Morphological, chemical and physiological characterization of <i>Amaranthus</i> spp. Seeds

Xavier, João Barcellos; Andrade, Dayliane Bernardes de; Souza, Douglas Correa de; Guimarães, Gabriel Castanheira; Resende, Luciane Vilela; Guimarães, Renato Mendes

doi:10.1590/2317-1545v41n4226286

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ORIGINAL ARTICLE • J. Seed Sci. 41 (4) • Oct-Dec 2019 • https://doi.org/10.1590/2317-1545v41n4226286 copy

Morphological, chemical and physiological characterization of Amaranthus spp. Seeds

Caracterização morfológica, química e fisiológica de sementes de Amaranthus spp.

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Abstract:

Amaranthus species have great potential for human food due to their nutritional and functional properties, but there are few phytotechnical studies with this crop, making its cultivation unfeasible. Aiming to encourage the production of these species, this study aimed to evaluate and distinguish the morphological, chemical and physiological characteristics of seeds of Amaranthus sp. (commercial species), A. viridis and A. hybridus. The experiments were performed in a completely randomized design, evaluating seeds in size classes (850, 600 and 425 µm) and characterizing them by image analysis using the GroundEye^® system, near-infrared spectroscopy (NIR) and radiographic analysis. The first germination count, germination and germination speed index with and without KNO₃ were performed to evaluate the physiological quality of seeds. The results were submitted to analysis of variance and the means compared by the Tukey test. Radiographic analysis showed that the seeds of the three studied species were filled in the size class of 600 and 850 µm, without dormancy, but the commercial species had higher germination speed. GroundEye^® and NIR allowed distinguishing the three species according to their geometric characteristics, predominance of color and chemical components.

Index terms:
unconventional vegetables; GroundEye^®; near-infrared spectroscopy; radiographic analysis

ABRATES - Associação Brasileira de Tecnologia de Sementes Av. Juscelino Kubitschek, 1400 - 3° Andar, sala 31 - Centro,, CEP 86020-000 Londrina/PR - Londrina - PR - Brazil
E-mail: jss@abrates.org.br

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[1] *Corresponding author <douglascorrea@ymail.com>

Characteristic	Sieve (µm)	A. viridis	A. hybridus	Amaranthus sp.	CV (%)
Area (mm²)	425	0.49 bC	0.51 bC	0.62 aC	2.69
	600	0.76 bB	0.71 cB	0.99 aB
	850	0.87 bA	0.86 bA	1.25 aA
Circularity	425	0.89 aB	0.83 cB	0.85 bB	0.76
	600	0.91 aA	0.88 bA	0.92 aA
	850	0.91 bA	0.90 bA	0.93 aA
Circularity by CSFm*	425	0.90 aA	0.87 bA	0.88 bB	0.85
	600	0.89 bAB	0.88 bA	0.92 aA
	850	0.88 bB	0.88 bA	0.92 aA
Shape sphericity	425	13.63 aB	13.84 aB	13.73 aA	1.41
	600	14.27 aA	14.37 aA	13.58 bA
	850	14.61 aA	14.63 aA	13.62 bA
Contour deformation	425	14.67 bC	14.88 abC	15.39 aC	1.48
	600	17.51 bB	17.24 bB	19.21 aB
	850	18.06 bA	18.25 bA	21.31 aA
Maximum diameter (cm)	425	0.08 cC	0.08 bC	0.09 aC	1.99
	600	0.10 bB	0.09 bB	0.12 aB
	850	0.11 bA	0.11 bA	0.13 aA
Minimum diameter (cm)	425	0.07 bC	0.06 bC	0.07 aC	1.47
	600	0.08 bB	0.08 cB	0.10 aB
	850	0.09 bA	0.09 bA	0.12 aA
Perimeter (cm)	425	0.26 bC	0.26 bC	0.29 aC	2.11
	600	0.33 bB	0.32 bB	0.36 aB
	850	0.35 bA	0.35 bA	0.41 aA
Thinning	425	0.92 aA	0.90 aA	0.91 aA	1.06
	600	0.88 bB	0.87 bB	0.92 aA
	850	0.86 bB	0.86 bB	0.92 aA

Species	Sieve class (µm)	Black	Yellow	Orange	Celestial	Dark grey	Other
Species	Sieve class (µm)	(%)	(%)	(%)	(%)	(%)	(%)
A. viridis	425	65.93 b	-	-	11.95 a	2.24 b	19.87 a
	600	83.41 a	-	-	8.44 b	5.89 a	2.20 b
	850	83.10 a	-	-	8.68 ab	5.46 a	2.78 b
CV (%)		3.55	-	-	-	6.78	19.92
A. hybridus	425	67.35 b	-	-	10.71 a	3.17 b	18.75 a
	600	79.74 a	-	-	9.56 a	5.53 a	5.15 b
	850	80.50 a	-	-	11.58 a	4.36 ab	3.55 b
CV (%)		5.48	-	-	-	11.79	24.5
Amaranthus sp.	425	-	28.84 b	28.75 a	19.24 a	18.89 a	4.27 a
	600	-	50.72 a	10.09 b	16.70 b	18.26 a	4.22 a
	850	-	57.13 a	8.70 b	14.54 c	15.79 a	3.83 a
CV (%)		-	-	16.42	4.91	9.36	10.51

Species	Sieve class
Species	425 µm	600 µm	850 µm
A. viridis	11.50 bB	96.00 aA	99.25 aA
A. hybridus	27.75 bA	99.75 aA	98.50 aA
Amaranthus sp.	8.25 bB	96.00 aA	99.50 aA
CV (%)	4.00

Evaluation	Use of KNO₃	Species			CV (%)
Evaluation	Use of KNO₃	A. viridis	A. hybridus	Amaranthus sp.
FGC	Without KNO₃	21.00 cB	36.00 bB	58.00 aA	15.38
FGC	With KNO₃	34.00 bA	63.50 aA	60.50 aA	15.38
G	Without KNO₃	65.00 bA	78.50 abA	83.50 aA	11.71
With KNO₃	77.00 aA	86.50 aA	83.50 aA

Species	Without KNO₃	With KNO₃
A. viridis	4.83 aB	6.25 aA
A. hybridus	6.89 aAB	7.50 aA
Amaranthus sp.	8.69 aA	8.50 aA
CV (%)	19.25

Evaluation	Species	Shoot length (cm)	Primary root length (cm)	Total length (cm)
FGC	A. viridis	0.98 b	0.98 b	1.97 b
	A. hybridus	0.97 b	0.92 b	1.89 b
	Amaranthus sp.	1.57 a	1.57 a	3.14 a
	With KNO₃	1.37 a	1.29 a	2.66 a
	Without KNO₃	0.98 b	1.02 b	2.01 b
	CV (%)	21.97	16.33	18.49
G	A. viridis	1.58 ab	1.18 ab	2.76 ab
	A. hybridus	1.39 b	1.03 b	2.42 b
	Amaranthus sp.	1.74 a	1.33 a	3.07 a
	With KNO₃	1.73 a	1.20 a	2.93 a
	Without KNO₃	1.41 b	1.16 a	2.57 b
	CV (%)	15.56	10.53	12.61

Species	Classification			Non-classified/Total
Species	A. viridis	A. hybridus	Amaranthus sp.
A. viridis	6	0	0	0/6
A. hybridus	0	6	0	0/6
Amaranthus sp.	0	0	6	0/6

Statistics	A. viridis	A. hybridus	Amaranthus sp.
Calculated r (%)	98.51	96.80	99.62
Validated r (%)	97.12	92.90	99.11
Calibration error (%)	9.12	13.30	4.59
Validation error (%)	11.24	17.51	6.28

Species	Spectral band (cm⁻¹)	Functional group	Type of compound
A. viridis	4332	C-H Methylene C-H, associated with linear aliphatic R(CH₂)_NR	Hydrocarbons, aliphatic compound
	5219	C=O Amide(.C=ONH)	Amide
	8764	C-H Aromatic (ArCH)	Hydrocarbon/aromatic compounds
A. hybridus	5200	O-H assigned to molecular water [O-H (.O-H & HOH)]	O-H molecular water
	6912	N-H primary aromatic amine (o-OCH₃)	Aromatic amine
	8764	C-H Aromatic (ArCH)	Hydrocarbon/aromatic compounds
Amaranthus sp.	4509	N-H combination band from urea (NH₂-C=O - NH₂)	U-N of urea
	4324	CHO - Classic filter instrument	Lipid/oil
	4802	O-H related combination from water change in phase and N-H/C-N combination band from urea (NH₂-C=O- NH₂) from ovalbumin	N-H/C-N from ovalbumin protein