Five-year risk of end-stage renal disease among intensive care patients surviving dialysis-requiring acute kidney injury: a nationwide cohort study. Crit Care 2013;17(4):R145. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/cc12824
http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/cc12824...

29 Stevens PE, Tamimi NA, Al-Hasani MK, Mikhail AI, Kearney E, Lapworth R, et al. Non-specialist management of acute renal failure. QJM 2001;94:533-40. PMID: 11588212 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/qjmed/94.10.533
http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/qjmed/94.10.53...

30 Hoste EA, De Corte W. AKI patients have worse long-term outcomes, especially in the immediate post-ICU period. Crit Care 2012;16:148. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/cc11470
http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/cc11470...

31 Lopez-Delgado JC, Esteve F, Torrado H, Rodríguez-Castro D, Carrio ML, Farrero E, et al. Influence of acute kidney injury on short- and long-term outcomes in patients undergoing cardiac surgery: risk factors and prognostic value of a modified RIFLE classification. Crit Care 2013;17:R293. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/cc13159
http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/cc13159...

32 Nisula S, Vaara ST, Kaukonen KM, Reinikainen M, Koivisto SP, Inkinen O, et al.; FINNAKI-QOL Study Group. Six-month survival and quality of life of intensive care patients with acute kidney injury. Crit Care 2013;17:R250. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/cc13076
http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/cc13076...
-3333 Ng KP, Chanouzas D, Fallouh B, Baharani J. Short and long-term outcome of patients with severe acute kidney injury requiring renal replacement therapy. QJM 2012;105:33-9. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/qjmed/hcr133
http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/qjmed/hcr133...
Aos 90 dias, a mortalidade estimada ficou entre 45% e 74%,5Bagshaw SM, Laupland KB, Doig CJ, Mortis G, Fick GH, Mucenski M, et al. Prognosis for long-term survival and renal recovery in critically ill patients with severe acute renal failure: a population-based study. Crit Care 2005;9:R700-9. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/cc3879
http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/cc3879...

Bagshaw SM, Mortis G, Doig CJ, Godinez-Luna T, Fick GH, Laupland KB. One-year mortality in critically ill patients by severity of kidney dysfunction: a population-based assessment. Am J Kidney Dis 2006;48:402-9. PMID: 16931213 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1053/j.ajkd.2006.06.002
http://dx.doi.org/10.1053/j.ajkd.2006.06...

Ahlström A, Tallgren M, Peltonen S, Räsänen P, Pettilä V. Survival and quality of life of patients requiring acute renal replacement therapy. Intensive Care Med 2005;31:1222-8. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00134-005-2681-6
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00134-005-268...

Korkeila M, Ruokonen E, Takala J. Costs of care, long-term prognosis and quality of life in patients requiring renal replacement therapy during intensive care. Intensive Care Med 2000;26:1824-31. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001340000726
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001340000726...

Van Berendoncks AM, Elseviers MM, Lins RL; SHARF Study Group. Outcome of acute kidney injury with different treatment options: long-term follow-up. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2010;5:1755-62. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.2215/CJN.00770110
http://dx.doi.org/10.2215/CJN.00770110...
-1010 Morgera S, Kraft AK, Siebert G, Luft FC, Neumayer HH. Long-term outcomes in acute renal failure patients treated with continuous renal replacement therapies. Am J Kidney Dis 2002;40:275-9. PMID: 12148099 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1053/ajkd.2002.34505
http://dx.doi.org/10.1053/ajkd.2002.3450...
,1616 Ponte B, Felipe C, Muriel A, Tenorio MT, Liaño F Long-term functional evolution after an acute kidney injury: a 10-year study. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2008;23:3859-66. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ndt/gfn398
http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ndt/gfn398...

17 Schiffl H, Fischer R. Five-year outcomes of severe acute kidney injury requiring renal replacement therapy. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2008;23:2235-41. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ndt/gfn182
http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ndt/gfn182...

18 Macedo E, Zanetta DM, Abdulkader RC. Long-term follow-up of patients after acute kidney injury: patterns of renal functional recovery. PLoS One 2012;7:e36388. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0036388
http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0...

19 Wu VC, Huang TM, Lai CF, Shiao CC, Lin YF, Chu TS, et al. Acute-on-chronic kidney injury at hospital discharge is associated with long-term dialysis and mortality. Kidney Int 2011;80:1222-30. PMID: 21832983 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ki.2011.259
http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ki.2011.259...
-2020 Lafrance JP, Miller DR. Acute kidney injury associates with increased long-term mortality. J Am Soc Nephrol 2010;21:345-52. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1681/ASN.2009060636
http://dx.doi.org/10.1681/ASN.2009060636...
mas quando restrita a pacientes críticos a taxa foi de aproximadamente 60%.5Bagshaw SM, Laupland KB, Doig CJ, Mortis G, Fick GH, Mucenski M, et al. Prognosis for long-term survival and renal recovery in critically ill patients with severe acute renal failure: a population-based study. Crit Care 2005;9:R700-9. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/cc3879
http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/cc3879...

Bagshaw SM, Mortis G, Doig CJ, Godinez-Luna T, Fick GH, Laupland KB. One-year mortality in critically ill patients by severity of kidney dysfunction: a population-based assessment. Am J Kidney Dis 2006;48:402-9. PMID: 16931213 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1053/j.ajkd.2006.06.002
http://dx.doi.org/10.1053/j.ajkd.2006.06...

Ahlström A, Tallgren M, Peltonen S, Räsänen P, Pettilä V. Survival and quality of life of patients requiring acute renal replacement therapy. Intensive Care Med 2005;31:1222-8. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00134-005-2681-6
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00134-005-268...
-8Korkeila M, Ruokonen E, Takala J. Costs of care, long-term prognosis and quality of life in patients requiring renal replacement therapy during intensive care. Intensive Care Med 2000;26:1824-31. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001340000726
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001340000726...
,1616 Ponte B, Felipe C, Muriel A, Tenorio MT, Liaño F Long-term functional evolution after an acute kidney injury: a 10-year study. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2008;23:3859-66. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ndt/gfn398
http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ndt/gfn398...

17 Schiffl H, Fischer R. Five-year outcomes of severe acute kidney injury requiring renal replacement therapy. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2008;23:2235-41. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ndt/gfn182
http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ndt/gfn182...

18 Macedo E, Zanetta DM, Abdulkader RC. Long-term follow-up of patients after acute kidney injury: patterns of renal functional recovery. PLoS One 2012;7:e36388. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0036388
http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0...

19 Wu VC, Huang TM, Lai CF, Shiao CC, Lin YF, Chu TS, et al. Acute-on-chronic kidney injury at hospital discharge is associated with long-term dialysis and mortality. Kidney Int 2011;80:1222-30. PMID: 21832983 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ki.2011.259
http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ki.2011.259...
-2020 Lafrance JP, Miller DR. Acute kidney injury associates with increased long-term mortality. J Am Soc Nephrol 2010;21:345-52. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1681/ASN.2009060636
http://dx.doi.org/10.1681/ASN.2009060636...
Em um estudo de base populacional que incluiu todos os casos de IRA grave que necessitaram de TRS atendidos em todas as UTIs de uma regional de saúde, Bagshaw et al.5Bagshaw SM, Laupland KB, Doig CJ, Mortis G, Fick GH, Mucenski M, et al. Prognosis for long-term survival and renal recovery in critically ill patients with severe acute renal failure: a population-based study. Crit Care 2005;9:R700-9. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/cc3879
http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/cc3879...
estimaram a mortalidade de 90 dias em 60%. Aos seis meses, foi relatada mortalidade acumulada entre 55% e 73%.7Ahlström A, Tallgren M, Peltonen S, Räsänen P, Pettilä V. Survival and quality of life of patients requiring acute renal replacement therapy. Intensive Care Med 2005;31:1222-8. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00134-005-2681-6
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00134-005-268...

Korkeila M, Ruokonen E, Takala J. Costs of care, long-term prognosis and quality of life in patients requiring renal replacement therapy during intensive care. Intensive Care Med 2000;26:1824-31. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001340000726
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001340000726...
-9Van Berendoncks AM, Elseviers MM, Lins RL; SHARF Study Group. Outcome of acute kidney injury with different treatment options: long-term follow-up. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2010;5:1755-62. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.2215/CJN.00770110
http://dx.doi.org/10.2215/CJN.00770110...
Em um grande estudo retrospectivo, Morgera et al.1010 Morgera S, Kraft AK, Siebert G, Luft FC, Neumayer HH. Long-term outcomes in acute renal failure patients treated with continuous renal replacement therapies. Am J Kidney Dis 2002;40:275-9. PMID: 12148099 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1053/ajkd.2002.34505
http://dx.doi.org/10.1053/ajkd.2002.3450...
relataram os desfechos de longo prazo de uma coorte de pacientes críticos com IRA grave em TRS. A mortalidade hospitalar foi de 69% e a probabilidade de sobrevida nos primeiros seis meses após a alta foi de 77%. As estimativas de mortalidade em um ano variaram entre 15% e 65%.5Bagshaw SM, Laupland KB, Doig CJ, Mortis G, Fick GH, Mucenski M, et al. Prognosis for long-term survival and renal recovery in critically ill patients with severe acute renal failure: a population-based study. Crit Care 2005;9:R700-9. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/cc3879
http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/cc3879...

Bagshaw SM, Mortis G, Doig CJ, Godinez-Luna T, Fick GH, Laupland KB. One-year mortality in critically ill patients by severity of kidney dysfunction: a population-based assessment. Am J Kidney Dis 2006;48:402-9. PMID: 16931213 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1053/j.ajkd.2006.06.002
http://dx.doi.org/10.1053/j.ajkd.2006.06...

Ahlström A, Tallgren M, Peltonen S, Räsänen P, Pettilä V. Survival and quality of life of patients requiring acute renal replacement therapy. Intensive Care Med 2005;31:1222-8. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00134-005-2681-6
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00134-005-268...

Korkeila M, Ruokonen E, Takala J. Costs of care, long-term prognosis and quality of life in patients requiring renal replacement therapy during intensive care. Intensive Care Med 2000;26:1824-31. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001340000726
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001340000726...

Van Berendoncks AM, Elseviers MM, Lins RL; SHARF Study Group. Outcome of acute kidney injury with different treatment options: long-term follow-up. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2010;5:1755-62. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.2215/CJN.00770110
http://dx.doi.org/10.2215/CJN.00770110...

10 Morgera S, Kraft AK, Siebert G, Luft FC, Neumayer HH. Long-term outcomes in acute renal failure patients treated with continuous renal replacement therapies. Am J Kidney Dis 2002;40:275-9. PMID: 12148099 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1053/ajkd.2002.34505
http://dx.doi.org/10.1053/ajkd.2002.3450...

11 Pereira MB, Zanetta DM, Abdulkader RC. The real importance of pre-existing comorbidities on long-term mortality after acute kidney injury. PLoS One 2012;7:e47746. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0047746
http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0...
-1212 Schiffl H. Renal recovery from acute tubular necrosis requiring renal replacement therapy: a prospective study in critically ill patients. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2006;21:1248-52. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ndt/gfk069
http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ndt/gfk069...
Stevens et al.2929 Stevens PE, Tamimi NA, Al-Hasani MK, Mikhail AI, Kearney E, Lapworth R, et al. Non-specialist management of acute renal failure. QJM 2001;94:533-40. PMID: 11588212 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/qjmed/94.10.533
http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/qjmed/94.10.53...
descreveram taxas de mortalidade em dois e três anos de 69% e 72%, respectivamente. Recentemente, Gallagher et al.1414 Gallagher M, Cass A, Bellomo R, Finfer S, Gattas D, Lee J, et al.; POST-RENAL Study Investigators and the ANZICS Clinical Trials Group. Long-term survival and dialysis dependency following acute kidney injury in intensive care: extended follow-up of a randomized controlled trial. PLoS Med 2014;11:e1001601. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1001601
http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1...
identificaram que diferentes modalidades de TRS não afetaram o desfecho de longo prazo de pacientes com IRA. Após dois e três anos, 62% e 63% dos pacientes haviam ido a óbito nos grupos de diálise de baixa e alta intensidade, respectivamente (RR 1,04; CI 95% 0,96-1,12; p = 0,49). No seguimento de cinco anos após internação em UTI, entre 55% e 70% dos indivíduos diagnosticados com IRA grave haviam ido a óbito.8Korkeila M, Ruokonen E, Takala J. Costs of care, long-term prognosis and quality of life in patients requiring renal replacement therapy during intensive care. Intensive Care Med 2000;26:1824-31. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001340000726
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001340000726...
,1717 Schiffl H, Fischer R. Five-year outcomes of severe acute kidney injury requiring renal replacement therapy. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2008;23:2235-41. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ndt/gfn182
http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ndt/gfn182...
,2020 Lafrance JP, Miller DR. Acute kidney injury associates with increased long-term mortality. J Am Soc Nephrol 2010;21:345-52. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1681/ASN.2009060636
http://dx.doi.org/10.1681/ASN.2009060636...
,2525 Tsagalis G, Akrivos T, Alevizaki M, Manios E, Theodorakis M, Laggouranis A, et al. Long-term prognosis of acute kidney injury after first acute stroke. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2009;4:616-22. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.2215/CJN.04110808
http://dx.doi.org/10.2215/CJN.04110808...
Schiffl et al.1717 Schiffl H, Fischer R. Five-year outcomes of severe acute kidney injury requiring renal replacement therapy. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2008;23:2235-41. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ndt/gfn182
http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ndt/gfn182...
acompanharam 226 pacientes com IRA grave (definida como necessidade de diálise) e ausência de DRC anterior e relataram uma taxa de mortalidade de 75% após cinco anos. Por sua vez, Liano et al.1515 Liaño F, Felipe C, Tenorio MT, Rivera M, Abraira V, Sáez-de-Urturi JM, et al. Long-term outcome of acute tubular necrosis: a contribution to its natural history. Kidney Int 2007;71:679-86. PMID: 17264879 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sj.ki.5002086
http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sj.ki.5002086...
avaliaram 177 pacientes que sobreviveram a episódios de necrose tubular aguda (NTA) de moderada a grave e relataram que 50% estavam vivos após dez anos. A diferença na mortalidade depende do ambiente, do período temporal e da gravidade da IRA.

Poucos estudos avaliaram especificamente os fatores preditivos para sobrevida de longo prazo.5Bagshaw SM, Laupland KB, Doig CJ, Mortis G, Fick GH, Mucenski M, et al. Prognosis for long-term survival and renal recovery in critically ill patients with severe acute renal failure: a population-based study. Crit Care 2005;9:R700-9. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/cc3879
http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/cc3879...

Bagshaw SM, Mortis G, Doig CJ, Godinez-Luna T, Fick GH, Laupland KB. One-year mortality in critically ill patients by severity of kidney dysfunction: a population-based assessment. Am J Kidney Dis 2006;48:402-9. PMID: 16931213 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1053/j.ajkd.2006.06.002
http://dx.doi.org/10.1053/j.ajkd.2006.06...
-7Ahlström A, Tallgren M, Peltonen S, Räsänen P, Pettilä V. Survival and quality of life of patients requiring acute renal replacement therapy. Intensive Care Med 2005;31:1222-8. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00134-005-2681-6
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00134-005-268...
,1010 Morgera S, Kraft AK, Siebert G, Luft FC, Neumayer HH. Long-term outcomes in acute renal failure patients treated with continuous renal replacement therapies. Am J Kidney Dis 2002;40:275-9. PMID: 12148099 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1053/ajkd.2002.34505
http://dx.doi.org/10.1053/ajkd.2002.3450...
,1111 Pereira MB, Zanetta DM, Abdulkader RC. The real importance of pre-existing comorbidities on long-term mortality after acute kidney injury. PLoS One 2012;7:e47746. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0047746
http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0...
,1515 Liaño F, Felipe C, Tenorio MT, Rivera M, Abraira V, Sáez-de-Urturi JM, et al. Long-term outcome of acute tubular necrosis: a contribution to its natural history. Kidney Int 2007;71:679-86. PMID: 17264879 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sj.ki.5002086
http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sj.ki.5002086...
,1717 Schiffl H, Fischer R. Five-year outcomes of severe acute kidney injury requiring renal replacement therapy. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2008;23:2235-41. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ndt/gfn182
http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ndt/gfn182...
,2727 Brito GA, Balbi AL, Abrão JM, Ponce D. Long-term outcome of patients followed by nephrologists after an acute tubular necrosis episode. Int J Nephrol 2012;2012:361528. PMID: 23227335 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/361528
http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/361528...
,2828 Gammelager H, Christiansen CF, Johansen MB, Tønnesen E, Jespersen B, Sørensen HT. Five-year risk of end-stage renal disease among intensive care patients surviving dialysis-requiring acute kidney injury: a nationwide cohort study. Crit Care 2013;17(4):R145. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/cc12824
http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/cc12824...
Fatores não modificáveis à internação em UTI, tais como idade avançada e comorbidades, especificamente cirrose avançada, foram associados a risco aumentado de óbito após episódio de IRA.5Bagshaw SM, Laupland KB, Doig CJ, Mortis G, Fick GH, Mucenski M, et al. Prognosis for long-term survival and renal recovery in critically ill patients with severe acute renal failure: a population-based study. Crit Care 2005;9:R700-9. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/cc3879
http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/cc3879...

Bagshaw SM, Mortis G, Doig CJ, Godinez-Luna T, Fick GH, Laupland KB. One-year mortality in critically ill patients by severity of kidney dysfunction: a population-based assessment. Am J Kidney Dis 2006;48:402-9. PMID: 16931213 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1053/j.ajkd.2006.06.002
http://dx.doi.org/10.1053/j.ajkd.2006.06...
-7Ahlström A, Tallgren M, Peltonen S, Räsänen P, Pettilä V. Survival and quality of life of patients requiring acute renal replacement therapy. Intensive Care Med 2005;31:1222-8. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00134-005-2681-6
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00134-005-268...
,1010 Morgera S, Kraft AK, Siebert G, Luft FC, Neumayer HH. Long-term outcomes in acute renal failure patients treated with continuous renal replacement therapies. Am J Kidney Dis 2002;40:275-9. PMID: 12148099 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1053/ajkd.2002.34505
http://dx.doi.org/10.1053/ajkd.2002.3450...
,1111 Pereira MB, Zanetta DM, Abdulkader RC. The real importance of pre-existing comorbidities on long-term mortality after acute kidney injury. PLoS One 2012;7:e47746. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0047746
http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0...
,1515 Liaño F, Felipe C, Tenorio MT, Rivera M, Abraira V, Sáez-de-Urturi JM, et al. Long-term outcome of acute tubular necrosis: a contribution to its natural history. Kidney Int 2007;71:679-86. PMID: 17264879 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sj.ki.5002086
http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sj.ki.5002086...
,2828 Gammelager H, Christiansen CF, Johansen MB, Tønnesen E, Jespersen B, Sørensen HT. Five-year risk of end-stage renal disease among intensive care patients surviving dialysis-requiring acute kidney injury: a nationwide cohort study. Crit Care 2013;17(4):R145. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/cc12824
http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/cc12824...
Da mesma forma, doença de maior gravidade avaliada pelas escalas APACHEII ou SOFA e choque séptico concomitante foram óbito.5Bagshaw SM, Laupland KB, Doig CJ, Mortis G, Fick GH, Mucenski M, et al. Prognosis for long-term survival and renal recovery in critically ill patients with severe acute renal failure: a population-based study. Crit Care 2005;9:R700-9. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/cc3879
http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/cc3879...

Bagshaw SM, Mortis G, Doig CJ, Godinez-Luna T, Fick GH, Laupland KB. One-year mortality in critically ill patients by severity of kidney dysfunction: a population-based assessment. Am J Kidney Dis 2006;48:402-9. PMID: 16931213 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1053/j.ajkd.2006.06.002
http://dx.doi.org/10.1053/j.ajkd.2006.06...
-7Ahlström A, Tallgren M, Peltonen S, Räsänen P, Pettilä V. Survival and quality of life of patients requiring acute renal replacement therapy. Intensive Care Med 2005;31:1222-8. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00134-005-2681-6
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00134-005-268...
,1010 Morgera S, Kraft AK, Siebert G, Luft FC, Neumayer HH. Long-term outcomes in acute renal failure patients treated with continuous renal replacement therapies. Am J Kidney Dis 2002;40:275-9. PMID: 12148099 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1053/ajkd.2002.34505
http://dx.doi.org/10.1053/ajkd.2002.3450...
,1515 Liaño F, Felipe C, Tenorio MT, Rivera M, Abraira V, Sáez-de-Urturi JM, et al. Long-term outcome of acute tubular necrosis: a contribution to its natural history. Kidney Int 2007;71:679-86. PMID: 17264879 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sj.ki.5002086
http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sj.ki.5002086...
,1717 Schiffl H, Fischer R. Five-year outcomes of severe acute kidney injury requiring renal replacement therapy. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2008;23:2235-41. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ndt/gfn182
http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ndt/gfn182...
independentemente associados a Estudos recentes sugeriram que a sobrevida a longo prazo está associada a patologias crônicas préexistentes e não à gravidade do episódio de IRA.1111 Pereira MB, Zanetta DM, Abdulkader RC. The real importance of pre-existing comorbidities on long-term mortality after acute kidney injury. PLoS One 2012;7:e47746. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0047746
http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0...
,2727 Brito GA, Balbi AL, Abrão JM, Ponce D. Long-term outcome of patients followed by nephrologists after an acute tubular necrosis episode. Int J Nephrol 2012;2012:361528. PMID: 23227335 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/361528
http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/361528...
Em alguns estudos, a incapacidade de recuperar a função renal inicial e a progressão para doença renal crônica foram associadas a sobrevida reduzida.1818 Macedo E, Zanetta DM, Abdulkader RC. Long-term follow-up of patients after acute kidney injury: patterns of renal functional recovery. PLoS One 2012;7:e36388. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0036388
http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0...
,2727 Brito GA, Balbi AL, Abrão JM, Ponce D. Long-term outcome of patients followed by nephrologists after an acute tubular necrosis episode. Int J Nephrol 2012;2012:361528. PMID: 23227335 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/361528
http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/361528...
,3434 Swartz RD, Bustami RT, Daley JM, Gillespie BW, Port FK. Estimating the impact of renal replacement therapy choice on outcome in severe acute renal failure. Clin Nephrol 2005;63:335-45. PMID: 15909592 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5414/CNP63335
http://dx.doi.org/10.5414/CNP63335...

35 Wehbe E, Duncan AE, Dar G, Budev M, Stephany B. Recovery from AKI and short- and long-term outcomes after lung transplantation. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2013;8:19-25. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.2215/CJN.04800512
http://dx.doi.org/10.2215/CJN.04800512...
-3636 Coca SG, Singanamala S, Parikh CR. Chronic kidney disease after acute kidney injury: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Kidney Int 2012;81:442-8. PMID: 22113526 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ki.2011.379
http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ki.2011.379...
Apesar de alguns estudos5Bagshaw SM, Laupland KB, Doig CJ, Mortis G, Fick GH, Mucenski M, et al. Prognosis for long-term survival and renal recovery in critically ill patients with severe acute renal failure: a population-based study. Crit Care 2005;9:R700-9. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/cc3879
http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/cc3879...
,7Ahlström A, Tallgren M, Peltonen S, Räsänen P, Pettilä V. Survival and quality of life of patients requiring acute renal replacement therapy. Intensive Care Med 2005;31:1222-8. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00134-005-2681-6
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00134-005-268...
sugerirem que o uso contínuo de terapia renal substitutiva fosse um preditor independente de óbito, este achado não foi universalmente relatado.8Korkeila M, Ruokonen E, Takala J. Costs of care, long-term prognosis and quality of life in patients requiring renal replacement therapy during intensive care. Intensive Care Med 2000;26:1824-31. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001340000726
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001340000726...
,2020 Lafrance JP, Miller DR. Acute kidney injury associates with increased long-term mortality. J Am Soc Nephrol 2010;21:345-52. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1681/ASN.2009060636
http://dx.doi.org/10.1681/ASN.2009060636...
,3434 Swartz RD, Bustami RT, Daley JM, Gillespie BW, Port FK. Estimating the impact of renal replacement therapy choice on outcome in severe acute renal failure. Clin Nephrol 2005;63:335-45. PMID: 15909592 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5414/CNP63335
http://dx.doi.org/10.5414/CNP63335...
,3636 Coca SG, Singanamala S, Parikh CR. Chronic kidney disease after acute kidney injury: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Kidney Int 2012;81:442-8. PMID: 22113526 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ki.2011.379
http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ki.2011.379...
Não foi descrita associação entre prescrição de TRS de maior intensidade e melhora do desfecho de longo prazo.1414 Gallagher M, Cass A, Bellomo R, Finfer S, Gattas D, Lee J, et al.; POST-RENAL Study Investigators and the ANZICS Clinical Trials Group. Long-term survival and dialysis dependency following acute kidney injury in intensive care: extended follow-up of a randomized controlled trial. PLoS Med 2014;11:e1001601. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1001601
http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1...

Em resumo, os fatores que contribuem para a mortalidade associada a IRA variam com o tempo e diferem no curto e longo prazo. Fatores que modificam o risco de mortalidade precoce ocorrendo em menos de 90 dias após o episódio de IRA incluem diagnóstico primário (ex.: sepse), gravidade da doença aguda e gravidade dos distúrbios não-renais agudos de órgãos. Entre os sobreviventes precoces, os fatores que contribuem para a mortalidade em médio e longo prazo incluem idade avançada, comorbidades pré-existentes (DRC, doença cardiovascular ou malignidade) e recuperação incompleta do órgão com doença residual em curso (Tabela 1).

Tabela 1
Fatores independentemente associados a mortalidade precoce (< 90 dias) e a longo pra zo (> 90 dias) após episódio de insuficiência renal aguda

Recuperação da função renal

A não recuperação da função renal após um episódio de IRA é um evento significativo em termos de morbidade e traz implicações de longo prazo para pacientes e recursos do sistema de saúde. As taxas de longo prazo de recuperação completa ou parcial da função renal não foram detalhadamente descritas e os dados relacionados à progressão da doença renal crônica (DRC) são contraditórios. Os dados dos estudos em que foram incluídas todas as etiologias da IRA são difíceis de interpretar, já que o prognóstico funcional é sabidamente pior em alguns tipos de glomerulonefrite e vasculite.

Não há consenso sobre a definição de recuperação renal após IRA. As definições mais frequentes são desmame da diálise, normalização da creatinina sérica (sCr) ou retorno ao valor basal de sCr. Estes critérios estão associados a diferentes taxas de recuperação renal e dependem do grupo que está sendo avaliado. Estudos que incluíram apenas pacientes dialisados e que definiram recuperação como desmame da diálise podem exibir taxas mais elevadas de recuperação do que os que avaliaram pacientes com IRA baseados na sCr basal. Além disso, a maioria dos estudos deixou a decisão final de interromper a diálise a cargo do médico assistente, gerando um desfecho fortemente influenciado pelas práticas pessoais do médico ou do centro de atendimento. Estas disparidades na definição de recuperação renal são refletidas nas diferentes taxas de recuperação renal descritas.

Grandes estudos observacionais de pacientes críticos com NTA grave em TRS relataram taxas de dependência de diálise no momento da alta hospitalar entre 13% e 29%.2Uchino S, Kellum JA, Bellomo R, Doig GS, Morimatsu H, Morgera S, et al.; Beginning and Ending Supportive Therapy for the Kidney (BEST Kidney) Investigators. Acute renal failure in critically ill patients: a multinational, multicenter study. JAMA 2005;294:813-8. PMID: 16106006 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.294.7.813
http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.294.7.813...
,5Bagshaw SM, Laupland KB, Doig CJ, Mortis G, Fick GH, Mucenski M, et al. Prognosis for long-term survival and renal recovery in critically ill patients with severe acute renal failure: a population-based study. Crit Care 2005;9:R700-9. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/cc3879
http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/cc3879...
,3737 Bell M, SWING, Granath F, Schön S, Ekbom A, Martling CR. Continuous renal replacement therapy is associated with less chronic renal failure than intermittent haemodialysis after acute renal failure. Intensive Care Med 2007;33:773-80. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00134-007-0590-6
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00134-007-059...
,3838 Silvester W, Bellomo R, Cole L. Epidemiology, management, and outcome of severe acute renal failure of critical illness in Australia. Crit Care Med 2001;29:1910-5. PMID: 11588450 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00003246-200110000-00010
http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00003246-20011...

Entre os sobreviventes da IRA, a taxa de dependência de diálise parece diminuir de seis a doze meses após o início da IRA. Contudo, este resultado é muitas vezes confundido pelos óbitos que ocorrem predominantemente entre os pacientes que permanecem em diálise.5Bagshaw SM, Laupland KB, Doig CJ, Mortis G, Fick GH, Mucenski M, et al. Prognosis for long-term survival and renal recovery in critically ill patients with severe acute renal failure: a population-based study. Crit Care 2005;9:R700-9. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/cc3879
http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/cc3879...
,2020 Lafrance JP, Miller DR. Acute kidney injury associates with increased long-term mortality. J Am Soc Nephrol 2010;21:345-52. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1681/ASN.2009060636
http://dx.doi.org/10.1681/ASN.2009060636...

Várias suscetibilidades relacionadas aos pacientes modificam a probabilidade de não recuperação da IRA e rápida progressão para doença renal terminal (DRT), particularmente idade avançada,3636 Coca SG, Singanamala S, Parikh CR. Chronic kidney disease after acute kidney injury: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Kidney Int 2012;81:442-8. PMID: 22113526 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ki.2011.379
http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ki.2011.379...

37 Bell M, SWING, Granath F, Schön S, Ekbom A, Martling CR. Continuous renal replacement therapy is associated with less chronic renal failure than intermittent haemodialysis after acute renal failure. Intensive Care Med 2007;33:773-80. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00134-007-0590-6
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00134-007-059...
-3838 Silvester W, Bellomo R, Cole L. Epidemiology, management, and outcome of severe acute renal failure of critical illness in Australia. Crit Care Med 2001;29:1910-5. PMID: 11588450 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00003246-200110000-00010
http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00003246-20011...
gravidade da DRC no início do estudo, sexo feminino, presença de comorbidades, etiologia parenquimatosa da IRA e início tardio da terapia renal substitutiva (TRS) ou utilização de TRS intermitente convencional, todas associadas a recuperação reduzida5Bagshaw SM, Laupland KB, Doig CJ, Mortis G, Fick GH, Mucenski M, et al. Prognosis for long-term survival and renal recovery in critically ill patients with severe acute renal failure: a population-based study. Crit Care 2005;9:R700-9. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/cc3879
http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/cc3879...
,8Korkeila M, Ruokonen E, Takala J. Costs of care, long-term prognosis and quality of life in patients requiring renal replacement therapy during intensive care. Intensive Care Med 2000;26:1824-31. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001340000726
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001340000726...
,2121 Triverio PA, Martin PY, Romand J, Pugin J, Perneger T, Saudan P. Long-term prognosis after acute kidney injury requiring renal replacement therapy. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2009;24:2186-9. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ndt/gfp072
http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ndt/gfp072...
,2525 Tsagalis G, Akrivos T, Alevizaki M, Manios E, Theodorakis M, Laggouranis A, et al. Long-term prognosis of acute kidney injury after first acute stroke. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2009;4:616-22. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.2215/CJN.04110808
http://dx.doi.org/10.2215/CJN.04110808...
,3838 Silvester W, Bellomo R, Cole L. Epidemiology, management, and outcome of severe acute renal failure of critical illness in Australia. Crit Care Med 2001;29:1910-5. PMID: 11588450 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00003246-200110000-00010
http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00003246-20011...

39 Thakar CV, Christianson A, Himmelfarb J, Leonard AC. Acute kidney injury episodes and chronic kidney disease risk in diabetes mellitus. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2011;6:2567-72. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.2215/CJN.01120211
http://dx.doi.org/10.2215/CJN.01120211...

40 Bhandari S, Turney JH. Survivors of acute renal failure who do not recover renal function. QJM 1996;89:415-21. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/qjmed/89.6.415
http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/qjmed/89.6.415...

41 Manhes G, Heng AE, Aublet-Cuvelier B, Gazuy N, Deteix P, Souweine B. Clinical features and outcome of chronic dialysis patients admitted to an intensive care unit. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2005;20:1127-33. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ndt/gfh762
http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ndt/gfh762...

42 Srisawat N, Murugan R, Lee M, Kong L, Carter M, Angus DC, et al.; Genetic and Inflammatory Markers of Sepsis (GenIMS) Study Investigators. Plasma neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin predicts recovery from acute kidney injury following community-acquired pneumonia. Kidney Int 2011;80:545-52. PMID: 21677634 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ki.2011.160
http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ki.2011.160...
-4343 Wald R, Quinn RR, Adhikari NK, Burns KE, Friedrich JO, Garg AX. et al.; University of Toronto Acute Kidney Injury Research Group. Risk of chronic dialysis and death following acute kidney injury. Am J Med 2012;125:585-93. PMID: 22516564 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.amjmed.2012.01.016
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.amjmed.2012....
(Tabela 2). Tanto a gravidade da IRA como o número de episódios de IRA estão associados ao desenvolvimento de DRC incidente e DRT.1818 Macedo E, Zanetta DM, Abdulkader RC. Long-term follow-up of patients after acute kidney injury: patterns of renal functional recovery. PLoS One 2012;7:e36388. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0036388
http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0...
,3939 Thakar CV, Christianson A, Himmelfarb J, Leonard AC. Acute kidney injury episodes and chronic kidney disease risk in diabetes mellitus. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2011;6:2567-72. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.2215/CJN.01120211
http://dx.doi.org/10.2215/CJN.01120211...
No entanto, não há estudos que tenham abordado especificamente os preditores de recuperação a longo prazo da função.

Tabela 2
Fatores associados a não recuperação após episódio de insuficiência renal aguda

Apesar de não haver escalas validadas que possam prever função renal após IRA de forma confiável, muito tem sido estudado sobre biomarcadores de IRA que possibilitem um diagnóstico mais precoce e preciso, permitindo, assim, o uso de estratégias para evitar a progressão dessa síndrome.4242 Srisawat N, Murugan R, Lee M, Kong L, Carter M, Angus DC, et al.; Genetic and Inflammatory Markers of Sepsis (GenIMS) Study Investigators. Plasma neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin predicts recovery from acute kidney injury following community-acquired pneumonia. Kidney Int 2011;80:545-52. PMID: 21677634 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ki.2011.160
http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ki.2011.160...
Um estudo experimental em ratos revelou que inflamação contínua e atividade imunológica estavam relacionadas à patogênese da DRC e que a NGAL estava regulada para cima, sugerindo seu valor como um biomarcador valioso para o desenvolvimento de DRC após IRA.43 Além disso, evidências recentes sugerem que a NGAL pode até ter papel na mediação da progressão da DRC.4444 Collins AJ, Foley RN, Herzog C, Chavers B, Gilbertson D, Ishani A, et al. US Renal Data System 2010 Annual Data Report. Am J Kidney Dis 2011;57:A8, e1-526. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1053/j.ajkd.2009.10.009
http://dx.doi.org/10.1053/j.ajkd.2009.10...

DRC incidente e progressão para DRT

A IRA é um fator de risco independente para DRC incidente e progressão para DRT.4444 Collins AJ, Foley RN, Herzog C, Chavers B, Gilbertson D, Ishani A, et al. US Renal Data System 2010 Annual Data Report. Am J Kidney Dis 2011;57:A8, e1-526. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1053/j.ajkd.2009.10.009
http://dx.doi.org/10.1053/j.ajkd.2009.10...

45 Chawla LS, Amdur RL, Amodeo S, Kimmel PL, Palant CE. The severity of acute kidney injury predicts progression to chronic kidney disease. Kidney Int 2011;79:1361-9. PMID: 21430640 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ki.2011.42
http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ki.2011.42...

46 Wald R, Quinn RR, Luo J, Li P, Scales DC, Mamdani MM. et al.; University of Toronto Acute Kidney Injury Research Group. Chronic dialysis and death among survivors of acute kidney injury requiring dialysis. JAMA 2009;302:1179-85. PMID: 19755696 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.2009.1322
http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.2009.1322...
-4747 Amdur RL, Chawla LS, Amodeo S, Kimmel PL, Palant CE. Outcomes following diagnosis of acute renal failure in U.S. veterans: focus on acute tubular necrosis. Kidney Int 2009;76:1089-97. PMID: 19741590 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ki.2009.332
http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ki.2009.332...
A gravidade da IRA está associada à recuperação da função renal no momento da alta hospitalar e à progressão para DRC. Estudos realizados por Pereira et al.1111 Pereira MB, Zanetta DM, Abdulkader RC. The real importance of pre-existing comorbidities on long-term mortality after acute kidney injury. PLoS One 2012;7:e47746. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0047746
http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0...
e Chawla et al.4545 Chawla LS, Amdur RL, Amodeo S, Kimmel PL, Palant CE. The severity of acute kidney injury predicts progression to chronic kidney disease. Kidney Int 2011;79:1361-9. PMID: 21430640 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ki.2011.42
http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ki.2011.42...
mostraram que idade avançada e gravidade da IRA são preditores de progressão para DRC. Os pacientes com IRA mais grave avaliados pelos critérios RIFLE ou AKIN apresentaram menor taxa de recuperação da função renal no momento da alta hospitalar e maior progressão para DRC. O risco de DRT incidente é 2,7 vezes maior em pacientes críticos com IRA que não necessitam de TRS do que em pacientes sem IRA.3636 Coca SG, Singanamala S, Parikh CR. Chronic kidney disease after acute kidney injury: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Kidney Int 2012;81:442-8. PMID: 22113526 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ki.2011.379
http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ki.2011.379...
Esses pacientes também tem risco aumentado para eventos cardiovasculares importantes, reinternação e mortalidade.3535 Wehbe E, Duncan AE, Dar G, Budev M, Stephany B. Recovery from AKI and short- and long-term outcomes after lung transplantation. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2013;8:19-25. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.2215/CJN.04800512
http://dx.doi.org/10.2215/CJN.04800512...
,4343 Wald R, Quinn RR, Adhikari NK, Burns KE, Friedrich JO, Garg AX. et al.; University of Toronto Acute Kidney Injury Research Group. Risk of chronic dialysis and death following acute kidney injury. Am J Med 2012;125:585-93. PMID: 22516564 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.amjmed.2012.01.016
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.amjmed.2012....

Dependendo da etiologia da IRA, entre três e 41% dos pacientes podem evoluir para doença renal terminal e de três a 24% podem necessitar de diálise crônica após a alta.3636 Coca SG, Singanamala S, Parikh CR. Chronic kidney disease after acute kidney injury: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Kidney Int 2012;81:442-8. PMID: 22113526 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ki.2011.379
http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ki.2011.379...
O relatório anual de 2010 do US Renal Data System indicou que os sobreviventes da IRA apresentam risco de desenvolver DRT no ano seguinte. Este risco aumenta de menos de um por cento para indivíduos sem histórico de DRC para cinco por cento entre pacientes com DRC prévia.4646 Wald R, Quinn RR, Luo J, Li P, Scales DC, Mamdani MM. et al.; University of Toronto Acute Kidney Injury Research Group. Chronic dialysis and death among survivors of acute kidney injury requiring dialysis. JAMA 2009;302:1179-85. PMID: 19755696 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.2009.1322
http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.2009.1322...

Brito et al.2727 Brito GA, Balbi AL, Abrão JM, Ponce D. Long-term outcome of patients followed by nephrologists after an acute tubular necrosis episode. Int J Nephrol 2012;2012:361528. PMID: 23227335 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/361528
http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/361528...
relataram necessidade de diálise crônica para 4,7% dos pacientes após 60 meses de seguimento e que todos os pacientes que evoluíram para DRT tinham histórico de DRC. Resultados semelhantes foram recentemente observados por Macedo et al.,1818 Macedo E, Zanetta DM, Abdulkader RC. Long-term follow-up of patients after acute kidney injury: patterns of renal functional recovery. PLoS One 2012;7:e36388. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0036388
http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0...
com 4.7% dos indivíduos progredindo para DRT; contudo, apenas um (1.1%) evoluiu ainda no primeiro ano após o início da IRA. Em geral, os estudos indicam baixas taxas de necessidade de TRS a longo prazo dentre os sobreviventes de episódios de IRA grave, especificamente aqueles com função renal anteriormente normal.

O risco de progressão para DRC foi mais elevado em pacientes com histórico de DRC [taxa de filtração glomerular (TFG < 60 ml/min)] do que em indivíduos sem histórico de doença renal crônica (TFG > 60 ml/ min). No estudo de Brito et al.,2727 Brito GA, Balbi AL, Abrão JM, Ponce D. Long-term outcome of patients followed by nephrologists after an acute tubular necrosis episode. Int J Nephrol 2012;2012:361528. PMID: 23227335 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/361528
http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/361528...
menos de nove por cento dos pacientes sem histórico de DRC evoluíram para DRC estágios 4 ou 5, enquanto 23% dos pacientes com histórico de doença progrediram para DRC estágios 4 ou 5. Estes resultados são semelhantes aos relatados por Amdur et al.,47 em que 20% dos indivíduos com NTA progrediram para DRC estágios 4 ou 5. Wu et al.1919 Wu VC, Huang TM, Lai CF, Shiao CC, Lin YF, Chu TS, et al. Acute-on-chronic kidney injury at hospital discharge is associated with long-term dialysis and mortality. Kidney Int 2011;80:1222-30. PMID: 21832983 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ki.2011.259
http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ki.2011.259...
avaliaram 9425 pacientes pós-IRA grave (com necessidade de diálise) e os indivíduos com histórico de DRC apresentaram maior risco de progressão para DRT do que os sem histórico de DRC (17,8 x 0,15 pacientes/ano). O risco de progressão para DRT também foi mais elevado quando os pacientes com histórico de DRC não atingiram recuperação plena da função renal no momento da alta hospitalar (RR = 212,7; IC 95% 105,5-428,8; p < 0,001).

Thakar et al.3939 Thakar CV, Christianson A, Himmelfarb J, Leonard AC. Acute kidney injury episodes and chronic kidney disease risk in diabetes mellitus. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2011;6:2567-72. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.2215/CJN.01120211
http://dx.doi.org/10.2215/CJN.01120211...
estudaram pacientes com diabetes e risco de progressão para DRC após NTA. Os autores observaram que um episódio de IRA em pacientes diabéticos em comparação a pacientes diabéticos sem NTA apresentou associação com progressão para DRC estágio 4 (RR = 3,56; IC 95% 2,76-4,61), e que cada novo episódio de IRA elevou o nível de risco (RR = 2,02; IC = 1,78-2,3).

Em resumo, a progressão para DRC é comum e está associada a idade avançada, histórico de DRC e gravidade da IRA (Tabela 3).

Tabela 3
Fatores associados a doença renal crônica e progressão para doença renal terminal após episódio de insuficiência renal aguda

Conclusão

Cada vez mais reconhecemos que é a IRA não deve ser considerada apenas como uma síndrome aguda, mas sim como uma condição de risco para progressão para DRC e mortalidade tardia. Vários estudos confirmam que o prognóstico de sobrevida a longo prazo dos pacientes com doença caracterizada por IRA grave é geralmente reservado. Os que sobrevivem, no entanto, de modo geral desfrutam de altas taxas de recuperação renal e até independência da TRS. As taxas de longo prazo para a recuperação funcional plena ou parcial não foram ainda descritas em detalhe, e por isso os sobreviventes da IRA merecem um meticuloso acompanhamento clínico de longo prazo. Mais pesquisas são necessárias para explorar a relação entre sobrevida a longo prazo e morbidade subsequente, considerando especificamente a recuperação da função renal.

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Datas de Publicação

  • Publicação nesta coleção
    Jan-Mar 2015

Histórico

  • Recebido
    30 Maio 2014
  • Aceito
    05 Set 2014
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