Selectivity of pesticides used in rice crop on <i>Telenomus podisi</i> and <i>Trichogramma pretiosum</i>

Pazini, Juliano de Bastos; Grützmacher, Anderson Dionei; Martins, José Francisco da Silva; Pasini, Rafael Antônio; Rakes, Matheus

doi:10.1590/1983-40632016v4640844

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Scientific Articles • Pesqui. Agropecu. Trop. 46 (3) • Jul-Sep 2016 • https://doi.org/10.1590/1983-40632016v4640844 copy

Selectivity of pesticides used in rice crop on Telenomus podisi and Trichogramma pretiosum

Seletividade de pesticidas utilizados em arroz sobre Telenomus podisi e Trichogramma pretiosum

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

ABSTRACT

Telenomus and Trichogramma species stand out as agents for the biological control in rice crops, and the main strategy for preserving them is the use of selective pesticides. This study aimed at evaluating the toxicity of pesticides used in irrigated rice crop on Telenomus podisi Ashmead (Hymenoptera: Platygastridae) and Trichogramma pretiosum Riley (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae). Adults of these parasitoids were exposed to dry residues of pesticides, in a completely randomized experiment, with 25 treatments (24 pesticides + control) and four replications. The insecticides clorantraniliprole, flubendiamide and diflubenzuron and the biological insecticides based on Beauveria bassiana and Metarhizium anisopliae were harmless to T. podisi and T. pretiosum. The harmless herbicides were: 2.4-D amine, profoxydim, quinclorac, ethoxysulfuron and saflufenacil. The fungicide epoxiconazole + kresoxim-methyl was also harmless to these two biological control agents. Therefore, these pesticides are indicated for the integrated pest management, in flooded rice areas.

KEY-WORDS:
Oryza sativa; egg parasitoids; integrated pest management

Commercial product (c.p.)®	Active ingredient	Formulation and concentration^I I Formulation and concentration (mL L-1 or g kg-1) - EC: emulsifiable concentrate; EW: emulsion, oil in water; DC: dispersible concentrate; SC: suspension concentrate; SL: soluble concentrate; WG: water dispersible granule; WP: wettable powder.	Dose of c.p./ha^II II Maximum dose of commercial product (c.p.) registered for rice and/or irrigated rice crop (L or kg of c.p. ha-1) (Agrofit 2015).
Insecticide
Altacor	Chlorantraniliprole	WG 350	0.09
Belt^* * Pesticides unregistered for rice and/or irrigated rice crop - registration dose in soybean crop (Agrofit 2015).	Flubendiamide	SC 480	0.07
Boveril	Beauveria bassiana	WP -	0.50
Engeo Pleno	Lambda-cyhalothrin + thiamethoxam	SC 106 + 141	0.20
Incrível	Acetamiprid + alpha-cypermethrin	SC 100 + 200	0.25
Karate Zeon 50 CS	Lambda-cyhalothrin	SC 50	0.15
Klap	Fipronil	SC 200	0.06
Metarril	Metarhizium anisopliae	WP -	0.50
Micromite 240 SC	Diflubenzuron	SC 240	0.10
Mustang 350 EC	Zeta-cypermethrin	EC 350	0.04
Safety	Etofenprox	EC 300	0.30
Herbicide
Aminol 806	2.4-D amine	SL 806	1.50
Aura 200	Profoxydim	DC 200	0.85
Facet	Quinclorac	WP 500	0.75
Gladium	Ethoxysulfuron	WG 600	0.13
Heat	Saflufenacil	WG 700	0.14
Fungicide
Aproach Prima	Picoxystrobin + cyproconazole	SC 200 + 80	0.40
Brio	Epoxiconazole + kresoxim-methyl	SC 125 + 125	1.00
Dithiobin 780 WP	Thiophanate-methyl + mancozeb	WP 140 + 640	2.50
Eminent 125 EW	Tetraconazole	EW 125	0.50
Folicur 200 EC	Tebuconazole	EC 200	0.75
Fox^* * Pesticides unregistered for rice and/or irrigated rice crop - registration dose in soybean crop (Agrofit 2015).	Trifloxystrobin + prothioconazole	SC 150 + 175	0.40
Nativo 300 SC	Trifloxystrobin + tebuconazole	SC 100 + 200	0.75
Priori Xtra	Azoxystrobin + cyproconazole	SC 200 + 80	0.30

Active ingredient	Telenomus podisi			Trichogramma pretiosum
Active ingredient	Eggs/female (X̄ ± EP)^I I Mean + standard error (four replications) of parasitized eggs per female after 96 h (T. podisi) and 168 h (T. pretiosum) of parasitoids exposure to pesticide residues.	Parasitism reduction (%)^II II Parasitism reduction in comparison to the control treatment.	Class^III III IOBC classes: 1 = harmless (< 30 %); 2 = slightly harmful (30-79 %); 3 = moderately harmful (80-99 %); 4 = harmful (> 99 %). Means followed by the same letter, in the columns, do not differ significantly.	Eggs/female (X̄ ± EP)	Parasitism reduction (%)	Class
Bioassay 1
Chlorantraniliprole	5.7 ± 0.6 a^# # Results by Kruskal-Wallis (H = 21.2010; p-value = 0.0007), followed by the Dunn test (p < 0.05).	1.7	1	24.4 ± 4.5 a^* * Results by Kruskal-Wallis (H = 21.8216; p-value = 0.0006), followed by the Dunn test (p < 0.05).	0.1	1
Lambda-cyhalothrin + Thiamethoxam	0.0 ± 0.0 c	100.0	4	0.0 ± 0.0 b	100.0	4
Lambda-cyhalothrin	0.1 ± 0.1 bc	97.9	3	0.0 ± 0.0 b	100.0	4
Fipronil	0.0 ± 0.0 c	100.0	4	0.0 ± 0.0 b	100.0	4
Etofenprox	1.8 ± 0.1 b	68.8	2	0.0 ± 0.0 b	100.0	4
Control	5.8 ± 0.3 a	-	-	24.4 ± 0.8 a	-	-
Bioassay 2
Flubendiamide	5.4 ± 0.6 a^## ## Results by Anova (F = 17.4249; p-value = < 0.0001), followed by the Scott-Knott test (p < 0.05).	0.0	1	17.5 ± 1.6 a^ Results by Kruskal-Wallis (H = 17.5981; p-value = 0.0073), followed by the Dunn test (p < 0.05).	9.7	1
Beauveria bassiana	6.0 ± 0.3 a	0.0	1	19.0 ± 4.0 a	1.5	1
Acetamiprid + alpha-cypermethrin	1.7 ± 0.1 b	65.0	2	0.7 ± 0.3 b	96.6	3
Metarhizium anisopliae	4.3 ± 0.3 a	9.0	1	23.0 ± 5.2 a	0.0	1
Diflubenzuron	4.7 ± 0.9 a	1.6	1	17.5 ± 1.5 a	9.3	1
Zeta-cypermethrin	0.0 ± 0.0 c	100.0	4	0.0 ± 0.0 b	100.0	4
Control	4.8 ± 0.7 a	-	-	19.3 ± 2.0 a	-	-

Active ingredient	Telenomus podisi			Trichogramma pretiosum
Active ingredient	Eggs/female (X̄ ± EP)^I I Mean + standard error (four replications) of parasitized eggs per female after 96 h (T. podisi) and 168 h (T. pretiosum) of parasitoids exposure to pesticide residues.	Parasitism reduction (%)^II II Parasitism reduction in comparison to the control treatment. III IOBC classes: 1 = harmless (< 30 %); 2 = slightly harmful (30-79 %); 3 = moderately harmful (80-99 %); 4 = harmful (> 99 %).	Class^III III IOBC classes: 1 = harmless (< 30 %); 2 = slightly harmful (30-79 %); 3 = moderately harmful (80-99 %); 4 = harmful (> 99 %).	Eggs/female (X̄ ± EP)	Parasitism reduction (%)	Class
2.4-D amine	5.1 ± 0.4^* * Results by Anova: F = 0.3967; p-value = 0.8446; ^ns ns non-significant (p > 0.05).	6.6	1	22.7 ± 1.2^ Results by Anova: F = 0.4420; p-value = 0.8118; ns non-significant (p > 0.05). II Parasitism reduction in comparison to the control treatment. III IOBC classes: 1 = harmless (< 30 %); 2 = slightly harmful (30-79 %); 3 = moderately harmful (80-99 %); 4 = harmful (> 99 %). ^ns ns non-significant (p > 0.05).	7.0	1
Profoxydim	5.2 ± 1.3	5.2	1	19.6 ± 3.6	19.6	1
Quinclorac	4.7 ± 0.2	14.1	1	22.4 ± 2.6	8.3	1
Ethoxyssulfuron	4.3 ± 0.4	21.0	1	23.5 ± 5.7	3.6	1
Saflufenacil	4.4 ± 0.9	19.9	1	19.0 ± 2.8	22.0	1
Control	5.7 ± 0.3	-	-	24.4 ± 0.92	-	-

Active ingredient	Telenomus podisi			Trichogramma pretiosum
Active ingredient	Eggs/female (X̄ ± EP)^I I Mean + standard error (four replications) of parasitized eggs per female after 96 h (T. podisi) and 168 h (T. pretiosum) of parasitoids exposure to pesticide residues.	Parasitism reduction (%)^II II Parasitism reduction in comparison to the control treatment.	Class^III III IOBC classes: 1 = harmless (< 30 %); 2 = slightly harmful (30-79 %); 3 = moderately harmful (80-99 %); 4 = harmful (> 99 %). Means followed by the same letter, in the columns, do not differ significantly.	Eggs/female (X̄ ± EP)^I I Mean + standard error (four replications) of parasitized eggs per female after 96 h (T. podisi) and 168 h (T. pretiosum) of parasitoids exposure to pesticide residues.	Parasitism reduction (%)	Class
Bioassay 1
Epoxiconazole + kresoxim-methyl	4.0 ± 0.4^ns ns non-significant (p > 0.05). ^# # Results by Anova: F = 2.1349; p-value = 0.1267;	9.4	1	20.0 ± 2.1 b^* * Results by Anova (F = 29.5532; p-value = < 0.0001), followed by the Scott-Knott test (p < 0.05).	24.6	1
Thiophanate-methyl + mancozeb	3.7 ± 0.2	15.3	1	7.4 ± 0.9 d	72.3	2
Tetraconazole	5.1 ± 0.7	0.0	1	5.4 ± 0.9 d	79.7	2
Trifloxystrobin + tebuconazole	4.9 ± 0.3	0.0	1	14.1 ± 1.8 c	47.0	2
Control	4.4 ± 0.3	-	-	26.6 ± 2.0 a	-	-
Bioassay 2
Picoxystrobin + cyproconazole	4.7 ± 0.5^ns ns non-significant (p > 0.05). ^## ## Results by Anova: F = 0.4993; p-value = 0.7367;	13.4	1	0.5 ± 0.3 d^ Results by Kruskal-Wallis (H = 17.2000; p-value = 0.0018), followed by the Dunn test (p < 0.05).	98.2	3
Tebuconazole	4.5 ± 0.7	18.0	1	5.4 ± 0.7 bc	77.7	2
Trifloxystrobin + prothioconazole	4.5 ± 0.3	17.0	1	1.0 ± 0.3 cd	96.0	3
Azoxistrobina + ciproconazol	4.7 ± 0.8	15.0	1	17.0 ± 2.8 ab	30.0	2
Control	5.47 ± 0.39	-	-	24.3 ± 1.1 a	-	-

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[TFN1] ^*
Pesticides unregistered for rice and/or irrigated rice crop - registration dose in soybean crop (Agrofit 2015AGROFIT: sistema de agrotóxicos fitossanitários. 2015. Available at: <http://agrofit.agricultura.gov.br/agrofit_cons/principal_agrofit_cons>. Access on: Dec. 14, 2015.
http://agrofit.agricultura.gov.br/agrofi... ).

[TFN2] ^I
Formulation and concentration (mL L^-1 or g kg^-1) - EC: emulsifiable concentrate; EW: emulsion, oil in water; DC: dispersible concentrate; SC: suspension concentrate; SL: soluble concentrate; WG: water dispersible granule; WP: wettable powder.

[TFN3] ^II
Maximum dose of commercial product (c.p.) registered for rice and/or irrigated rice crop (L or kg of c.p. ha^-1) (Agrofit 2015AGROFIT: sistema de agrotóxicos fitossanitários. 2015. Available at: <http://agrofit.agricultura.gov.br/agrofit_cons/principal_agrofit_cons>. Access on: Dec. 14, 2015.
http://agrofit.agricultura.gov.br/agrofi... ).