Efeitos do treinamento de força sobre os níveis de IGF1 e de força muscular nas fases neurogência e miogênica de idosas

Silva, José Guilherme Fernandes Bertoni da; Calvo, Xurxo Dopico; Soler, Eliseo Iglesias; Dantas, Estélio Henrique Martin

doi:10.1590/1809-9823.200912014

Resumo

O presente estudo teve por objetivo avaliar os efeitos do treinamento de força sobre os níveis basais de IGF1 e de força muscular nas fases neurogência e miogênica de idosas sedentárias. A amostra foi constituída de 24 idosas voluntárias, subdivididas, randomicamente, em dois grupos: grupo experimental (GE, n = 13; 65,62±5,36 anos) e grupo controle (GC, n = 11; 71,45±5,72 anos). Foi utilizado o protocolo de uma repetição máxima (BAECHLE & GROVES, 1992) para avaliação da força muscular máxima e de Quimiluminescência - IMMULITE - DPC MED LAB, para o IGF1. Foram utilizados o teste de Kruskal-Wallis (GE, em relação aos três momentos) seguido das comparações múltiplas de Dunn; o teste de Wilcoxon (GC, em relação aos dois momentos) e o teste de Mann-Whitney (comparação inter-grupos). Os resultados revelaram aumento significativo (p<0,05) no IGF1 (GCpós x GEsemana20 - ∆=54,29 ng/ml, p=0,009) e em todas as variáveis da força muscular (GEsemana4 x GEsemana20, ∆%=39,23% e GEpré-teste x GEsemana20, ∆%=56,08%; p<0,05). Desta forma, pode-se concluir que o treinamento de força muscular inferiu em aumento significativo desta variável e dos níveis séricos de IGF1 apenas na fase miogência.

Palavras-chave:
Força Muscular; Terapia por Exercício; Desenvolvimento Muscular; Idoso; Mulheres; IGF1; Fase Neurogênica; Fase Miogênica

Abstract

This study aimed to assess the effects of strength training on the levels of IGF1 and of muscle strength in neurogenic and miogenic phases of sedentary older. The sample consisted of 24 elderly, voluntary, randomly divided in two groups: the experimental group (EG, n = 13; 65.62 ± 5.36 years) in the control group (CG, n = 11; 71.45 ± 5.72 years). We used the protocol of maximum repetition (Baechle & Groves, 1992) to evaluate muscle strength and maximum quimiluminescence - IMMULITE - DPC MED LAB for the IGF1. We used the Kruskal-Wallis (EG, three times) followed by multiple comparisons of Dunn; the Wilcoxon test (CG, in relation to two times) and the Mann-Whitney test (comparison inter-group). Results showed significant increase (p <0.05) in IGF1 (CGpost x EGweek20 - Δ = 54.29 ng / ml, p = 0009) and in all variables muscle strength (EGweek4 x EGweek20, Δ = 39.23% and EGpre-test x EGweek20, Δ% = 56.08%, p <0.05). We concluded that training of muscular strength results in significant increase in this variable and serum levels of IGF1, only at the miogenic phase.

Key words:
Muscle Strength; Exercise Therapy; Muscle Development; Aged; Women; IGF1; Neurogenic Phase; Miogenic Phase

Texto completo disponível apenas em PDF. Full text available only in PDF format.

REFERÊNCIAS

¹
Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística. Bases de dados. [acesso em: 2006 jun 2]. <Disponível em: URL: Disponível em: URL: http://www.ibge.gov.br >.
» http://www.ibge.gov.br
²
Robergs RA, Roberts SO. Princípios fundamentais de fisiologia do exercício para a aptidão, desempenho e saúde. 1.ed. São Paulo: Phorte; 2002.
³
Marin RV, Matsudo S, Matsudo V, Andrade E, Braggion G. Acréscimo de 1 Kg aos exercícios praticados por mulheres acima de 50 anos: impacto na aptidão física e capacidade funcional. Revista brasileira de ciência & movimento 2003; 11(1): 53-8.
⁴
Balagopal P, Rooyackers OE, Adey D.B, Ades PA, Nair KS. Effects of aging on in vivo synthesis of skeletal muscle myosin heavy-chain and sarcoplasmic protein in humans. J Appl Physiol 1997; 273(4): E790-E800.
⁵
Hunter GR, Wetzstein CJ, Mclafferty Junior CL, Zucckerman PA, Landers KA, Bamman MM. High-resistance versus variable-resistence training in older adults. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2001; 33(10): 1759-64.
⁶
Eliakim A, Oh Y, Cooper DM. Effect of single wrist exercise on fibroblast growth factor-2, insulin-like growth factor, and growth hormone. J Appl Physiol2000; 279(2): R548-53.
⁷
Ameredes BT, Watchko JF, Daood MJ, Donahoe MP, Rogers R. Growth hormone improves body mass recovery with refeeding after chronic under nutrition-induced muscle atrophy in aging male. J Nutr 1999; 129: 2264-70.
⁸
Fernholm, R, Bramnert M, Hägg E, Hilding A, Baylink DJ, Mohan S, Thorén M. Growth hormone Replacement Therapy Improves Body Composition and Increases Bone Metabolism in Elderly Patients with Pituitary Disease. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2000; 85(11):4104-11.
⁹
Lemmer JT, Hurlut DE, Martel GF, Tracy BL, Ivey FM, Metter EJ, Fozard JL, Hurley BF. Age and gender responses to strength training and detraining. Med Sci Sports Exerc2000; 32(8): 1505-12.
¹⁰
Liu W, Thomas SG, Asa SL, Gonzalez-Cadavid N, Bhasin S, Ezzat S. Myostatin is a skeletal muscle target of growth hormone anabolic action. J Clin Endocrinol Metab2003; 88: 5490-6.
¹¹
Häkkinen K, Pakarinen A, Kraemer WJ, Häkkinen A, Valkeinen H, Alen M. Selective muscle hypertrophy, changes in EMG and force, and serum hormones during strength training in older women. J Appl Physiol2001; 91(2): 569-80.
¹²
Thomas SC, Esposito JG, Ezzat S. Exercise Training benefits Growth hormone (GH) - deficient adults in the absence or presence of GH treatment. J Clin Endocrinol Metab2003; 88(12): 5734-8.
¹³
Shalet SM. Growth hormone outgrows growth. Clinical Endocrinology 2004; 61(1): 1-9.
¹⁴
Berlezi EM, Rosa PV, Souza ACA, Schneider RH. Comparação antropométrica e do nível de aptidão física de mulheres acima de 60 anos praticantes de atividade física regular e não praticantes. Revista brasileira de geriatria e gerontologia 2006; 9(3).
¹⁵
Pereira FF, Monteiro N, Vale RGS, Gomes ALM, Dantas EHM. Efecto del entrenamiento de fuerza sobre la autonomía funcional en mujeres mayores sanas. Revista Especial Geriatria Gerontologia 2007; 42(6): 319-24.
¹⁶
Gomes RJ, Luciano E, Caetano FH. Influência do treinamento físico sobre o fator de crescimento insulino-símile (IGF-1) em ratos machos wistar. Revista Brasileira Atividade Física e Saúde 2001; 6(1): 25-30.
¹⁷
Nindl BC, Kraemer WJ, Marx JO, Arciero PJ, Dohi K, Kellog MK, Loomis GA. Overnight responses of the circulating IGF-1 system after acute, heavy-resistance exercise. J Appl Physiol2001; 90(4): 1319-26.
¹⁸
Trappe S, Godard M, Gallagher P, Carrol C, Rowden G, Porter D. Resistance training improves single muscle fiber contractile function in older women. J Appl Physiol2001; 281(2): C398-406.
¹⁹
Raso V, Matsudo SM, Matsudo VKR. A força muscular de mulheres idosas decresce após oito semanas de interrupção de um programa de exercícios com pesos livres. Revista Brasileira de Medicina do Esporte 2001; 7(6).
²⁰
Baechle TR, Groves BR. Weight training: steps to success. Champaign: Human Kinetics; 1992.
²¹
Ploutz-Snyder LL, Giamis EL. Orientation and familiarization to 1RM strength testing in old and young women. J Strength Cond Res 2001; 15(4): 519-23.
²²
Dantas EHM. A prática da preparação física 5ed. Rio de Janeiro: Shape; 2003.
²³
Westcott W, Baechle T. Treinamento de força para a terceira idade. 1. ed., São Paulo: Manole; 2001.
²⁴
Dantas EHM. Flexibilidade: Alongamento e Flexionamento. 4. ed.; Rio de Janeiro: Shape 1999.
²⁵
Thomas JR, Nelson JK, Silverman S. Métodos de pesquisa em atividade física. 5. ed. Porto Alegre: Artmed; 2005.
²⁶
Borst SE, De Hoyos DV, Garzarella L. Effects of resistance training on insulin-like growth factor-I and IGF binding proteins. Med Sci Sports Exerc2001; (33): 648-53.
²⁷
Kalapotharakos VI, Michalopoulos SP, Goldolias G, Gourgoulis V. Effects of heavy and moderate resistance training on functional performance in older adults. J Strength Cond Res2005; 19(3): 652-7.
²⁸
Rubin MR, Kraemer WJ, Maresh CM, Volek JS, Ratamess NA, Vanheest JL, Silvestre R, French DN, Sharman MJ, Judelson DA, Gómez AL, Vescovi JD, Hymer WC. High-affinity growth hormone binding protein and acute heavy resistance exercise. Med Sci Sports Exerc2005; 37(3): 395-403.
²⁹
Ruiz-Torres A, Kirzner MSM. Ageing and Longevity are related to Grrowth Hormone/ Insulin - like Growth Factor - 1 secretion. Gerontology 2002; 48(6): 401-7.
³⁰
Arvat E, Broglio F, Ghigo E. Insulin-like growth factor I: implications in aging. Drugs Aging 2000; 16(1): 29-40.
³¹
Norat T, Dossus L, Rinaldi S, Overvad K, Gronbæk K, Tjonneland A, et al. Diet, serum insulin-like growth factor-I and IGF-binding protein-3 in European women. Eur J Clin Nutr 2007; 61: 91-8.
³²
Capolla AR, Bandeen-Roche K, Wand GS, Volpato S, Fried LP. Association of IGF-1 Levels with Muscle Strength and Mobility in Older Women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab2001; 86(9): 4139-45.
³³
Marx JO, Ratamess NA, Nindl BC, Gotshalk LA, Volek JS, Dohi K, Bush JA, Gómez AL, Mazzetti SA, Fleck SJ, Häkkinen K, Newton RU, Kraemer WJ. Low-volume circuit versus high-volume periodized resistance training in women. Med Sci Sports Exerc2001; 33: 635-43.
³⁴
Cress ME, Buchner DM, Prohaska T, Rimmer J, Brown M, Macera C, Depietro L, Chodzko-Zajko W. Physical Activity Programs and Behavior Counseling in Older Adult Populations. Official Journal of the American College of Sports Medicine. Med Sci Sports Exerc2004; p.1997-2003.
³⁵
Walker KS, Kambadur R, Mridula S, Smith HK. Resistance Training Alters Plasma Myostatin but not IGF-1 in Healthy Men. Med Sci Sports Exerc2004; 36(5): 787-93.
³⁶
Lambert C, Bopp M, Johnson L, Sullivan D. Resistence Training and Testosterone Replacement Induced Xhanges in Body Composition, Free Testosterone, IGF1 and IGFBP-3 in the Fraily Elderly. Journal of exercise physiology online 2007; 10 (1): 48-56.
³⁷
Aizawa K, Hayashi K, Mesak N. Relationship of Muscle Strength with Dehydroepiandrosterone Sulfate (DHEAS), Testosterone and Insulin-like Growth Factor-I In Male and Female Athlete. Adv.Exerc.Sports Physiol 2006; 12(1): 29-34.
³⁸
Izquierdo M, Ibanez J, Gonza´Lez-Badillo JJ, Ha¨Kkinen K, Ratamess NA, Kraemer WJ, French DN, Eslava J, Altadill A, Asiain X, Gorostiaga EM. Differential effects of trength training leading to failure versus not to failure on hormonal responses, strength, and muscle power gains. J Appl Physiol2006; 100: 1647-56.
³⁹
Fish DE, Krabak BJ, Johnson-Greene D, Delateur BJ. Optimal resistance training: Comparison of De Lorme with Oxford techniques. American Journal Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation 2003; 82: 903-9.
⁴⁰
Goto KM, Nagasawa M, Yanagisawa O, Kisuka T, Ishii N, Takamatsu K. Muscular adaptations to combinations of high- and low- intensive resistense exercises. J Strength Cond Res2004; 18: 730-7.
⁴¹
Hortobágyi T, Money J, Zheng D, Dudek R, Fraser D, Dohin L. Muscle adaptations to 7 days of exercise in young and older humans: eccentric overload versus standard resistive training. J Aging Phys Act 2002; 10: 290-305.
⁴²
Brooks N, Layne JE, Gordon PL, Roubenoff R, Nelson ME, Castaneda-Sceppa C. Strength training improves muscle quality and insulin sensitivity in Hispanic older adults with type 2 diabetes. Int J Med Sci 2007; 4(1): 19-27.
⁴³
Fatouros IG, Kambas A, Katrabasas I, Nikolaidis K, Chatzinikolaou A, Leontsini D, Taxildaris K. Strength training and detraining effects on muscular strength, anaerobic power, and mobility of inactive older men are intensity dependent. Br J Sports Med 2005; 39 (10): 776-80.
⁴⁴
Hurley BF, Roth SM. Strength training in the elderly: effects on risk factors for age-related diseases. Sports Med 2000; 30(4): 249-68.
⁴⁵
Katula JA, Sipe M, Rejeski WJ, Focht BC. Strength training in older adults: an empowering intervention. Med Sci Sports Exerc2006; 38(1): 106-11.
⁴⁶
Vincent KR, Braith RW. Resistance exercise and bone turnover in elderly men and women. Med Sci Sports Exerc2002; 34(1): 17-23.
⁴⁷
Whitehurst MA, Johnson BL, Parker CM, Brown LE, Ford AM. The benefits of a functional exercise circuit for older adults. J Strength Cond Res2005; 19: 647-51.
⁴⁸
Brasil. Ministério da Saúde. Conselho Nacional de Saúde. Resolução 196/96. Brasília: CNS, 1996.

Datas de Publicação

Publicação nesta coleção
Jan-Apr 2009

Histórico

Recebido
24 Abr 2008
Aceito
20 Nov 2008

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License

[1] ¹
Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística. Bases de dados. [acesso em: 2006 jun 2]. <Disponível em: URL: Disponível em: URL: http://www.ibge.gov.br >.
» http://www.ibge.gov.br

[2] ²
Robergs RA, Roberts SO. Princípios fundamentais de fisiologia do exercício para a aptidão, desempenho e saúde. 1.ed. São Paulo: Phorte; 2002.

[3] ³
Marin RV, Matsudo S, Matsudo V, Andrade E, Braggion G. Acréscimo de 1 Kg aos exercícios praticados por mulheres acima de 50 anos: impacto na aptidão física e capacidade funcional. Revista brasileira de ciência & movimento 2003; 11(1): 53-8.

[4] ⁴
Balagopal P, Rooyackers OE, Adey D.B, Ades PA, Nair KS. Effects of aging on in vivo synthesis of skeletal muscle myosin heavy-chain and sarcoplasmic protein in humans. J Appl Physiol 1997; 273(4): E790-E800.

[5] ⁵
Hunter GR, Wetzstein CJ, Mclafferty Junior CL, Zucckerman PA, Landers KA, Bamman MM. High-resistance versus variable-resistence training in older adults. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2001; 33(10): 1759-64.

[6] ⁶
Eliakim A, Oh Y, Cooper DM. Effect of single wrist exercise on fibroblast growth factor-2, insulin-like growth factor, and growth hormone. J Appl Physiol2000; 279(2): R548-53.

[7] ⁷
Ameredes BT, Watchko JF, Daood MJ, Donahoe MP, Rogers R. Growth hormone improves body mass recovery with refeeding after chronic under nutrition-induced muscle atrophy in aging male. J Nutr 1999; 129: 2264-70.

[8] ⁸
Fernholm, R, Bramnert M, Hägg E, Hilding A, Baylink DJ, Mohan S, Thorén M. Growth hormone Replacement Therapy Improves Body Composition and Increases Bone Metabolism in Elderly Patients with Pituitary Disease. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2000; 85(11):4104-11.

[9] ⁹
Lemmer JT, Hurlut DE, Martel GF, Tracy BL, Ivey FM, Metter EJ, Fozard JL, Hurley BF. Age and gender responses to strength training and detraining. Med Sci Sports Exerc2000; 32(8): 1505-12.

[10] ¹⁰
Liu W, Thomas SG, Asa SL, Gonzalez-Cadavid N, Bhasin S, Ezzat S. Myostatin is a skeletal muscle target of growth hormone anabolic action. J Clin Endocrinol Metab2003; 88: 5490-6.

[11] ¹¹
Häkkinen K, Pakarinen A, Kraemer WJ, Häkkinen A, Valkeinen H, Alen M. Selective muscle hypertrophy, changes in EMG and force, and serum hormones during strength training in older women. J Appl Physiol2001; 91(2): 569-80.

[12] ¹²
Thomas SC, Esposito JG, Ezzat S. Exercise Training benefits Growth hormone (GH) - deficient adults in the absence or presence of GH treatment. J Clin Endocrinol Metab2003; 88(12): 5734-8.

[13] ¹³
Shalet SM. Growth hormone outgrows growth. Clinical Endocrinology 2004; 61(1): 1-9.

[14] ¹⁴
Berlezi EM, Rosa PV, Souza ACA, Schneider RH. Comparação antropométrica e do nível de aptidão física de mulheres acima de 60 anos praticantes de atividade física regular e não praticantes. Revista brasileira de geriatria e gerontologia 2006; 9(3).

[15] ¹⁵
Pereira FF, Monteiro N, Vale RGS, Gomes ALM, Dantas EHM. Efecto del entrenamiento de fuerza sobre la autonomía funcional en mujeres mayores sanas. Revista Especial Geriatria Gerontologia 2007; 42(6): 319-24.

[16] ¹⁶
Gomes RJ, Luciano E, Caetano FH. Influência do treinamento físico sobre o fator de crescimento insulino-símile (IGF-1) em ratos machos wistar. Revista Brasileira Atividade Física e Saúde 2001; 6(1): 25-30.

[17] ¹⁷
Nindl BC, Kraemer WJ, Marx JO, Arciero PJ, Dohi K, Kellog MK, Loomis GA. Overnight responses of the circulating IGF-1 system after acute, heavy-resistance exercise. J Appl Physiol2001; 90(4): 1319-26.

[18] ¹⁸
Trappe S, Godard M, Gallagher P, Carrol C, Rowden G, Porter D. Resistance training improves single muscle fiber contractile function in older women. J Appl Physiol2001; 281(2): C398-406.

[19] ¹⁹
Raso V, Matsudo SM, Matsudo VKR. A força muscular de mulheres idosas decresce após oito semanas de interrupção de um programa de exercícios com pesos livres. Revista Brasileira de Medicina do Esporte 2001; 7(6).

[20] ²⁰
Baechle TR, Groves BR. Weight training: steps to success. Champaign: Human Kinetics; 1992.

[21] ²¹
Ploutz-Snyder LL, Giamis EL. Orientation and familiarization to 1RM strength testing in old and young women. J Strength Cond Res 2001; 15(4): 519-23.

[22] ²²
Dantas EHM. A prática da preparação física 5ed. Rio de Janeiro: Shape; 2003.

[23] ²³
Westcott W, Baechle T. Treinamento de força para a terceira idade. 1. ed., São Paulo: Manole; 2001.

[24] ²⁴
Dantas EHM. Flexibilidade: Alongamento e Flexionamento. 4. ed.; Rio de Janeiro: Shape 1999.

[25] ²⁵
Thomas JR, Nelson JK, Silverman S. Métodos de pesquisa em atividade física. 5. ed. Porto Alegre: Artmed; 2005.

[26] ²⁶
Borst SE, De Hoyos DV, Garzarella L. Effects of resistance training on insulin-like growth factor-I and IGF binding proteins. Med Sci Sports Exerc2001; (33): 648-53.

[27] ²⁷
Kalapotharakos VI, Michalopoulos SP, Goldolias G, Gourgoulis V. Effects of heavy and moderate resistance training on functional performance in older adults. J Strength Cond Res2005; 19(3): 652-7.

[28] ²⁸
Rubin MR, Kraemer WJ, Maresh CM, Volek JS, Ratamess NA, Vanheest JL, Silvestre R, French DN, Sharman MJ, Judelson DA, Gómez AL, Vescovi JD, Hymer WC. High-affinity growth hormone binding protein and acute heavy resistance exercise. Med Sci Sports Exerc2005; 37(3): 395-403.

[29] ²⁹
Ruiz-Torres A, Kirzner MSM. Ageing and Longevity are related to Grrowth Hormone/ Insulin - like Growth Factor - 1 secretion. Gerontology 2002; 48(6): 401-7.

[30] ³⁰
Arvat E, Broglio F, Ghigo E. Insulin-like growth factor I: implications in aging. Drugs Aging 2000; 16(1): 29-40.

[31] ³¹
Norat T, Dossus L, Rinaldi S, Overvad K, Gronbæk K, Tjonneland A, et al. Diet, serum insulin-like growth factor-I and IGF-binding protein-3 in European women. Eur J Clin Nutr 2007; 61: 91-8.

[32] ³²
Capolla AR, Bandeen-Roche K, Wand GS, Volpato S, Fried LP. Association of IGF-1 Levels with Muscle Strength and Mobility in Older Women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab2001; 86(9): 4139-45.

[33] ³³
Marx JO, Ratamess NA, Nindl BC, Gotshalk LA, Volek JS, Dohi K, Bush JA, Gómez AL, Mazzetti SA, Fleck SJ, Häkkinen K, Newton RU, Kraemer WJ. Low-volume circuit versus high-volume periodized resistance training in women. Med Sci Sports Exerc2001; 33: 635-43.

[34] ³⁴
Cress ME, Buchner DM, Prohaska T, Rimmer J, Brown M, Macera C, Depietro L, Chodzko-Zajko W. Physical Activity Programs and Behavior Counseling in Older Adult Populations. Official Journal of the American College of Sports Medicine. Med Sci Sports Exerc2004; p.1997-2003.

[35] ³⁵
Walker KS, Kambadur R, Mridula S, Smith HK. Resistance Training Alters Plasma Myostatin but not IGF-1 in Healthy Men. Med Sci Sports Exerc2004; 36(5): 787-93.

[36] ³⁶
Lambert C, Bopp M, Johnson L, Sullivan D. Resistence Training and Testosterone Replacement Induced Xhanges in Body Composition, Free Testosterone, IGF1 and IGFBP-3 in the Fraily Elderly. Journal of exercise physiology online 2007; 10 (1): 48-56.

[37] ³⁷
Aizawa K, Hayashi K, Mesak N. Relationship of Muscle Strength with Dehydroepiandrosterone Sulfate (DHEAS), Testosterone and Insulin-like Growth Factor-I In Male and Female Athlete. Adv.Exerc.Sports Physiol 2006; 12(1): 29-34.

[38] ³⁸
Izquierdo M, Ibanez J, Gonza´Lez-Badillo JJ, Ha¨Kkinen K, Ratamess NA, Kraemer WJ, French DN, Eslava J, Altadill A, Asiain X, Gorostiaga EM. Differential effects of trength training leading to failure versus not to failure on hormonal responses, strength, and muscle power gains. J Appl Physiol2006; 100: 1647-56.

[39] ³⁹
Fish DE, Krabak BJ, Johnson-Greene D, Delateur BJ. Optimal resistance training: Comparison of De Lorme with Oxford techniques. American Journal Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation 2003; 82: 903-9.

[40] ⁴⁰
Goto KM, Nagasawa M, Yanagisawa O, Kisuka T, Ishii N, Takamatsu K. Muscular adaptations to combinations of high- and low- intensive resistense exercises. J Strength Cond Res2004; 18: 730-7.

[41] ⁴¹
Hortobágyi T, Money J, Zheng D, Dudek R, Fraser D, Dohin L. Muscle adaptations to 7 days of exercise in young and older humans: eccentric overload versus standard resistive training. J Aging Phys Act 2002; 10: 290-305.

[42] ⁴²
Brooks N, Layne JE, Gordon PL, Roubenoff R, Nelson ME, Castaneda-Sceppa C. Strength training improves muscle quality and insulin sensitivity in Hispanic older adults with type 2 diabetes. Int J Med Sci 2007; 4(1): 19-27.

[43] ⁴³
Fatouros IG, Kambas A, Katrabasas I, Nikolaidis K, Chatzinikolaou A, Leontsini D, Taxildaris K. Strength training and detraining effects on muscular strength, anaerobic power, and mobility of inactive older men are intensity dependent. Br J Sports Med 2005; 39 (10): 776-80.

[44] ⁴⁴
Hurley BF, Roth SM. Strength training in the elderly: effects on risk factors for age-related diseases. Sports Med 2000; 30(4): 249-68.

[45] ⁴⁵
Katula JA, Sipe M, Rejeski WJ, Focht BC. Strength training in older adults: an empowering intervention. Med Sci Sports Exerc2006; 38(1): 106-11.

[46] ⁴⁶
Vincent KR, Braith RW. Resistance exercise and bone turnover in elderly men and women. Med Sci Sports Exerc2002; 34(1): 17-23.

[47] ⁴⁷
Whitehurst MA, Johnson BL, Parker CM, Brown LE, Ford AM. The benefits of a functional exercise circuit for older adults. J Strength Cond Res2005; 19: 647-51.

[48] ⁴⁸
Brasil. Ministério da Saúde. Conselho Nacional de Saúde. Resolução 196/96. Brasília: CNS, 1996.

Brasil