Adaptation of invasive and non-invasive protocols to aerobic and anaerobic specific evaluation in female basketball players

Abstracts

OBJECTIVE: To adapted the critical velocity (CV), RAST test and lactate minimum (LM) to evaluation of female basketball players. METHODS: Twelve well-trained female basketball players (19 ± 1yrs) were submitted to four intensities running (10 - 14 km/h) at shuttle exercise until exhaustion, applied on alternate days. The linear model 'velocity vs. 1/tlim' was adopted to determine the aerobic (CV) and anaerobic (CCA) parameters. The lactate minimum test consisted of two phases: 1) hiperlactatemia induction using the RAST test and 2) incremental test composed by five shuttle run (20-m) at 7, 8, 9, 10, and 12 km/h. Blood samples were collected at the end of each stage. RESULTS: The velocity (vLM) and blood lactate concentration at LM were obtained by two polynomial adjustments: lactate vs. intensity (LM1) and lactate vs. time (LM2). ANOVA one-way, Student t-test and Pearson correlation were used for statistical analysis. The CV was obtained at 10.3 ± 0.2 km/h and the CCA estimated at 73.0 ± 3.4 m. The RAST was capable to induce the hiperlactatemia and to determine the Pmax (3.6 ± 0.2 W/kg), Pmed (2.8 ± 0.1 W/kg), Pmin (2.3 ± 0.1 W/kg) and FI (30 ± 3%). The vLM1 and vLM2 were obtained, respectively, at 9.47 ±0.13 km/h and 9.8 ± 0.13 km/h, and CV was higher than vLM1. CONCLUSION: The results suggest that the non-invasive model can be used to determine the aerobic and anaerobic parameters. Furthermore, the LM test adapted to basketball using RAST and progressive phase was effective to evaluate female athletes considering the specificity of modality, with high success rates observed in polynomial adjustment 'lactate vs. time' (LM2).

women; basketball; evaluation; lactate minimum; critical velocity

OBJETIVO: Adaptar os protocolos de velocidade crítica (Vcrit), RAST Test e Lactato Mínimo (LM) à especificidade do basquetebol feminino. MÉTODOS: Doze basquetebolistas bem treinadas (19 ± 1 anos) foram avaliadas pelo modelo velocidade crítica, composto por quatro intensidades (10,8, 12,0, 13,0, 14,5 km/h) de corridas "vai-vem" até exaustão, aplicadas em dias alternados. O modelo linear 'velocidade versus 1/tlim' foi adotado para determinação de parâmetros aeróbio (Vcrit) e anaeróbio (CCA). O LM foi composto por duas fases: 1) indução hiperlactacidêmica, caracterizada pelo RAST adaptado, e 2) fase progressiva, composta por cinco estágios de 3 minutos em corridas "vai-vem" de 20 m (7 a 12km/h), com coletas de sangue ao final de cada estágio. RESULTADOS: A velocidade (vLM) e a concentração do lactato mínimo foram obtidas pelos ajustes polinomiais 'lactato versus intensidade' (LM1) e 'lactato versus tempo' (LM2). A ANOVA one-way, teste t-Student e correlação de Pearson foram utilizados na análise estatística. A Vcrit foi obtida a 10,3 ± 0,2 km/h e a CCA estimada em 73,0 ± 3,4 m. O RAST foi capaz de induzir a hiperlactacidemia e determinar potências máxima (3,6 ± 0,2 W/kg), média (2,8 ± 0,1 W/kg), mínima (2,3 ± 0,1W/kg) e o índice de fadiga (30 ± 3%). A vLM1 e vLM2 foram obtidas, respectivamente, a 9,47 ± 0,13 e 9,8 ± 0,13km/h, sendo a vLM1 menor que a Vcrit. CONCLUSÕES: Os resultados sugerem que o modelo específico não invasivo pode ser utilizado para determinar parâmetros aeróbios e anaeróbios de basquetebolistas e, assim como em outras modalidades, a Vcrit superestima as intensidades de LM. Além disso, a adaptação do LM ao basquetebol feminino utilizando o RAST e a fase progressiva em exercício "vai-vem" foi efetiva para avaliar as atletas respeitando a especificidade da modalidade, com elevado percentual de sucesso no ajuste polinomial 'lactato versus tempo'.

feminino; basquetebol; avaliação; lactato mínimo; velocidade crítica

ORIGINAL ARTICLE

EXERCISE AND SPORTS MEDICINE CLINIC

Adaptation of invasive and non-invasive protocols to aerobic and anaerobic specific evaluation in female basketball players

Bruno Ferreira Camargo^I; Gustavo Gomes de Araújo^II; Claudio Alexandre Gobatto^III; Nathália Arnosti Vieira^I; Leonardo Henrique Dalcheco Messias^I; Fúlvia de Barros Manchado-Gobatto^III

^IMethodist University of Piracicaba – Unimep, Piracicaba São Paulo, Brazil

^IIFederal University of Alagoas UFAL, Maceió – Alagoas, Brazil

^IIIState University of Campinas, Unicamp. Limeira, São Paulo, Brazil

Mailing address

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE: The aim of the study was to adapt the critical velocity (CV), RAST test and lactate minimum (LM) to evaluation of female basketball players.

METHODS: Twelve well-trained female basketball players (19 ± 1yrs) were submitted to four running intensities (10 - 14 km/h) at shuttle exercise until exhaustion, applied on alternate days. The linear model 'velocity vs. 1/tlim' was adopted to determine the aerobic (CV) and anaerobic (ARC) parameters. The lactate minimum test consisted of two phases: 1) hyperlactatemia induction using the RAST test and 2) incremental test composed of five shuttle run (20-m) at 7, 8, 9, 10, and 12 km/h. Blood samples were collected at the end of each stage.

RESULTS: The velocity (vLM) and blood lactate concentrations at LM were obtained by two polynomial adjustments: lactate vs. intensity (LM1) and lactate vs. time (LM2). One-way ANOVA, Student's t-test and Pearson correlation were used for statistical analysis. The CV was obtained at 10.3 ± 0.2 km/h and the ARC estimated at 73.0 ± 3.4 m. The RAST was capable to induce hyperlactatemia and to determine the P_max (3.6 ±0.2 W/kg), P_mean (2.8 ± 0.1 W/kg), P_min (2.3 ± 0.1 W/kg) and FI (30±3%). The vLM1 and vLM2 were obtained, respectively, at 9.47 ±0.13 km/h and 9.8 ±0.13 km/h, and CV was higher than vLM1.

CONCLUSION: The results suggest that the non-invasive model can be used to determine the aerobic and anaerobic parameters. Furthermore, the LM test adapted to basketball using RAST and progressive phase was effective to evaluate female athletes considering the specificity of modality, with high success rates observed in polynomial adjustment 'lactate vs. time' (LM2).

Keywords: women, basketball, evaluation, lactate minimum, critical velocity.

INTRODUCTION

Basketball is a popular sports modality around the world¹. Due to the matches' dynamism, modern basketball has become increasingly more intense, requiring greater dislocations with high velocity for middle and short distances, with or without the ball from the players². During official basketball matches, the athletes move about 7.5 km with different intensities (moderate, intense and severe domains) and different activities (walks, runs, jumps)³, being these characteristics directly connected to the player's position, physical status and tactical system adopted in defensive and offensive situations. It is still widely discussed in the literature which energetic system is mostly active during the match. Researchers believe that the actions in basketball are more dependent on the anaerobic power and resistance factors.¹ Studies have shown that, during the match and at the end of each period of the game, the anaerobic metabolism way significantly contributes to the energetic production in the international level matches^3,4. On the other hand, the aerobic resistance is a significant factor for good performance of the actions during the game⁵. The activity of the aerobic metabolism during the game may provide greater removal of blood lactate and probable tolerance in active moments of the match³, as well as between the squares, resulting in better athletic responses during decisive tasks, such as dribbling, passing and shooting. While investigating physiological variables such as blood lactate during basketball matches, mean values of peak lactate of approximately 6.22 mM and decrease in performance at the end of the matches were found, suggesting the importance of aerobic metabolism on the recovery periods of basketball players for performance maintenance throughout the game⁶. Among the methods able to evaluate the aerobic and anaerobic conditions of the athletes we highlight the non-invasive method of critical velocity, initially proposed for the critical power determination⁷ and the invasive protocol of lactate minimum, dependent of the hyperlactatemia induction (1^st phase) and performance of a progressive test (2^nd phase) intensities⁸. In order to estimate the anaerobic power of athletes, the Running Anaerobic Sprint Test (RAST) has been widely applied^9,10. The critical velocity, lactate minimum and RAST protocols adapted to basketball, potentially interesting for quantification of exercise intensities and training prescription, have not been adapted and applied to female athletes of this modality. Considering the need for studies trying to investigate aerobic and anaerobic parameters in basketball athletes, more specifically female ones, the general aim of the present study was to adapt a invasive and non-invasive protocols to evaluation of women basketball players. Specifically, the study aimed to adapt the critical velocity (CV), RAST and lactate minimum (LM) protocols for evaluation of women basketball players.

METHODS

Twelve well-trained basketball players (19 ± 1 years, 66.7 ± 10.1 kg, 1.71 ± 5.2 m, 19.2 ± 1.0% of fat), with minimum experience of five years in the modality training five to six weekly times in two shifts were evaluated. Inclusion criteria considered the athletes being members of the basketball teams selected for evaluation, necessarily participating in state championships (SP) in the period of the evaluations. After having received information about the procedures through which they would be submitted, as well as the risks and benefits of the evaluations, all participants signed a Free and Clarified Consent Form. The experimental procedure was approved by the Ethics Committee in Research of the Institution in which the study was developed (CEP-protocol # 50/10).

Place and time

All tests were performed in the training and competition premises, with official measures for basketball matches.

Experimental protocols

All tests were performed in the training and competition conditions, with official measures for basketball matches.

The first protocol adapted and used in the study was the non-invasive model for determination of aerobic (CV) and anaerobic (ARC) parameters, composed of four days of test at different intensities performed until voluntary exhaustion of the athletes. The second test used was the lactate minimum, performed in a single day, composed of two phases: hyperlactatemia induction (anaerobic phase), which was performed by the RAST and, in a second moment (separated by 8 minutes of passive recovery), a progressive test with blood collections from the earlobe after each stage, aim to obtain information about the aerobic parameter.

Evaluation of body composition

Weight (Filizola^®), height (stadiometer), body mass index (weight/height²) were determined and skinfolds were measured (chest, axillary medial, tricipital, subscapular, abdominal, suprailiac and thigh) for determine the fat percentage (Jackson and Pollock, 1978).

Non-invasive model for determination of critical velocity (CV) and anaerobic running capacity (ARC)

In order to determine the CV and ARC four predictive efforts were applied. The tests were randomly performed on alternated days. On each test the athletes ran in "shuttle" exercise (20m) until exhaustion. Intensity of each evaluation was controlled by a sound signal, and the athletes were asked to pass by previously set marks concomitantly to the signal. The intensities (10.8; 12.0; 13.0; and 14.5 km/h) were selected for exhaustion occur between 1 and 10 min and the time to exhaustion (tlim) for respective intensities were registered. The exhaustion criteria were non-maintenance of velocity set in two consecutive passages of 20 m or voluntary exhaustion. Determination of CV and ARC was performed by linear fit 'velocity vs. 1/tlim', in which the linear coefficient and angular coefficient corresponds to CV and ARC, respectively (values observed in the equation were divided by 3.6 for this parameter in meters) (Figure 1). The R² values for the individual fits were used to verify the mathematical representativeness of the model to the physiological responses expected for the test.

Lactate minimum test

The lactate minimum test was performed in a single training session, being composed of two phases: hyperlactatemia induction and progressive test.

a. Hyperlactatemia induction phase: RAST adapted to basketball for anaerobic determination

In the hyperlactatemia induction phase the athletes performed six maximum sprints of 35 meters as it is required in the RAST original protocol, aimed determine the minimum (P_min), median (P_mean) and maximum power (P_max), besides the fatigue index (FI). However, in the present study, the RAST was adapted to specificity of basketball. In this way, the 35 m were composed by two passages of 17.5 m in back and forth runs. Therefore, the athletes performed six subsequent shuttle runs (2 x 17.5 m), separated by passive interval of 10 s between them.

b. Progressive phase: Incremental test for lactate minimum determination

After the end of RAST, the participants remained on the court where they were kept in passive recovery during eight minutes for determination of peak concentration of blood lactate. For this, blood collections (25µL) from the earlobe were obtained at 3, 5 and 7 min of recovery.

At the end of the passive recovery, the second phase of the lactate minimum test was initiated. The progressive phase consisted of five stages (3 min each) with different velocities (between 7 and 12 km/h) over a 20m distance. The intensities were controlled by a sound signal. At the end of each stage, blood samples were also collected for the blood lactate determination.

Individual adjustments were generated and the lactate minimum values were obtained by polynomial function of second order (intensity and lactate concentration by two models):

1- Relationship between 'lactate vs. exercise intensity', in which the derivate equal zero of the second order polynomial fit was the lactate minimum concentration (LM1, in mM) and the intensity corresponding to this point, to the lactate minimum velocity (vLM1, in km/h) (Figure 2a);

2- Relationship between 'lactate vs. time', considered, besides the blood lactate concentrations after the progressive exercise intensities, the peak lactate value obtained with the hyperlactatemia induction. Thus, the lactate minimum concentration in the time was determined (LM2, in mM) and, after linear regression 'intensity vs. time', the exercise intensity corresponding to the time that the LM occurred (vLM2, in km/h) was identified (Figure 2b).

In order to analyze the success of the lactate minimum test in the analyses using polynomial adjustments of second order of lactate vs. intensity (LM1) and lactate vs. time (LM2), the presence of four or more mathematical points were considered for the composition of the polynomial adjustment curve in "U" shape, with the "a" of the equation presenting positive values and R² higher than 0.80.

Blood collection and lactate analysis

During the invasive procedures, 25µL of blood were collected from the earlobe with the use of heparinized and calibrated capillaries, and the samples were subsequently placed in Eppendorf tubes containing 400µL of TCA 4%, for blocking of the reactions in the medium and blood deproteinization.

Statistical analysis

The results obtained were analyzed with the use of statistical packages STATISTICA version 7.0 and ORIGIN, version 7.0, according to the aims of the study.

Initially, normality (Shapiro Wilk) and homogeneity tests (Levene) were applied for identification of the data characteristics. Since they presented normality and homogeneity, parametric statistics methods were adopted. One-way ANOVA followed by Newmann Keuls post hoc, when necessary was applied, with the aim to compare the aerobic intensity values determined by non-invasive method (CV) and invasive models (LM1 and 2). Paired t-Student's diagnosed the similarity or difference between the LM concentration observed by adjustments lactate vs. intensity and lactate versus time. The product-moment Pearson correlation was adopted to identify possible correlations between the aerobic and anaerobic parameters identified by the two evaluation protocols specific to basketball. In all cases the significance level was pre-set in 5%.

RESULTS

Table 1 presents the results obtained by the non-invasive (critical velocity model) and invasive (lactate minimum) protocols. Besides the peak lactate (lac peak) results provided after the RAST performance, it was possible to identify after the six maximal shuttle runs of 35 meters (back and forth 2 x 17.5m) the values relativized for maximum, median and minimum powers and fatigue index of the athletes, expressed in Table 2.

When the aerobic parameters provided by non-invasive model and the invasive methods were analyzed, superiority of CV (8.7%) was observed in comparison with the lactate minimum velocity determined by 'lactate vs. velocity' fit (vLM1). On the other hand, when the 'lactate vs. time' fit, which considers the peak lactate value in the analysis is adopted, the ANOVA did not showed significant differences between CV and LM2. In none of the lactate minimum fit significant correlations have been observed between CV and vLM (r = 0.23 and 0.01).

All non-invasive tests presented R² values higher than 0.90, which suggests good adjustments for this model. Concerning the success observed in the invasive protocol analyzed by two mathematical adjustments, both presented the same percentage (83.3% of the cases).

One of the aims of the RAST adapted to basketball was the evaluation of anaerobic power (Table 3), also connected with the lactate minimum test, the RAST was used as a hyperlactatemia inducer. After the application of this protocol, the athletes presented increase of the blood lactate concentrations from minutes 1 and 3 of recovery, being the mode of peak lactate onset at the minute 7, with mean concentration of 5.91 ± 0.28 mM.

The correlations among all the aerobic and anaerobic parameters obtained by different procedures are presented in Table 4.

DISCUSSION

The determination of parameters able to predict physical performance in sports modalities, including basketball, is significant for sports success. Therefore, the present study had the aim to adapt and analyze different methods for determination of aerobic and anaerobic parameters in women's basketball.

The choice of models of CV and LM for the evaluation of women basketball players was based on some criteria. Concerning the non-invasive model 'velocity vs. 1/tlim', highly cost equipment and a team with experience in collecting biological material are not necessary, which possibility the application of protocol in sports environment, added to the fact the high correlation observed between the CV and LM, identified by many methods, is well-established in the literature^11,12. The model is also able to identify an anaerobic parameter (ARC), which is still material for investigation since in some cases it does not present significant correlation with other anaerobic indices^13. Conversely, the option for the invasive method of lactate minimum found support on the strength of the test for detection of the physiological phenomenon of "anaerobic threshold"^8,14, being performed in a single training session.

The results of aerobic parameters expressed in Table 1 suggest the possibility of use the CV and lactate minimum for women's basketball, on the determination of aerobic and anaerobic parameters.

As in other studies^15,16, the CV significantly overestimated the anaerobic threshold in approximately 8.7%, when it was determined by the conventional protocol of lactate minimum ('lactate vs. intensity' fit). However, when the 'lactate vs. time' fit was used, considering in the analysis the peak lactate value in the determination, this distinction between CV and vLM2 was lower (4.85%) and insignificant. In the two mathematical adjustments adopted, significant correlations between CV and vLM (r = 0.23 and 0.01) were not identified. The success percentage of the evaluations of lactate minimum was of 83.7%, while for the unsuccessful cases in both adjustments, this value occurred due to the R² values which, despite being close, (higher than 0.76), were lower than 0.80.

In this sense, further studies related the CV results to the parameters provided by the LM protocol, specifically in running, observing correlation between CV and LM, but significant difference between the parameters in middle-distance runners¹⁷ and sprinters¹⁸. Both studies suggested that the CV currently considers an aerobic transition index between the intensity domains intense and severe¹⁹, overestimates not only the anaerobic threshold classically determined, but also the vLM. On the other hand, the CV seems to be an interesting instrument for follow-up of the vLM evolution during training, when there is correlation between the parameters, a fact which did not occur in the present investigation.

The lactate minimum test proposed in the present study used RAST^9,10, being this method adapted to the basketball specific needs (reduced space and change of direction) to generate the necessary hyperlactatemia to the method. This test, in its original version, has been used when the aim is to determine the anaerobic power in sports which use running as the main motor gesture^20,21.

The maximum, median and minimum powers and fatigue index, expressed in Table 2, presented values lower than the ones pointed by Araujo et al²⁰ analyzing men's basketball. However, in this case, the authors used the conventional RAST method (six stimuli of 35 m, with 10-second intervals between the sprints. These lower values obtained in the present study may be related to the gender different characteristics, especially since the power expresses direct correlation with the strength levels, and also due to the test characteristic, since in the present investigation there was RAST adaptation to the spatial needs, making the task demanded and the ones performed in the basketball game closer. In that case, the adapted RAST consisted of six sprints of two shuttle runs in 17.5 m, totalizing the same 35 m, but preserving the modality specific feature in the evaluation.

The adapted RAST increased the blood lactate of the female basketball players to 5.91 ± 0.28 mM, a value which can be considered viable for performance of the test and subsequent determination of LM. Despite being appropriate, the values found for peak lactate in the present study were lower than the ones obtained by other groups^10,14,18,22. The literature is still controversial concerning the relation between peak lactate concentration and the results of the lactate minimum test^22,23. In the present study, the LM concentrations in the two adjustments adopted were low (LM1 = 3.14 ± 0.29 mM and LM2 = 3.20 ± 0.33 mM) and significantly correlated with the lactate peak concentration (r = 0.78 and 0.76, respectively), suggesting that the lac peak value may generate different LM concentrations, but not distinct intensities (vLMs). On the other hand, other studies observed differences not only of the lactate minim concentration, but also of vLM when adopted diverse protocols^14,24.

Other interesting correlations have also been observed in the present study (Table 3), especially between anaerobic powers generated by the RAST adapted to basketball. It should be also mentioned that there is no significant correlation between anaerobic capacity estimated by the non-invasive model (ARC) and the remaining anaerobic parameters obtained by the RAST and by lactatemia. These findings corroborate the results of other investigations which also obtained significant correlations between the anaerobic capacity determined by the critical power model or its variables with anaerobic power ^13,18.

CONCLUSION

The results of the present study suggest the possibility of determination of aerobic and anaerobic parameters by invasive and non-invasive tests applied to female basketball players. The non-invasive specific model may be used to determine aerobic and anaerobic parameters. However, as occurs in other sports modalities, the CV overestimates the LM intensity traditionally determined. Moreover, we highlight the two methods should not be interchangeably used due to the absence of significant correlations among CV, LM1 and LM2. Concerning the adoption of lactate minimum test protocol with hyperlactacidemic induction by RAST adapted to basketball, the 'lactate vs. time' fit, which considers the peak lactate in the LM analysis (intensity and concentration) seems to be more appropriate, since this model presents high percentage of success and also minimizes the differences between results observed by critical velocity test.Figure 2b. Example of the second order polynomial fit 'lactate versus time', for one of the athletes, considering, besides the blood lactate concentrations after the progressive exercise intensities, the lactate peak value obtained with hyperlactatemia induction. Thus, the lactate minimum concentration in time was determined (LM2, in mM) and after linear regression determined the intensity of LM.

All authors have declared there is no potential conflict of interests concerning this article.

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Publication Dates

• Publication in this collection
  19 Aug 2013
• Date of issue
  June 2013