Acute effects of different weight training methods on energy expenditure in trained men

Abstracts

INTRODUCTION: The weight training has been widely used as strategy of reduction and weight control, so the energy expenditure (EE) contributes significantly to this process. OBJECTIVE: Compare the acute effects of the circuit method (CM) with the traditional method (TM) on the EE. METHODS: This is a research with randomized crossover design; the sample consisted of ten adult men recreationally trained aged between 18 to 29 years. There were two experimental sessions with seven-day wash out: in CM the exercises were performed by alternating segment in form of stations, during TM the exercises were performed in consecutive sets. Both training methods followed the same sequence of eight exercises with the same total work: 60% of 1RM, 24 sets/stations and ten repetitions. The collection of blood lactate was performed at rest and the every three sets/stations. The expired air was collected per 30 minutes before and ~31 minutes during all the training sessions. The aerobic exercise (AEEE, kj) and of rest interval (RIEE, kj) EEs were estimated by indirect calorimetry by measuring oxygen consumption and the anaerobic EE (AEE, kj) by blood lactate concentration ([La]). The total EE (TEE, kj) was recorded by the sum of AEE, RIEE and AEE. RESULTS: Data showed that the AEE was greater in TM than the CM; however, the AEEE, RIEE and the TEE were not significantly different between the methods. The TM presented higher [La] than the CM. CONCLUSION: We conclude that the CM and TM produces similar EE during and post-workout, however, one realizes that the TM uses more anaerobic system than the MC.

energy metabolism; lactate; oxygen consumption; resistance training

INTRODUÇÃO: O treinamento com pesos vem sendo amplamente utilizado como estratégia de controle e redução ponderal, assim o gasto energético (GE) contribui de forma significativa para este processo. OBJETIVO: Comparar os efeitos agudos do método circuito (MC) com o método tradicional (MT) sobre o GE. MÉTODOS: Trata-se de uma pesquisa com delineamento crossover e aleatorizado, a amostra foi composta por 10 homens adultos treinados com idade entre 18 e 29 anos. Foram realizadas duas sessões experimentais com wash out de sete dias: no MC os exercícios foram realizados alternados por segmento em forma de estações, durante o MT os exercícios foram realizados em séries consecutivas. Ambos os métodos seguiram a mesma sequência de oito exercícios com o mesmo trabalho total: 60% de 1RM, 24 séries/estações e 10 repetições. O lactato sanguíneo foi coletado em repouso e a cada três séries/estações. O ar expirado foi coletado por 30 minutos antes e ~31 minutos durante todas as sessões de treinamento. O GE aeróbio de exercício (GEAE, kj) e do intervalo de recuperação (GEAIR, kj) foram estimados pela calorimetria indireta através da medida do consumo de oxigênio e o GE anaeróbio (GEA, kj) pela concentração de lactato sanguíneo ([La]). O GE total (GET, kj) foi registrado pelo somatório do GEA, GEAE e GEAIR. RESULTADOS: Os dados demonstraram que o GEA foi maior no MT do que o MC, no entanto, o GEAE, GEAIR e o GET não foram diferentes significativamente entre os métodos. O MT apresentou maior [La] do que o MC. CONCLUSÃO: Conclui-se que o MC e o MT produzem similar GET, contudo, percebe-se que o MT utiliza mais a via anaeróbia do que o MC.

metabolismo energético; lactato; consumo de oxigênio; treinamento resistido

ORIGINAL ARTICLE

EXERCISE AND SPORTS MEDICINE CLINIC

Acute effects of different weight training methods on energy expenditure in trained men

Rodrigo Ramalho Aniceto^I,II; Raphael Mendes Ritti-Dias^I; Christopher B. Scott^III; Fábio Fellipe Martins de Lima^II; Thaliane Mayara Pessôa dos Prazeres^I,II; Wagner Luiz do Prado^I,II

^IPhysical Education Post-graduate Program, University of Pernambuco/ Federal University of Paraíba, Recife, Brazil

^IINutrition and Exercise Research Group, University of Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brazil

^IIIExercise, Health and Sport Sciences, University of Southern Maine, Gorham, USA

Mailing address

ABSTRACT

INTRODUCTION: The Weight training has been widely used as strategy of reduction and weight control, so the energy expenditure (EE) contributes significantly to this process.

OBJECTIVE: To compare the acute effects of the circuit method (CM) with the traditional method (TM) on the EE.

METHODS: This research had a randomized crossover design; the sample consisted of ten adult men recreationally trained aged between 18 to 29 years. There were two experimental sessions with seven-day wash out: in CM the exercises were performed by alternating segment in form of stations, during TM the exercises were performed in consecutive sets. Both training methods followed the same sequence of eight exercises with the same total work: 60% of 1RM, 24 sets/stations and ten repetitions. The collection of blood lactate was performed at rest and the every three sets/stations. The expired air was collected per 30 minutes before and ~31 minutes during all the training sessions. The aerobic exercise (AEEE, kj) and of rest interval (RIEE, kj) EEs were estimated by indirect calorimetry by measuring oxygen consumption and the anaerobic EE (AEE, kj) by blood lactate concentration ([La]). The total EE (TEE, kj) was recorded by the sum of AEE, RIEE and AEE.

RESULTS: Data showed that the AEE was greater in TM than the CM; however, the AEEE, RIEE and the TEE were not significantly different between the methods. The TM presented higher [La] than the CM.

CONCLUSION: We conclude that the CM and TM produces similar EE during and post-workout, however, one realizes that the TM uses more anaerobic system than the MC.

Keywords: energy metabolism, lactate, oxygen consumption, resistance training.

INTRODUCTION

Weight training (WT) is used with the purpose to increase muscular mass, resistance, strength and muscular power of its practitioners^1-2; however, recently WT has been widely used for weight reduction and control³. In order to meet these expectations, the prescription of this kind of training involves the manipulation of many variables, such as muscular actions, number of sets and repetitions, load intensities, velocity of the movement performance, recovery interval, selection and order of the exercises, besides the weekly frequency^1-2.

The circuit method (CM) and traditional method (TM) are fairly used in different population groups. The studies show that CM promotes improvement in cardiorespiratory fitness, cardiovascular response, functional capacity, muscular strength and local muscular resistance, besides altering body composition^4-6. On the other hand, TM is usually associated with increase in muscular mass, muscular strength and power^7-8.

WT promotes increase of energy expenditure (EE), being an important component in prescription, especially in situations when body mass modulation is an aim. Studies have compared the EE between CM and TM^9-11; however, until the present moment, the results are inconclusive, since the investigations have not standardized the conditions tested and the EE estimation, it has been exclusive measured by the oxygen consumption (VO₂). However, such technique is only able to quantify aerobic EE, and WT is an activity essentially anaerobic with great participation of anaerobic glycolytic processes. Thus, the energy estimation from this system becomes essential. Therefore, the blood lactate concentration ([La]) appears as an alternative^12-14.

Thus, the aim of the study was to compare the acute effects of the CM and TM on the total EE of the weight training session. Our hypothesis is that when total work is standardized, the total EE is higher in TM than in CM.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Experimental outlining

This research has crossed (crossover) and random outlining. The present study was approved by the Ethics Committee in Research of the University of Pernambuco (# 226/10). Prior to any test, the individuals signed a free and clarified consent form, when the aims and of the research and applied procedures were presented and they were informed about the possible risks and benefits of the study.

The experimental outlining of the study is presented in figure 1. After five to seven days from the anthropometric measurements, body composition evaluation and 1RM test, the subjects were randomly (randomizer.org) submitted to two experimental sessions with interval of seven days (wash out). Each session consisted in the performance of one of the two training methods: TM or CM. The only difference between the methods was the organization of the exercise sessions, since during the CM the volunteers performed the exercises alternated by segment (trunk, upper or lower limbs) in stations, while during TM the exercises were performed in three consecutive sets for each muscle group.

Sample

The sample was composed of 10 adult recreationally trained men. The sample was selected through announcement (posters/invitations) in the university campus. The inclusion criteria were: to be a man aged between 18 and 30 years; to be apt for physical activity practice (PAR-Q); to have regularly practiced WT for at least six months and maximum two years, with minimum frequency of three times per week; and to present body mass index between 18.5 kg/m² and 29.9 kg/m². Individuals who made use of food supplements, medication, alcohol or smoked during the experimental procedures; presented any osteomuscular or cardiovascular aggravation; and had performed any physical exercise 48 hours before the experimental sessions were excluded. The sample size determination was performed with the software G*Power 3.1 and based on a pilot study, using mean and standard deviation of EE of the training sessions and one correlation coefficient of 0.5, obtaining hence an effect size of 1.16. Thus, using power of 0.80 (two-tailed) and α of 0.05, the sample size was estimated in eight individuals.

PROCEDURES

Anthropometric measurements and body composition

A Filizola®, scale was used for weight (kg); wooden stadiometer for height (cm); Lange scientific adipometer for skinfolds measurement. Body mass index (BMI) was calculated dividing weight by height to the square (kg/m²). The used protocol for prediction of body density was the three skinfolds (chest, abdominal and mid-thigh) by Jackson and Pollock¹⁵. Fat percentage was estimated (%F) with the Siri's equation.

One-repetition maximum test

One 1RM test, followed by the protocol previously described by Kraemer et al.¹⁶ was performed. Warm-up of five to 10 repetitions was performed using 40 to 60% of estimated maximum load. After one-minute recovery the volunteers performed three to five repetitions with 60 to 80% of estimated maximum load. After two minutes three to five attempts with progressive load were performed, with intervals of three minutes between attempts, to identify the 1RM. This process of load increase continued until fail in the attempt occurred. Standard instructions were given before the test. The test order followed the same order as in the experimental sessions. The subjects were told to refrain from performing physical exercise 24 hours before the test and to eat two hours before the test.

Familiarization with the metronome

After the 1RM test, a familiarization session with the metronome (Korg MA-30) was performed, using a set of 10 repetitions in all exercises, following the same performance order of the exercises of the sessions.

Blood lactate concentration

Blood samples from the earlobe (25µL) were collected in heparinized tubes before (baseline) and at every three sets or stations (three min, seven min, 11 min, 15 min, 19 min, 23 min, 27 min, 31 min). All samples were immediately transferred to sterile plastic tubes (eppendorfs) containing 50 µL of sodium fluorite at 1%, being later analyzed in mmol·L^-1 using a lactate analyzer (YSI 1500 Sport Lactate Analyzer, Yellow Springs, OH).

Direct gas analysis

The expired air was collected for 30 minutes before and during the entire exercise session (approximately 32 minutes), using a portable gas analyzer (Cosmed K4b², Rome, Italy) with breath-by-breath reading, and the oxygen uptake (VO₂, mL·min^-1) when the carbon dioxide (VCO₂, mL·min^-1) were analyzed. Before each experimental session the equipment was calibrated accordingly, following the manufacturer's recommendations. The environmental conditions were controlled and temperature was kept between 22 and 24ºC and relative humidity between 40 and 60%.

Resting metabolic rate and aerobic and anaerobic energetic expenditure

The resting metabolic rate (RMR, kj) has been calculated using the equation by Weir¹⁷, being obtained by indirect calorimetry with the individual at rest after night fasting of 10-12 hours. The VO₂ and the VCO₂ were collected for 30 minutes; however, only the 10 final minutes were considered as measurement or the RMR. Estimation of aerobic energy expenditure (AEE, kj) and the rest interval (RIEE, kj) the indirect calorimetry method was acquired through the VO₂, being the caloric values of 21.1 kj and 19.6 kj, respectively. The values obtained were multiplied by each liter of O₂ consumed^18-19. The anaerobic energy expenditure (AEE, kj) was analyzed through the [La], being calculated by the delta of the variation (∆) between the previous and subsequent measures (e.g.: ∆₁= [La]_3min - [La]_basal, ∆₂= [La]_7min - [La]_3min), all deltas were summed and the value multiplied by the body mass (kg) and by 3 ml of O₂^{12, 20}. This conversion for O₂ equivalent was converted to Joules, where 1 L of O₂= 21.1 kj^18-19. The total energy expenditure (TEE, kj) was obtained by the sum of the the expenditures (TEE= AEE+AEEE+RIEE).

Experimental protocols

The individuals arrived at the laboratory between seven and eight in the morning and remained seated at supine position for 15 minutes, RMR was measured right after it. Subsequently, a standard snack was ingested (a bun of 50 g with a slice of cheese of 30 g and a glass of fruit juice of 200 ml) with energy density of 350 kcal (Carbohydrates: 61.7%; Proteins: 13.44% and Lipids: 24.86%). After rest of 30 minutes (seated), the VO₂ and the [La] of the exercise sessions (figure 2) were measured. All sessions followed the same exercise order: bench press, leg press 45º, seated row, leg curl, triceps pulley, leg extension, biceps curl, and adductor chair.

In both methods (TM and CM) total work was standardized: 60% of 1RM, 24 sets/stations, 10 repetitions and performance velocity with one second in the eccentric phase and one second in the concentric phase, being the work:rest ratio 1:3 (20 seconds: 60 seconds). The work was calculated multiplying load by the number of sets and repetitions, being total work equal to the sum of all exercises¹⁴. Moreover, positioning, exercise performance technique and range of motion were standardized. The individuals stopped ingesting caffeine 24 hours before the experimental protocols.

Statistical analysis

Data normality and homogeneity were confirmed by the Shapiro-Wilk and Levene tests, respectively. Paired Student's t test was used to compare CM and TM concerning RMR, AEEE, RIEE, AEE and TEE; and two-way ANOVA (conditions x moments) with post-hoc by Newman-Keuls to compare the [La] measurements (2 x 9). Data are presented in mean ± standard deviation with significance level adopted of p<0.05. The analyses were performed in the SPSS 16.0 and STATISTICA 5.1.

RESULTS

After the research was announced, 21 individuals volunteered to participate in it; however, six did not meet the inclusion criteria, five did not conclude all the experimental sessions. Thus, the final sample was composed of 10 volunteers aged 21.30 ± 3.33 years, weight 80.46 ± 6.84 kg, height 176.55 ± 5.11 cm, BMI 25.88 ± 2.85 kg/m², body fat 19.98 ± 4.30 % and training time 13.10 ± 6.38 months.

According to the standardization of the experimental sessions, there was no difference between the methods for total work performed (table 1), and exercise session duration, being 33.20 ± 1.35 minutes for the CM and 33.11 ± 1.26 minutes for the TM (p= 0.833). The RMR was similar in both methods, CM (13.35 ± 3.50 kj) and TM (12.42 ± 2.81 kj), demonstrating that the subjects initiated the experimental sessions with the same energy expenditure. Concerning the EE of the exercise sessions, table 2 demonstrates that the AEE is higher in TM than in CM (11.15%); however, the AEEE, RIEE and TEE did not present differences between methods.

Figure 3 presents the data of the lactate mean concentration, at each three sets for TM and three stations for CM, it was observed there were no differences in the baseline values between methods. From the third minute until the end of the sessions (31 minutes) both methods increased [La], and the highest values were observed in response to thee TM, except for minutes 19 and 23. The peak in [La] occurred in the 27th minute (12.89 ± 2.54 mmol•L^-1) and 31^st minute (11.08 ± 2.54 mmol•L^-1) for the TM and CM, respectively, demonstrating tendency to stabilization from the 23^rd minute in both training methods.

DISCUSSION

The initial hypothesis of the present study was that TM resulted in higher EE during the exercise, especial due to its metabolic characteristics, greater contribution to the anaerobic way with consequent increase of lactate production, which would lead to increase of VO₂ in the recovery interval for lactate removal and ATP resynthesis. The hypothesis was partially proved, since the volunteers presented higher anaerobic energy expenditure in response to the TM when compared with the CM; however, differences between the methods have not been verified for the TEE.

Many studies have shown the effect of acute variables of WT on the EE, such as performance velocity¹⁴, rest interval²¹, load intensity¹⁴, number of sets²², number of repetitions¹⁸, training volume²³ and muscular mass involved²⁴. Thus, it is worth mentioning that in the present study the experimental sessions were identical compared with the training variables, the only difference between the methods was the training design.

Elliot et al.⁹ and Pichon et al.¹¹, demonstrated that the CM produces higher EE that the TM, results different from the ones found in the present study; nevertheless, it can be observed that the previously cited studies, did not equip the tested methods, since the intensity variables and volume were different. When EE was made relative by work performed (work: expenditure ratio), Pichon et al.¹¹ observed that the TM despite generating lower work, resulted in higher energy expenditure than the CM. Additionally, the studies mentioned before used only the VO₂ measurement to estimate TEE and without estimation of the anaerobic EE, limiting such findings and possible comparisons.

In the present study, [La] was higher in the TM than in the CM; therefore, it is speculated that due to its structural characteristics, the TM presents higher local production of lactate (due to the consecutive sets) and lower removal. This metabolic phenomenon is related to the types of muscular fiber: type I (oxidative) and type II (glycolytic). Due to a different recruiting pattern of muscular fibers, it is possible that in response to the CM, the higher lactate production by type II fibers was compensated for greater removal of this lactate by the type I fibers, a fact which ay have been accelerated by the increase of blood flow^25-26.

In the TM this phenomenon seems to be attenuated, despite the lactate produced being removed by its own oxidation in the active muscle, via intramuscular lactate shuttle – MCT1²⁶. Thus, it seems that in the CM the extracellular lactate shuttle (cell to cell) via MCTs was determinant for the reduction of [La]. This hypothesis is corroborated by the study by van Hall et al.²⁷, who measured the lactate balance between upper and lower limbs during 40 minutes of continuous exercise in skiing, using both limbs, the data showed that the arms produced lactate, while the legs removed it.

The RIEE was the component which contributed the most to the TEE in both methods. The EE obtained in one minute represents a great part of the fast component of the excessive post-exercise oxygen consumption (EPOC), a significant amount of the O₂ increased is used to restore the cellular ATP and CP supplies used during the muscular contraction, and resaturation of oxyhemoglobin and oxymyoglobin²⁸. In that recovery period, the energy comes almost exclusively from the aerobic way, with the lactate and the fat being the main oxidized substrates in the mitochondrial respiration²⁹. Therefore, the TM could have induced more RIEE than the CM, since the TM obtained higher [La] and could have recruited more muscle fibers due to the consecutive sets⁸, and needs hence higher velocity in the ATP-CP resynthesis.

Another aspect which affects the EE in the WT is the muscle damage. Thus, besides greater lactate production, it was expected that the TM induced to greater muscle damage when compared with the CM. Deminice et al.³⁰ after having compared the TM performed with three sets, 10 repetitions, 75% of 1RM and 90 seconds of rest interval and the CM with similar work and without rest interval, observed that the methods are not significantly different compared with muscle damage, although both have presented increase in the creatine kinase enzymatic activity post-exercise. Thus, it seems that when the subjects are trained and the training methods are standardized by work, both CM and TM produce similar responses related to muscle damage. However, our study presents some limitations, since it was not possible to analyze intervenient variables, such as hormone rates and body temperature, which can help explain our findings.

CONCLUSION

CM and TM produce similar TEE, when they are standardized by total work and the AEE is estimated. However, it is observed that TM uses more the anaerobic way than CM. Summing up, in the perspective of the exercise prescription, both TM and CM should be used with the aim to maximize EE; however, TM is suggested for improvement of anaerobic metabolism. Nevertheless, our investigations should be carried out in different populations, especially in obese subjects. Finally, it is worth mentioning the importance for these studies to standardize the tested conditions and use methodological procedures suitable for EE analysis and provide hence greater comparison ability among the results.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The authors thank the Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Level Personnel (CAPES) for the Master's scholarship, as well as the National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq) and the Support to Sciences and Technology Foundation of Pernambuco State (FACEPE) for the scientific initiation scholarships and Valedourado company, for the juice donation for the standard snack.

All authors have declared there is not any potential conflict of interests concerning this article.

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Publication Dates

• Publication in this collection
  19 Aug 2013
• Date of issue
  June 2013