Ascorbic acid as a mitigator of salt stress effects on radish

Silva, Anderson R. L. da; Silva, Wedson A. O. da; Oliveira, Pablo H. de A.; Silva, Hellanny M. da; Ribeiro, Matheus A.; Dantas, Daniel da S.; Brito, Fred A. L. de; Simões, Adriano do N.; Ribeiro, João E. da S.

doi:10.1590/1807-1929/agriambi.v29n12e293088

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Original Article • Rev. bras. eng. agríc. ambient. 29 (12) • Dec 2025 • https://doi.org/10.1590/1807-1929/agriambi.v29n12e293088 linkcopy

Ascorbic acid as a mitigator of salt stress effects on radish¹

Ácido ascórbico como mitigador dos efeitos do estresse salino em rabanete

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

ABSTRACT

Using water with high salt concentrations in irrigated agriculture can affect sensitive plants’ metabolic and biochemical functions. Therefore, strategies are needed to minimize the adverse impacts of salt stress. This study aimed to evaluate radish plant growth, water relations, and biochemical and nutritional responses as a function of irrigation water salinity and exogenous ascorbic acid (AsA) application. The experiment was conducted in a controlled greenhouse under a completely randomized design in a 3 × 2 factorial scheme with four replicates, using one plant per experimental unit. Treatments consisted of three levels of irrigation water salinity (0.5, 3.0, and 5.0 dS m^-1) and ascorbic acid application [without (0 mM) and with (1 mM)]. Increased salinity (3.0 and 5.0 dS m^-1) affected growth, water status, biochemical traits, and nutrient accumulation in radish plants. Stem diameter (55.0%), shoot mass ratio (14.5%), relative growth rate (9.0%), and soluble sugars in shoot (29.8%) and root (47.6%) increased with 1 mM AsA application, especially at 5.0 dS m^-1. Applying 1 mM AsA reduced Na⁺ and Cl⁻ cont 0ents in both shoot and root at all salinity levels and increased the Mg²⁺ content in shoot and root and Ca²⁺ content at 3.0 and 5.0 dS m^-1.

Key words:
Raphanus sativus L.; abiotic stresses; salt stress; mitigating

HIGHLIGHTS:

The attenuating effect of ascorbic acid is dose-dependent on the concentration of salts in the irrigation water.

Ascorbic acid with a concentration of 1 mM improved growth and sugars under a 5.0 dS m^-1 salinity.

Ascorbic acid reduced Na⁺ and Cl^- and increased Mg²⁺ and Ca²⁺ in roots and shoots under salinity.

Physical	Value	Fertility	Value
Coarse sand (kg kg^-1)	0.53	pH in water (1: 2.5)	7.15
Fine sand (kg kg^-1)	0.29	ECse (dS m^-1)	0.07
Silt (kg kg^-1)	0.13	P (mg dm^-3)	112.90
Clay (kg kg^-1)	0.05	K⁺ (mg dm^-3)	1132.30
Textural class	Loamy Sand	Na⁺ (mg dm^-3)	214.60
		Ca²⁺ (cmol_c dm^-3)	4.10
		Mg²⁺ (cmol_c dm^-3)	2.30
		Al³⁺ (cmol_c dm^-3)	0.00
		H + Al (cmol_c dm^-3)	0.00
		SB (cmol_c dm^-3)	10.23
		t (cmol_c dm^-3)	10.23
		CEC (cmol_c dm^-3)	10.23
		V (%)	100
		m (%)	0
		PES (%)	1

SV	DF	Mean squares
SV	DF	PH	SD	NL	RL	RD
Salinity (S)	2	23.56**	36.85**	21.12**	527.88**	601.26**
AsA	1	3.15^ns	10.53^ns	0.37^ns	1.26^ns	66.66*
S × AsA	2	6.00^ns	2.23^ns	0.37^ns	37.11^ns	24.52^ns
Residual	18	3.68	2.96	1.40	15.67	16.21
CV (%)		15.11	23.03	20.16	11.86	14.53
		SFW	RFW	SDW	RDW	TDW
Salinity (S)	2	110.63**	912.99**	0.20^ns	1.46**	2.73**
AsA	1	21.45^ns	36.35^ns	0.30^ns	0.07^ns	0.66^ns
S × AsA	2	2.65^ns	10.20^ns	0.01^ns	0.10^ns	0.05^ns
Residual	18	8.40	14.14	0.09	0.17	0.22
CV (%)		29.69	25.12	27.49	37.40	21.46
		SMR	RMR	STR	RGR	TSS
Salinity (S)	2	0.02**	0.02**	0.80**	1203.70**	663.32**
AsA	1	6.66^ns	0.00^ns	0.004^ns	416.32*	0.17^ns
S × AsA	2	0.01*	0.01**	0.20^ns	33.79^ns	1204.59**
Residual	18	0.00	0.00	0.06	69.45	78.25
CV (%)		10.04	10.42	23.07	5.67	9.16
		TSR	RSS	RSR	PS	PR
Salinity (S)	2	89123.05**	0.001**	0.03**	0.06^ns	0.93**
AsA	1	23834.72*	0.001**	0.01**	0.03^ns	0.23^ns
S × AsA	2	35816.64**	0.0003^ns	0.00009^ns	0.14^ns	0.02^ns
Residual	18	3323.31	0.0001	0.002	0.07	0.11
CV (%)		12.04	3.93	10.67	12.34	15.94
		PLS	PLR	RWC	EL	NaS
Salinity (S)	2	2820.20**	5078.34**	1775.07**	9175.13**	8.30**
AsA	1	119.14^ns	143.87^ns	119.17^ns	61.88^ns	9.52**
S × AsA	2	46.79^ns	470.44^ns	34.80^ns	32.75^ns	1.97**
Residual	18	258.45	149.27	162.87	57.98	0.10
CV (%)		50.30	29.57	16.61	12.81	6.26
		KS	CaS	MgS	ClS	NaR
Salinity (S)	2	1.24**	4.66**	3.05**	308.82**	28.21**
AsA	1	5.22**	8.72**	18.02**	10.54**	8.03**
S × AsA	2	0.74**	2.20**	0.38**	3.02**	3.38**
Residual	18	0.009	0.01	0.01	0.04	0.01
CV (%)		4.13	1.14	3.34	1.68	2.68
		KR	CaR	MgR	ClR
Salinity (S)	2	6.95**	1.05**	0.08**	99.94**
AsA	1	1.95**	0.03^ns	0.54**	27.75**
S × AsA	2	0.87**	0.13^ns	0.13**	10.35**
Residual	18	0.18	0.05	0.00	0.19
CV (%)		16.83	8.82	0.43	5.30

Treatments	0.5 dS m^-1	0.5 dS m^-1 + AsA	3.0 dS m^-1	3.0 dS m^-1 + AsA	5.0 dS m^-1	5.0 dS m^-1 + AsA
	Shoot
Na⁺ (g kg^-1)	4.09 aC	3.96 aB	6.33 aB	4.18 bB	7.42 aA	5.33 bA
K⁺ (g kg^-1)	3.80 aA	1.93 bA	2.61 aB	1.79 bA	2.26 aC	1.73 bA
Ca²⁺ (mg L^-1)	8.80 bC	9.59 aC	10.49 bA	11.09 aB	9.26 bB	12.05 aA
Mg²⁺ (mg L^-1)	2.60 bB	4.42 aC	2.67 bB	5.24 aB	4.10 bA	5.71 aA
Cl^- (%)	6.20 aC	5.25 bC	14.75 aB	11.60 bB	20.31 aA	19.82 bA
Root
Na⁺ (g kg^-1)	2.75 aC	2.08 bC	3.60 aB	3.32 bB	8.11 aA	5.05 bA
K⁺ (g kg^-1)	4.55 aA	3.02 bA	1.93 aB	1.82 aB	2.13 aB	1.80 aB
Ca²⁺ (mg L^-1)	3.08 aA	2.86 aA	2.09 aB	2.20 aB	2.51 aB	2.89 aA
Mg²⁺ (mg L^-1)	1.50 bA	1.59 aB	1.31 bC	1.59 aB	1.35 bB	2.02 aA
Cl^- (%)	4.10 aC	3.80 aC	9.75 aB	8.00 bB	14.75 aA	9.35 bA

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Unidade Acadêmica de Engenharia Agrícola Unidade Acadêmica de Engenharia Agrícola, UFCG, Av. Aprígio Veloso 882, Bodocongó, Bloco CM, 1º andar, CEP 58429-140, Tel. +55 83 2101 1056 - Campina Grande - PB - Brazil
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[TFN1] ECse - Electrical conductivity of saturated paste extracts; P, K⁺ and Na⁺: Extracted with Mehlich 1; Ca ²⁺ and Mg ²⁺: extracted with 1 M KCl at pH 7.0; H⁺ + Al ³⁺: extracted with 0.5 M calcium acetate at pH 7.0; SB - Sum of bases (K⁺ + Ca²⁺ + Mg²⁺ + Na⁺); t - Effective CEC - Cation exchange capacity; V - Base saturation; m - Aluminum saturation; PES - Percentage of exchangeable sodium

Ascorbic acid as a mitigator of salt stress effects on radish1

Ácido ascórbico como mitigador dos efeitos do estresse salino em rabanete

ABSTRACT

HIGHLIGHTS:

Ascorbic acid as a mitigator of salt stress effects on radish¹