Changes in metabolic and motor performance variables induced by training in handball players

Abstracts

A monitoração do treinamento é uma prática comum no desporto. Essa monitoração deve ser baseada em testes específicos e que reflitam as adaptações às diversas etapas de treinamento, permitindo, assim, ajustes no programa deste. Assim, este estudo teve como objetivo analisar as alterações em variáveis motoras e metabólicas induzidas pelo treinamento durante um macrociclo em jogadores de handebol. Os atletas foram submetidos a um programa de preparação fundamentado no modelo de periodização proposto por Verkhoshanski(7) e adaptado por Oliveira(8). Foram estudados 11 jogadores de handebol, que realizaram treinamentos diários, na faixa etária de 20 a 32 anos, massa corporal média de 89,5 ± 10,4kg (70,2 a 105,1kg), e estatura média de 184,4 ± 6,7cm (171,8 a 198cm), filiados à equipe "UniFil/Londrina" do município de Londrina - PR. Os handebolistas foram submetidos a duas baterias de testes: a primeira no início do segundo macrociclo de treinamento e a segunda após 16 semanas, antecedendo o início da liga nacional. Para análise dos dados foi utilizado teste t para medidas repetidas com p < 0,05. Os resultados demonstram que ocorreram importantes adaptações, por meio de aumentos da força rápida de 7,8%, da força explosiva de 8,1% e da agilidade de 6,4% (p < 0,05). Além disso, a estrutura do programa de preparação proposta também permitiu que ocorressem adaptações metabólicas, inferidas pelos aumentos da potência anaeróbia de 30,5 e 37,5% (p < 0,05) para a distância percorrida e para o tempo de permanência no teste de Yo-yo, respectivamente. Também houve aumento na potência aeróbia inferida pelo VO2máx de 8,1% (p < 0,05). Sugere-se, portanto, que o programa de treinamento utilizado, fundamentado no modelo de cargas concentradas, possibilitou evolução positiva das capacidades motoras, as quais foram observadas pela manifestação do efeito posterior duradouro do treinamento (EPDT).

Desempenho físico; Programa de treinamento; Desporto

ORIGINAL ARTICLE

Changes in metabolic and motor performance variables induced by training in handball players

Alteraciones en las variables motoras y metabólicas inducidas por el entrenamiento durante un macro ciclo en jugadores de balonmano

Juvenilson de Souza^{I, II}; Antônio Carlos Gomes^II; Lucas Leme^I; Sergio Gregorio da Silva^{II, III}

^IUniversidade Filadélfia de Londrina UniFil – Londrina, Paraná, Brasil

^IIClube Atlético Paranaense CAP – Curitiba, Paraná, Brasil

^IIIUniversidade Federal do Paraná UFPR – Curitiba, Paraná, Brasil

ABSTRACT

Measurement of physical fitness is a common and appropriate practice in sports competition. The information obtained from testing will allow adjustments of the training program to meet an individual's specific fitness needs. The purpose of this study was to analyze the changes in metabolic and motor performance variables in handball players during a training program following a model proposed by Verkhoshanski⁽⁷⁾ and adapted by Oliveira⁽⁸⁾. Eleven handball players, from 20 to 32 years old, body weight 89.5 ± 10.4 kg (70.2 and 105.1 kg), height of 184.4 ± 6.7 cm (171.8 and 198 cm) participated in this study. All participants were members of "UniFil/Londrina" Handball Team of Londrina, Paraná. The subjects were tested and retested after developing a 16-week training program, prior to the start of the National League Championship. Data were analyzed using t-test for repeated measures (p < 0.05). The results showed very important adaptations with an increase in velocity strength (7.8%, p < 0.05), explosive strength (8.1%, p < 0.05) and agility (6.4%, p < 0.05). Moreover, the training program allowed for some metabolic adaptations, such as anaerobic power (30.5 and 37.5%, p < 0.05), and the total time the players could stand at the Yo-yo test, respectively. Aerobic power, measured by VO₂max, also increased (8.1%, p < 0.05). The results suggest that the program proposed was able to create positive motor capacities responses that were observed in the lasting training posterior effect.

Keywords: Physical performance. Training program. Sport.

RESUMEN

La monitorización del entrenamiento es una práctica común en el deporte. Esa monitorización debe basarse en pruebas específicas y que reflejen las adaptaciones a las diversas etapas del entrenamiento, permitiendo así, ajustes en el programa del mismo. Así, este estudio ha tenido como objetivo analizar las alteraciones en las variables motoras y metabólicas inducidas por el entrenamiento durante un macro ciclo en jugadores de balonmano. Los atletas fueron sometidos a un programa de preparación basado en el modelo de periodicidad propuesto por Verkhoshanski⁽⁷⁾ y adaptado por Oliveira⁽⁸⁾. Fueron estudiados 11 jugadores de balonmano que realizaron entrenamiento diario, con edades entre 20 y 32 años, masa corporal media de 89,5 ± 10,4 kg (70,2 y 105,1 kg), y estatura media de 184,4 ± 6,7 cm (171,8 y 198 cm), afiliados al equipo "UniFil/Londrina" del municipio de Londrina - PR. Los deportistas fueron sometidos a dos baterías de test: la primera al iniciar el segundo macro ciclo de entrenamiento y la segunda después de 16 semanas, antecediendo el inicio de la liga nacional. Para el análisis de los datos fue utilizado el test t para medidas repetidas con (p < 0,05). Los resultados muestran que ocurrieron importantes adaptaciones por medio de aumentos de la fuerza rápida de 7,8%, de la fuerza explosiva de 8,1% y de la agilidad de 6,4% (p < 0,05). Además de esto, la estructura del programa de preparación propuesto también permitió que ocurriesen adaptaciones metabólicas, inferidas por los aumentos de potencia anaeróbica de 30,5 y 37,5% (p < 0,05) para la distancia recorrida y para el tiempo de permanencia en el test de Yo-yo, respectivamente. También hubo aumento en la potencia aeróbica inferida por el VO₂máx de 8,1% (p < 0,05). Se sugiere, por tanto, que el programa de entrenamiento utilizado con base en el modelo de cargas concentradas, posibilitó una evolución positiva de las capacidades motoras, las que fueron observadas por la manifestación del efecto posterior duradero del entrenamiento (EPDT).

Palabras-clave: Desempeño físico. Programa de entrenamiento. Deporte.

INTRODUCTION

Handball is a sport that presents physical efforts characteristics of high intensity and of short duration, with emphasis in the motor capacities of velocity and strength, especially the explosive strength and velocity strength.

The mentioned training motor capacities is an important component of the physical performance, therefore, more attention should be dedicated to the development of specific physical conditioning (specific physical preparation) of handball players. Thus, handball as other collective sports, involves a sequence of activities that demand the anaerobic metabolism in a determining manner.

Thereby, Astrand and Rodahl⁽¹⁾; Wilmore and Costill⁽²⁾ reported that the variables that determine the physical performance in high response of intermittent sports depend on the energy production, especially on the anaerobic system and the muscle capacity of using energy. Rannou et al.⁽³⁾; Eleno, Barela and Kokubun⁽⁴⁾, showed that the handball game demands a high development of the anaerobic power (via metabolic one), since it influences the performance of the velocity and strength capacities. According to this way of thinking, Verkhoshanski⁽⁵⁾, reports that the increase of the moving velocity, reassured by the increase of the athlete's energetic potential, that is, by the body capacity to produce an ever growing amount of energy in the time unit, can be efficiently obtained only through the special physical preparation means.

Thereby, it is observed that modern sports, specifically handball, demand from the physical trainers a well elaborated plan, especially in order to have the athletes reach optimum performance levels and receive an assistance of the dynamics development of the physical performance during a macro cycle training. On the other hand, it has been observed that the planning of the physical preparation has been elaborated based on methodologies considered inadequate to the high performance handball features.

According to Martins, Feitoza and Silva⁽⁶⁾, the training periodicity has not been fulfilling in some aspects the demands and needs of the modern sports. One must take into consideration that the competitions are longer, the competitors are of a high technical level and athletes are better prepared among others, hence, modern sports face the constant need of updating the processes of athletes' preparation.

Thus, the periodicity model proposed by Verkhoshanski⁽⁷⁾, seems to be adequate to handball's characteristics, once it consists of the application of concentrated loads of strength in step A, serving as pre requisite, joined by specific metabolic stimulations (velocity and technique) in step B, creating foundation to the improving of the performance specific capacities. According to Oliveira⁽⁸⁾, in step B, a phenomenon followed by the concentrated loads of strength, called training lasting posterior effect (EPDT/TLPE), occurs, which allows the athlete reach performance levels not possible by the traditional model of periodicity. Thus, this step favors the specific technical-tactical training, besides velocity, in optimum performance levels.

Therefore, this study had as its aim to analyze the changes of the motor and metabolic capacities that act in the physical performance of handball players during a training macro cycle, submitted to a preparation program based on the periodicity model proposed by Verkhoshanski⁽⁷⁾ and adapted by Oliveira⁽⁸⁾.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Sample

The sample of this study, was intentionally selected, and consisted of 11 handball players who daily practiced, were between 20 and 32 years of age, weighted between 70,2 and 105,1 kg with an average of 89,5 ± 10,4 kg, and had height between 171,8 and 198 cm, with an average of 184,4 ± 6,7 cm, filiated to the "UniFil/Londrina" team from Londrina county PR. The athletes were informed about the study procedures and objectives and signed the agreement term whenever they agreed on participating in the research. This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Universidade Filadélfia of Londrina.

Data collection

All the individuals were submitted to two test routines: the first test routine was conducted in the beginning of the second training macro cycle (on May 07, 08 and 09) and the second on August 27, 28 and 29, 2003, two weeks prior the beginning of the second competition (National League). All tests were conducted in the afternoon. The second test routine followed the same order, starting with a standard warm-up and using the following order for the tests and measurements:

Day 1:

Anthropometrical measurements, Vertical Jump Test and the Arm Wingate Test.

Day 2:

Moving Velocity Test 40 m run, Yo-Yo Recovery Test level II.

Day 3:

Sextuple Jump Test, Agility Test (square), Two-Way Run Test.

Body types

The Jackson and Pollock protocol was used⁽⁹⁾ to estimate the body density and the Siri equation⁽¹⁰⁾ for the calculation of the fat percentage.

Motor tests

Vertical jump test

The explosive strength of the lower limbs of the handball players was indirectly measured through the vertical jump test on a resistive table connected to a digital timer, following protocol proposed by Bosco et al.⁽¹¹⁾.

Only one jump technique was used: jump with countermovement and arm help (CMAJ), having the individual three tries. The best try was the used result.

Arm Wingate

The 30 seconds arm Wingate test was used to measure the anaerobic power of the upper limbs. This test is done in an adapted ergometric bicycle, by JAGUAR, with a 5% load of the body mass. The individuals were told to do the pedaling movement using their arms for 30 s. A computerized system was used to measure the pedaled (with the arms) per minute (rpm), and therefore estimate the performance in some work indexes: absolute maximum power (W) and relative (W/KG), fatigue index (%) and time to reach the maximum power (s).

Moving velocity test – 40 m run

The 40 meters run test was applied to evaluate the moving velocity. The test consists of performing the effort in the highest velocity possible, only decreasing it after the 40 meters run. A photoelectric cell was used to time in seconds the velocity in the 10 and 40 meters. Each athlete had three tries, with a five minute interval between the tries to ATP-CP re-synthesis. The best result among the three tries was used.

Level II Yo-Yo test

The level II recovery Yo-Yo test⁽¹²⁾ was used to measure the anaerobic power of the lower limbs of the handball players, through the highest velocity developed and the distance run, which presents maximum, progressive and with intervals characteristic. The test has the objective to make the individual run the furthest as possible, in a back-and-forth system, in a set space of 20 m, where the individual has to move from one side to another with a five second pause, every time he returns to the starting point. The velocity is determined by sound signals. The athlete's arrival has to be at the same time of the sound signal. The test begins with a 11 km/h velocity for 40 m, it increases to 15 km/h for 80 m, after that, the interval between the sound signals diminishes each minute and the individual has to slightly increase the velocity (0,5 km.h per level) to continue to arrive in time to the sides of the corridor. The test ceases when the individual gives u or when he is not capable to follow the rhythm imposed by the test.

Sextuple jump

It consists of six consecutive alternate jumps, to try to reach the furthest distance possible in meters. Each individual had two tries and the best result prevails.

Square test – agility

A test with change direction called "square" was used with the aim to measure the agility of the handball players. The space to be run was marked with four cones, set in a square shape with four meters away from each other. When the individual hears the command: "ON YOUR MARKS, GET SET, GO!", he leaves from one of the cones, runs his fastest diagonally, passing behind the cone and heading paralleling towards another cone passing behind it, and diagonally towards the other cone, finally returning to the starting point. After that, without stopping the run, the individual repeats the same way to end the test. Each individual had two tries. The time register will be in seconds, through a photoelectric cell, being the best time between the two tries considered.

Back-and-forth run test

The aerobic power of the handball players was measured through a back-and-forth run test proposed by Léger et al.⁽¹³⁾. In the test the individual moves from one line to another over a 20 m distance, changing the direction according to sound signals from a recorded tape, coming from a player placed between the two marks that set the distance. The sound signal gets progressively faster during the test. The back-and-forth run test begins with a 8,5 km/h velocity and presents an increase of 0,5 km/h each minute. The test finishes when the individual ceases the run or delays two times in relation to the sound signal synchronism for a distance longer than two meters. The last completed step is registered for the calculation of the oxygen maximum consumption.

Training program

The program had a monocyclic structure and the training system in blocks proposed by Verkhoshanski⁽⁷⁾ and adapted by Oliveira⁽⁸⁾ was used.

The macro cycle had a 16 weeks duration, beginning on the second week of May, ending on the fourth week of August, 2003.

11 handball players participated in a training program, five days per week, with training sessions of approximately two hours, to analyze the evolution of the physical performance measured through tests.

The training macro cycle had a preparation structure divided in general and special steps, with two blocks (A and B). The general step consisted of block A, characterized as of concentrated loads of strength, with duration of nine weeks, and was subdivided in three micro steps A1 – 4 weeks, A2 – 3 weeks, and A3 – 2 weeks). After block A, a week rest was given.

The special step consisted of block B, with duration of seven weeks and was subdivided in two micro steps (B1 – 4 weeks and B2 – 3 weeks), with emphasis on the velocity training (acceleration), the velocity resistance, the special resistance and the specific technical-tactical.

^{Board 1} shows the list of activities developed in each training block.

Data analysis

The data were analyzed through descriptive statistics, being the obtained results at different times of the study grouped in average and standard deviation values, and the differences were compared through student t test for repeated measures. The adopted significance level for all analyses was of p < 0,05.

RESULTS

In table 1 the results of the anthropometrical measures and of body mass are presented and the statistics analysis did not show any significant difference to the body mass and the height. However, a significant improvement of the % fat, statistically speaking, can be observed.

The found values in the actual study for the anthropometrical measures are within the patterns observed in Brazilian handball players⁽¹⁴⁾.

Concerning the results of the motor tests conducted before and after 16 weeks of concentrated loads (tables 2, 3 and 4), it was possible to detect similar behaviors of the motor tests that present a predominant participation of the anaerobic metabolism (vertical jump, sextuple jump, square test, 10 and 40 meters run, arm Wingate and level II Yo-Yo recovery) that try to analyze the motor capacities of explosive strength, rapid strength, agility, velocity and anaerobic power of lower and upper limbs, respectively.

Examining table 2, positive and statistically significant changes for the vertical jump, the sextuple jump and the square test can be seen. An increase in the jump height (8,1%), an increase in the jump distance (7,8%) and a decrease in the time to perform the square test (6,4%) are observed. Therefore, the shown results in table 2 may lead us to the conclusion that important neuromuscular adaptations through the increase in the rapid strength, in the explosive strength and in the agility occurred.

We may observe a decrease of the necessary time to run the 10 and 40 meters distances in 6,8 and 3,1% respectively for the velocity, which is not statistically significant.

Analyzing table 3 we may assert that there was a positive change, however, not statistically significant for the absolute power (PA) and for the relative power (PR) of 1,9 and 5,9%, respectively. Concerning the time that the handball player took to reach the PA, the results showed statistically significant improvements of 11,2%. Concerning the fatigue index, which is measured by the difference of the maximum power and the minimum power, a decrease of 1,7% after 16 weeks of concentrated loads training was seen.

The results of the variables of the anaerobic power caused by the level II Yo-Yo recovery test, showed statistically significant differences for the distance run, for the still time and for maximum velocity reached in the end of the test (table 4). The distance run and the still time in the test presented expressive increase of 30,5 and 37,5%, respectively, while for the maximum velocity, the increase was of 3,8%.

Table 5 presents the results of the variables of the back-and-forth run test. Statistically significant improvement for all variables can be observed. The athletes increased the still time and consequently the distance run during the test in 7 and 8,6%, respectively. Concerning the VO₂max, the average results let us identify statistically significant improvement of 8,1% after 16 weeks of concentrated loads training.

DISCUSSION

The specific characteristic of handball demands from players an effective participation in activities that need a good aerobic and anaerobic response⁽¹⁵⁾. However, some authors report that handball is a sport that demands predominately the motor capacities that depend on the anaerobic metabolism^(3-4,16).

Thus, it seems reasonable to affirm that the motor capacities strength and velocity and their ways of manifestation are crucial, since the technical and tactical capacities can be consistently superior when the handball players present high levels of adaptation of the anaerobic metabolism⁽³⁾.

Thereby, in this study the concentrated loads training methodology proposed by Verkhoshanski⁽⁷⁾ and adapted by Oliveira⁽⁸⁾ was chosen. Thus, the exercises for the strength training, velocity and its manifestation ways should be used in physical preparation programs of high performance handball players, with the aim to potentiate the anaerobic metabolism adaptations and consequently obtain an optimum performance in the competition.

Following this way of thinking, Toledo⁽¹⁷⁾ studied the dynamics of the change of the motor capacities in an annual macro cycle, using concentrated loads and reported statistically significant increase for the explosive strength, measured through the stative horizontal jump test between the A1 and A3 micro steps (six weeks). The author mentions that such increase was due to an adaptation improvement of the motor possibilities of the athletes, specially obtained by the change of the functional state and by the inter and intramuscular coordination improvement. Concerning the rapid strength, measured through the sextuple jump test, the author did not find significant improvement, however, a slight change between the A1 and A3 micro steps was observed.

In another study, Moreira⁽¹⁸⁾ applied the methodology of concentrated loads training in adult basketball players and reported increases that varied from 0 to 5% in the moving velocity for the 30 meters run for a 12 weeks period. Toledo on the other hand⁽¹⁷⁾, who studied soccer players and applied the same training methodology of the actual study, reported increases that varied from 2 and 15% for the moving velocity measured through the 30 meters run test in a seven-week period. Concerning the actual study, though, it seems that the concentrated loads of velocity developed with the aim to improve the moving velocity need to be restructured, once the 40 meters run time decrease was statistically not significant. One of the training strategies used for the velocity development, especially in the B2 block, was to have stative running exercises for 5 seconds and after 20/30 seconds of rest, the handball player ran in velocity in the 5 and 20 meters distances. It is believed that such strategy should be reorganized, removing from the training session the stative running exercises, which may allow the EPDT.

Concerning the PA and PR values measured through the arm Wingate test, the results of the actual study report improvement in 16 weeks of concentrated loads training. Rannou et al.⁽³⁾ applied the Wingate test for the lower limbs with the purpose of analyzing the physiological profile of adult handball players and reported that the PA and the PR of the handball players are better than of the athletes who practice sports with resistance predominance. The authors reported that such differences are due to the greater muscular mass and to the neuromuscular adaptations of handball players.

Concerning the variables related to the aerobic resistance, the results showed significant improvement for the maintaining time and for the distance run during the test, besides the oxygen maximum consumption (VO₂máx). Although the preparation program is basically originated from short duration and high intensity activities (strength and velocity), it was observed that the physical exercises with predominance of anaerobic system and the technical-tactic training with intermittent characteristics, offered important improvement in the aerobic and anaerobic physical conditioning of handball players.

Handball is a sport characterized by intermittent efforts, of varied extension and random periodicity. Thus, it is necessary to apply a test also with intermittent characteristics to detect the physiological adaptations. Therefore, in the actual study the level II Yo-Yo recovery test was used to measure the anaerobic power. We may affirm based on the mentioned test results that the concentrated loads preparation program, which is based on special preparatory exercises of increasing volume and of general preparatory exercises of reduced volume, made the manifestation of the lasting posterior training effect (EPDT/LPTE) possible, as reported by Oliveira⁽⁸⁾. According to Moreira⁽¹⁸⁾, the strength concentrated loads destined to make the morphological restructures possible, are the basic condition for the effective EPDT expression. In the actual study one may observe that the strength concentrated loads and their manifestations occurred predominately during the first weeks of training. It is thereby seen that in the following eight weeks the preparation program gave priority to the use of velocity concentrated loads and their manifestations, with the aim to make EPDT possible. We can affirm through the results of the studied motor capacities that such physiological phenomenon occurred mainly in the motor capacities that depend on aerobic metabolism predominately.

FINAL CONSIDERATIONS

The most remarkable considerations of this study are:

This study confirms that the training program of handball players should have emphasis on exercises that promote adaptation in the anaerobic metabolism;

The concentrated loads training methodology applied for 16 weeks, caused improvement in the motor capacities that predominately depend on the anaerobic metabolism;

The concentrated loads represented training stimuli sufficient to produce statistically significant increases of the aerobic resistance in a 16 weeks period;

The results analysis allows us to affirm the efficiency of the block training system in handball, due to the possibility to explore the adaptation supply, through the use of the concentrated loads.

Although there are few studies in Brazil that adopted the concentrated loads training system, especially in collective sports, it is verified that such model of periodicity adaptively used, may be applied bringing important benefits to the physical response of the athlete. Due to this study limitations (only two evaluations, short time training, lack of evaluation at the end of the competition), it is suggested that other studies should be developed taking the mentioned limitations into account.

REFERENCES

Received in 1/8/05. Final version received in 7/9/05. Approved in 5/12/05.

All the authors declared there is not any potential conflict of interests regarding this article.

• 1. Astrand PO, Rodahl K. Tratado de fisiologia do exercício. Rio de Janeiro: Ed. Interamericana, 1980.
• 2. Wilmore JH, Costill DL. Fisiologia do esporte e do exercício. São Paulo: Ed. Manole, 2001.
• 3. Rannou F, Prioux J, Zouhal H, Gratas-Delamarche A, Delamarche P. Physiological profile of handeball players. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2001;3:349-53.
• 4. Eleno TG, Barela JA, Kokubun E. Tipos de esforço e qualidades físicas do handebol. Rev Bras Ciênc Esporte 2002;1:83-98.
• 5. Verkhoshanski IV. Preparação de força especial: modalidades desportivas cíclicas. Rio de Janeiro: Ed. Grupo Palestra Sport, 1995.
• 6. Martins CML, Feitoza PM, Silva FM. As principais tendências de planejamento do treino: uma revisão bibliográfica. Rev Trein Desp 1999;4,2:71-80.
• 7. Verkhoshanski IV. Entrenamiento deportivo: planificación y programación. Barcelona: Ed. Martinez Roca, 1990.
• 8. Oliveira PR. Efeito posterior duradouro de treinamento (EPDT) das cargas concentradas de força - Investigação a partir de ensaio com equipe infanto-juvenil e juvenil de voleibol. Campinas: Unicamp, 1998: 173p, Tese (Doutorado em Educação Física). Faculdade de Educação Física, Universidade de Campinas.
• 9. Jackson AS, Pollock ML. Generalized equations for predicting body density of men. Br J Nutr 1978;40:497-504.
• 10. Siri WE. Body composition from fluid spaces and density: analysis of methods. In: Brozek J, Henschel A, editors. Techniques for measurening body composition. Washington: National Academy on Science, 1961;223-44.
• 11. Bosco C, Belli A, Astrua M, Tihanyi J, Pozzo R, Kellis S, et al. A dynamometer for evaluation of dynamic muscle work. Eur J Appl Phys 1995;70,5:379-86.
• 12. Bangsbo J. Yo-yo test. Copenhagen: HO Storm, 1996.
• 13. Léger LA, Mercier D, Gadoury C, Lambert J. The multistage 20 metro shuttle run test for aerobic fitness. J Sports Sci 1988;6:93-101.
• 14. Glaner MF. Morfologia de atletas pan-americanos de handebol masculino por posição de jogo. Rev Trein Desp 1997;1:11-22.
• 15. Souza J, Ribeiro MA, Ramirez GA, Brevilhéri, JC. Evolução da potência aeróbia máxima em atletas de handebol adulto durante o período de preparação. Rev Trein Desp 2000;2:29-34.
• 16. Delamarche P, Gratas A, Beillot J, Dassonville J, Rochcongar P, Lessard Y. Extent of lactic anaerobic metabolism in handballers. Int J Sports Med 1987;8:55-9.
• 17. Toledo N. Futebol: as cargas concentradas de força e a dinâmica da alteração das capacidades biomotoras no macrociclo anual de treinamento. Campinas: Unicamp, 2000: 91p, Dissertação (Mestrado em Educação Física). Faculdade de Educação Física, Universidade de Campinas.
• 18. Moreira A. Basquetebol: sistema de treinamento em bloco - Organização e controle. Campinas: Unicamp, 2002: 214p, Dissertação (Mestrado em Educação Física). Faculdade de Educação Física, Universidade de Campinas.

Publication Dates

• Publication in this collection
  11 June 2007
• Date of issue
  June 2006

History

• Accepted
  05 Dec 2005
• Received
  01 Aug 2005
• Reviewed
  07 Sept 2005