The modified US7 score in the assessment of synovitis in early rheumatoid arthritis

Abstracts

Objective:

To evaluate the modified US7 score (MUS7 score SYN) in the assessment of patients with early rheumatoid arthritis (ERA). In addition, dorsal and palmar recesses of the wrists as well as of small joints of the hands and feet were examined for the presence of synovitis by means of a global assessment of joints.

Methods:

The study sample comprised 32 patients treated for arthritis, with an average disease duration of 13 months. An ultrasound machine with high frequency transducer was used. Hands were also X-rayed and analysed by Larsen score.

Results:

Out of the 832 examined joints, synovitis was detected in 173 (20,79%), tenosynovitis in 22 (4,91%), and erosions in 3 (1,56%). Synovitis was predominantly detected in the dorsal recess (73,38%) of MCP and PIP joints, when compared with palmar recess (26%). The presence of synovitis in the joints evaluated correlated with clinical (HAQ-DI, DAS28), laboratory (ACPA, RF, CRP), and ultrasound results (r = 0,37 to r = 0,42; p = 0,04 to p = 0,003). We found correlation of the MUS7 score SYN of the gray scale US or of the power Doppler US with DAS28 (PCR) values (r = 0,38; p = 0,0332), and with CRP results (r = 0,39; p = 0,0280), respectively.

Conclusion:

The dorsal recess, the wrist, and small joints can be considered as important sites to detect synovitis by the MUS7 score SYN in patients with ERA.

Ultrasound; Synovitis; Early Rheumatoid arthritis; Score

Objetivo:

Avaliar o escore US7 modificado (escore MUS7 SIN) na avaliação de pacientes com artrite reumatoide inicial (ARI). Além disso, foram examinados recessos dorsais e palmares dos punhos, bem como pequenas articulações das mãos e dos pés, para o diagnóstico de sinovite, mediante uma avaliação global das articulações.

Métodos:

A amostra do estudo compreendeu 32 pacientes tratados para artrite, com 13 meses como duração média da doença. Foi utilizado um aparelho de ultrassonografia (US) com transdutor de alta frequência. As mãos dos participantes também foram radiografadas e analisadas pelo escore de Larsen.

Resultados:

Nas 832 articulações examinadas, detectou-se sinovite em 173 (20,79%), tenossinovite em 22 (4,91%) e erosões em três (1,56%). A sinovite foi predominantemente detectada no recesso dorsal (73,38%) das articulações MCF e IFP, quando comparado com o recesso palmar (26%). A presença de sinovite nas articulações avaliadas teve correlação com os resultados clínicos (HAQ-DI, DAS28), laboratoriais (anti-PCC, FR, PCR) e ultrassonográficos (r = 0,37 a r = 0,42; p = 0,04 a p = 0,003). Encontramos correlação do escore MUS7 SIN para US na técnica da escala de cinzas (gray scale) ou na técnica de Doppler de amplitude (power Doppler) com os valores do instrumento DAS28 (PCR) (r = 0,38; p = 0,0332) e com os resultados da PCR (r = 0,39; p = 0,0280), respectivamente.

Conclusão:

O recesso dorsal, o punho e as pequenas articulações podem ser considerados como locais importantes para a detecção de sinovite pelo escore MUS7 SIN em pacientes com ARI.

Ultrassom; Sinovite; Artrite reumatoide inicial; Escore

Introduction

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic inflammatory and systemic disease that results in structural damage of synovium, cartilage, and bone. Because it is a chronic and progressive disease, it may result in joint deformities with functional loss and may compromise quality of life.

Early detection and careful characterization of the inflammatory process play a key role in both diagnostic and therapeutic procedures in RA.¹ Currently, the most commonly used clinical instrument to determine the disease activity in RA patients is the 28-joint count Disease Activity Score (DAS28), which indirectly denotes the joint inflammatory status.^2,3

Ultrasound (US) is a sensitive imaging technique for assessment of anatomical changes, disease activity, and therapy efficacy in patients with RA. Its sensitivity is greater than that of other imaging techniques in the early detection of aggressive arthritis and surveillance of disease activity.^4-6 Moreover, US is patient-friendly, safe and non-invasive, free of ionizing radiation, less expensive, and allows multiple target assessment in real time, besides therapeutic changes.^7-10 The semiquantitative US scoring system, US7 score, has been proposed to assess established RA and other inflammatory arthropathies.¹¹ It was developed to standardize the US examination in daily rheumatologic practice and in multicenter studies. The US7 score includes the assessment of 7 joints using palmar and dorsal scan of the clinically dominant hand and foot including: wrist, second and third metacarpophalangeal (MCP) joints, second and third proximal interphalangeal (PIP) joints, and second and fifth metatarsophalangeal (MTP) joints. These joints have been evaluated for synovitis, tenosynovitis, paratenonitis, and bone erosion by semiquantitative scoring systems including grayscale (GS) and power Doppler (PD) techniques.¹²

To date, there are evidence demonstrating the ability of ultrasonography to detect synovitis in patients with early rheumatoid arthritis (ERA).¹³ Moreover, there is no consensus on which recess, dorsal or palmar, is the most sensitive for detecting synovitis by PD or GS. The aim of this study was to evaluate the feasibility of modified US7 score (MUS7 score SYN) in the assessment of synovitis in patients with ERA. In addition, dorsal and palmar recesses of the wrists and the small joints of the hands and feet were evaluated for the presence of synovitis by means of global assessment of joints.

Material and methods

Patients

Thirty-nine ERA patients (30 women and 9 men) attending the outpatient and inpatient clinics of the Rheumatology Department of Universidade Estadual de Campinas - UNICAMP - Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil, during a 2-year period were enrolled in this study. Inclusion criteria were as follows: age ≥20 years; ≥3 months and <24 months of disease history, according to the ACR 1987 revised criteria;¹⁴ and the presence of synovitis in at least one joint by US examination, according to 2010 ACR/EULAR Rheumatoid Arthritis Classification Criteria.¹⁵ Seven patients were excluded from the study because they did not show synovitis in the US examination, according to OMERACT criteria.¹² Thus, a total of 32 patients (24 women and 8 men) with diagnosis of ERA comprised the final sample.

The study was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of the State University of Campinas (UNICAMP). The patients signed the Informed Consent and were informed about the guidelines for participation in the study.

Clinical and laboratory assessment

The following clinical data were obtained: age, sex, race, time of onset of pain and articular swelling, dosage and duration of glucocorticoid treatment, and use of biological and diseasemodifying anti-rheumatic drugs (DMARDs). Patients were then blindly evaluated by a rheumatologist, by counting and recording the number of joints with swelling and tender to calculate the DAS28 (CRP) score. The patients were asked to fill in the health assessment questionnaire (HAQ).

All patients underwent the following laboratory tests: ESR, CRP, rheumatoid factor, and anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide (ACPA).

X-ray assessment

Conventional X-ray of wrists and hands was performed in anteroposterior projection. The radiographs were scored using the modified Larsen method and the feet were not evaluated this study. Joints received the following grades: grade 0 - normal, grade I - mild abnormality (presence of one or more of the following lesions: edema of soft tissues, osteopenia around the joint, and a slight decrease in joint space); grade II - definite abnormality (presence of small erosions, decreased joint space is not obligatory), grade III - marked abnormality (presence of erosions and decreased joint space), grade IV - severe abnormality (the original joint surface remains partially preserved), and grade V - mutilating abnormality (the original joint surface has disappeared; huge deformity is present).^16,17

US assessment

US examinations were performed using a General Electric LOGIQ Book XP Ultrasound machine (USA) equipped with a high frequency (8-10 MHz) linear transducer.

All joints were scanned using a multiplanar technique, adopting the indications provided by the EULAR guidelines for musculoskeletal ultrasound in rheumatology.¹⁸ In brief, the dorsal aspect of the wrist, and dorsal and palmar scans of MCP and PIP joints were examined by US with the patient seated with hands lying in prone position on the examination table.The longitudinal dorsal scan of MTP joints was performed with the patient supine and legs bent at the knee.

The longitudinal scan was performed moving the transducer slightly from radial to ulnar on dorsal and palmar aspect to enable maximum coverage of the anatomical surface area.

US grayscale imaging parameters were set to obtain the maximal contrast between all the structures under examination. PD settings were standardized at the following values: pulse repetition frequency: 800-900 MHz, frequency PD: 5.5 MHz and low wall filter: Color gain was set just below the level at which color noise appeared in the underlying bone (no flow should be visualized at the bony surface).

OMERACT preliminary definitions were adopted for the identification of synovial fluid and synovial hypertrophy.¹²

GS and PD for each target was graded on the basis of the semiquantitative scoring systems previously adopted. GS synovitis was scored as follows: 0 - absence, 1 - mild (describes a small hypoechoic or an echoic line beneath the joint capsule), 2 - moderate (the joint capsule is elevated parallel to the joint area), and 3 - severe or marked (characterizes the strong extensional of the joint capsule). PD findings were scored as follows: 0 - absence (no intra-articular color signal), 1 - mild (single signals or a confluent signal in the intra-articular area), 2 - moderate (greater than grade 1 to <50% of the intraarticular area filled with colour signals), and 3 - marked (≥50% of the intra-articular area filled with color signals) (Fig. 1).¹⁹

Fig. 1
Synovitis identifi ed by grayscale (GS) ultrasound and power Doppler (PD) ultrasound. a = grade 0; b = grade 1; c = grade 2; d = grade 3. T: tendon; S: synovitis; R: radius; L: lunate; C: capitate bone; c: cartilage; D: dorsal; P: palmar

The inter and intraobserver reliability of the US7 score showed moderate to substantial kappa values and good agreements and the median overall kappa for detecting synovitis was 0.51.²⁰

The US7 score includes a combination of semiquantitative GS and PD findings obtained by a formula that includes the sum of different parameters.¹¹ Its score ranges from 0 to 39 for GS, and from 0 to 39 for PD.

GS, grayscale; D, dorsal scan; P, palmar scan; U, ulnar scan; MCP, metacarpophalangeal joint; PIP, phalangeal interproximal; MTP, metatarsophalangeal joint; PD, power Doppler.

We developed a simplified US7 score for exclusive assesment of synovitis. It does not consider the synovial evaluation of the palmar and ulnar recesses of the wrist joint, and of palmar recess of the small joints for PD. The modified US7 score ranges from 0 to 33 for GS, and 0 to 21 for PD, and is calculated according to the following formula:

GS, grayscale; SYN, synovitis; DC, dorsal central scan; P, palmar scan; MCP, metacarpophalangeal joint; PIP, phalangeal interproximal; MTP, metatarsophalangeal joint; MUS7 score SYN, modified US7 Score for synovitis; max GS SYN, maximum possible score using grayscale; max PD SYN, maximum possible score using power Doppler.

Statistical analysis

The statistical analysis was performed with SAS System for Windows, version 9.2 (SAS Institute Inc, 2002-2008, Cary, NC, USA).

We performed a descriptive statistical analysis, presenting frequency tables for categorical variables and measures of position and dispersion for numerical variables.The Mann-Whitney test was used for comparison of continuous and sequential measurements between the two clinical groups (pain and swelling of joints). The Spearman correlation coefficient was used to verify the linear correlation between the variables. The chi-square or Fisher exact tests were used to assess the association or to compare proportions, when necessary. The weighted Kappa coefficient was used as a measure of agreement between observers.

Results

Thirty-two patients (8 male and 24 female) were included in the study, with an average age of 32.5 years.Two patients (6.2%) were smokers. Comorbidities were observed in 3 patients (9.3%): one was diagnosed with hypothyroidism, other with hyperthyroidism, and another with type 2 diabetes.

The average duration of the disease was 13.2 months. Table 1 shows demographic, clinical, and laboratory data.

Table 1
Demographic data

Demographic data	Mean ± SD	Minimum	Maximum	Median
Disease duration (months)	13.2 ± 8.1	3	24	10
Age	42±14.6	20	75	45
DAS28 (CRP)	4.0±1.2	1.2	6.7	3.9
HAQ	1.2±0.7	0.0	2.9	1.3
ACPA (IU/dL)	137.2±95.8	0.0	250	161.9
RF (IU/dL)	195.4±435.1	0.0	2180	23.5
ESR (mm/h 1st)	34± 33	1.0	112	28
CRP (mg/dL)	8.1±13.6	0	56	1.8

• DAS28, Disease Activity Score 28; ESR, erythrocyte sedimentation rate; CRP, C-reactive protein;
• HAQ, health assessment questionnaire score; ACPA, anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide; RF, rheumatoid factor.

Five (15.6%) patients were in clinical remission according to DAS28-CRP ≤2.6.

Twenty (62.5%) patients were treated with 12.5 to 25.0 mg methotrexate, 19 (59.3%) with 5 to 20 mg prednisone, and 1 (3.1%) with biological agent. Seven (21.8%) patients were not using corticosteroids, disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (DMARDs), or biological agents at the time of US examination.

A total of 832 joints were examined, resulting in 173 (20.8%) joint recesses with synovitis. GSUS-examination revealed synovitis in 22 (68.7%) right wrist joints, in 23 (71.8%) left wrist joints, and an increased synovial involvement of MCP (2) (right) in 17 joints (53.1%), of MCP (2) (left) in 11 joints (34.3%); of MCP (3) (right) in 14 joints (43.7%), and of MCP (3) (left) in 12 joints (37.5%). In addition, 102 (73.3%) and 37 (26.1%) cases of synovitis were respectively detected in the dorsal and in the palmar recesses between MCP and PIP joints (Table 2).

Table 2
Clinical and ultrasound data

N (%)	Pain	Swelling	GSUS synovitis Dorsal	GSUS synovitis Palmar/Plantar	PDUS synovitis
Right WRIST	20 (62.50)	25 (78.3)	22 (68.75%)	ND	12(37.51%)
Left WRIST	19 (59.38)	22 (68.75)	23(71.88%)	ND	12(37.51%)
MCP, (2) (R)	17 (53.13)	23 (78.88)	18(56.25%)	7(21.88%)
MCP, (2) (L)	15 (46.88)	20 (62.59)	12(37.51%	12(37.51%
MCP, (3) (R)	16 (50.0)	20 (62.50)	15(46.88%)	6(18.76%)
MCP, (3) (L)	14 (43.75)	17 (53.13)	11(34.38%)	2(6.26%)
MCP, (4) (R)	13 (40.63)	11 (34.38)	9(28.13%)	0(0.00%)
MCP, (4) (L)	10 (31.25)	10 (31.25)	5(15.63%)	2(6.26%)
MCP, (5) (R)	7 (21.88)	6 (18.75)	5(15.63%)	1(3.13%)
MCP, (5) (L)	5 (15.63)	7 (21.88)	5(15.63%)	1(3.13%)
PIP, (2) (R)	8 (25.00)	7 (21.88)	4(12.50%)	1(3.13%)
PIP, (2) (L)	8 (25.00)	6 (18.75)	0 (0.00%)	2(6.26%)
PIP, (3) (R)	15 (46.88)	13 (40.63)	5(15.63%)	3(9.38%)
PIP, (3) (L)	9 (28.13)	6 (18.75)	5(15.63%)	6(18.76%)
PIP, (4) (R)	7 (21.88)	5 (15.63)	4(12.50%)	1(3.13%)
PIP, (4) (L)	7 (21.88)	7 (21.88)	1(3.13%)	1(3.13%)
PIP, (5) (R)	8 (25.00)	6 (18.75)	2(6.26%)	1(3.13%)
PIP, (5) (L)	6 (18.75)	4 (12.50)	1(3.13%)	1(3.13%)
MTP (2) (R)	2 (6.25)	1 (3.13)	3(9.39%)	ND
MTP (2) (L)	0 (0.00)	0 (0.00)	2(6.26%)	ND
MTP (3) (R)	2 (6.25)	1 (3.13)	3(9.39%)	ND
MTP (3) (L)	1 (3.13)	0 (0.00)	3(9.39%)	ND
MTP (4) (R)	1 (3.13)	0 (0.00)	1(3.13%)	ND
MTP (4) (L)	1 (3.13)	0 (0.00)	2(6.26%)	ND
MTP (5) (R)	1 (3.13)	0 (0.00)	1(3.13%)	ND
MTP (5) (L)	1 (3.13)	0 (0.00)	2(6.26%)	ND

• MCP, Metacarpophalangeal joint; PIP, interproximal phalangeal; MTP, metatarsophalangeal joint; NA, not avaliable.

On a semiquantitative scale, active synovitis was scored 2 by PDUS, 9 (28.1%) in the left and 5 (15.6%) in the right wrist, featuring a moderate inflammatory activity in the wrists. Synovitis was graded 2 by GSUS, 6 (18.7%) and 4 (12.5%) in the dorsal recess of right and left MCP (2) joints, respectively.

Subclinical synovitis was depicted in 6 (9.3%) wrists in DAS28 remission patients (DAS28 ≤2.6).

Comparison between clinical and US findings

For joints such as right wrists and certain small joints of the hands, the comparison of clinical and US findings revealed that in 50% to 84% of the cases, swelling was associated with the presence of synovitis, as detected by US. In 50% of the cases, pain was found to be associated with the presence of synovitis in the PIP (5) (left) joint. No association was found for other examined joints (Table 3).

Table 3
Descriptive analysis and comparation between clinical and US findings on synovitis

% Synovitis/p-value
Right wrist-SYN/swelling	84.00%
	p= 0.0014
MCP, (2) (right)-SYN/swelling	69.57%
	p= 0.0049
MCP, (3) (right)-SYN/swelling	60.00%
	p= 0.0167
MCP, (5) (left)-SYN/swelling	50.00%
	p= 0.0342
PIP, (3) (left)-SYN / swelling	66.67%
	p= 0.0228
PIP, (5) (left)-SYN/swelling	75%
	p= 0.0031
PIP, (5) (left)-SYN/pain	50%
	p= 0.0149

• SYN, Synovitis; MCP, Metacarpophalangeal joint; PIP, inter-proximal phalangeal

Clinical, laboratory, and imaging correlations

Positive, significant and moderate correlations were found for the presence of synovitis as detected by GSUS-examination of wrist with CRP results (r=0.42; p=0.0163), and for synovitis in the small joints of the toes, as detected by GSUS-examination, with HAQ-DI, RF, and CRP results (r=0.37 to 0.42; p=0.0161 to 0.0337). PDUS-examination of wrist correlated with CRP results (r=0.40; p=0.00337) (Table 4).

Table 4
Correlation of US data with clinical and laboratorial data on synovitis

	r/p-value
GSUS D of right wrist/CRP	r= 0.42
	p= 0.0163
PDUS D of right wrist/CRP	r = 0.40
	p= 0.00337
GSUS D-MTP (2) (right)/RF	r= 0.40
	p= 0.0245
GSUS D-MTP (3) (right)/HAQ- DI	r= 0.37
	p= 0.0354
GSUS D-MTP (4) (right)/HAQ- DI	r= 0.38
	p= 0.0337
GSUS D-MTP, (4) (left)/CRP	r= 0.42
	p= 0.0161
PDUS D-of right wrist/ACPA	r= -0.38
	p= 0.0412
GSUS D-PIP (2) (right)/HAQ-DI	r= -0.35
	p= 0.0478

• D, Dorsal longitudinal scan; GSUS, grayscale ultrasound; CRP, C-reactive Protein; MTP, metatarsophalangeal joint; RF, Rheumatoid factor; anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide (ACPA); HAQ-DI, health assessment questionnaire-disability.

A significant correlation was found between the presence of synovitis in the palmar recess of MCP (2) (right) and the period of treatment, or the dose of methotrexate (MTX) used (r=-0.36 to -0.37; p=0.0445 to p=0.0368).

In the evaluation of the MUS7 score SYN, we found a significant, moderate, and positive correlation between GSUS MUS7 score SYN and DAS28 (CRP) values (r=0.38; p=0,0332), and between PDUS MUS7 score SYN and CRP results (r=0.39; p=0.0280).

There was an overall disagreement between rheumatologist's evaluation of ultrasound and X-ray findings, as demonstrated by the variation of kappa coefficient from -0.2000 95% CI (-0.4972, 0.0972) to 0.3333 95% CI (0.0469, 0.7136).

Concerning the Larsen radiographic scoring, a good agreement was observed between Reader 1 (rheumatologist) and Reader 2 (radiologist) in the evaluation of some joints, such as the MCP (2) (right) and MCP (3) (left), as demonstrated by the variation of kappa coefficient from -0.062, 95% CI (-0.4020, 0.2775) to 0.473 95% CI (0.1134, 0.8340).

Discussion

In this study, we demonstrated the use of a modified US7 score in the assessment of synovitis in ERA. Moreover, as shown by our results, the dorsal recess, the wrist, and small joints can be considered as appropriate sites to detect synovitis by the MUS7 score SYN in patients with ERA.

The inflammatory process in RA is generally identified by means of the clinical history, physical examination, and lab results, which can be characterized by an array of quality-oflife instruments that may not always identify synovitis in its full activity. By the time it is detected by X-ray, the disease has already caused structural damage to the bone, with early lesions such as the presence of fluids and synovial cell proliferation.^21-24

The dissociation between clinical findings and US-detected synovial damage is even greater, including cases of remission in which clinical findings were not able to pinpoint the inflammatory inactivity. This study showed that 15.6% of patients in clinical remission presented synovitis with PD positive signal. Indeed, it has been shown that around 8% of patients in clinical remission have subclinical synovitis by US examination.^25,26

Prospective longitudinal studies have clearly demonstrated that US, along with MRI, is more effective in identifying cases of remission, subclinical activity in asymptomatic patients, progression of structural damage, and improvement of synovitis, highlighting its superior sensitivity and accuracy compared to other methods, which enables an earlier intervention on the inflammatory activity of RA, and in the treatments adopted.^27,28 Studies have shown 75% to 79% agreement between US and MRI in the detection of synovitis, pointing to the diagnostic reliability of this method.²⁹ A recent study showed that both techniques have good diagnostic performance for ERA.³⁰

In the global evaluation of the 832 joints, we found that the wrist was the most affected by moderately active synovitis, as detected by PD.³¹ GSUS-examination of the MCP and PIP joints of hands revealed a higher number of cases of synovitis in the dorsal recesses than in the palmar recesses. We found positive, significant and moderate correlations between the presence of synovitis of the right wrist, as detected by GSUS, of MTP (4) (left) joints, by PDUS and CRP results. This fact characterizes CRP as an indicator of synovial inflammatory activity detected by US.

This study showed that for most of the joints, joint swelling as a clinical finding compares to the presence of synovitis as detected by US. We found negative correlation between the presence of synovitis in MCP (2) joints and the use of medication: the higher the dose and duration of methotrexate treatment, the lower the detection of synovitis by US. This finding suggests that additional longitudinal studies should be carried out to confirm MTX as an effective DMARD in the initial disease.

Regarding the evaluation of the 7 joints to elaborate the MUS7 score SYN, we found positive correlation between the simplified score results with DAS28 (CRP) and CRP results. Even though the MUS7 score SYN includes the analysis of only 7 joints, as it excludes the evaluation of the palmar and ulnar recesses of the wrist joint, these results demonstrate that the dorsal recess is indicated for the detection of GS and PD synovitis.

The choice of some joints and dorsal recesses is considered promising for the diagnosis of synovitis in the early stage of ERA, when the disease is commonly misdiagnosed, resulting in uncertainty concerning treatment decisions, such as the type of treatment and the time to start it.³² US-examination of wrists and dorsal recess for the detection of synovitis was shown to be an important tool to confirm or to complement the ERA diagnosis, given that these were the joints that showed the worst synovial damage. Erosion was not much evident in our sample, possibly because we evaluated the disease at an early stage.^33-35 Wrist, MCP2 and MCP3 were the joints that were more affected by synovial inflammation in comparison to other joints. Our MUS7 score SYN results indicate the wrist and MCP2 as the most promising joints for ERA diagnosis and clinical follow-up. However, longitudinal studies are needed to validate this new score for synovitis identification in ERA.

Regarding clinical findings, we found that in 50% to 84% of the studied cases, joint swelling was associated with the presence of synovitis as detected by US. CRP can be considered a significant indicator of the presence of synovial inflammation, as confirmed by the images. The results obtained by means of the MUS7 score SYN in the evaluation of initial synovial inflammatory activity were associated with clinical and laboratory findings, once again indicating this modified score as an important tool for the initial diagnosis, and for the follow-up of patients with ERA. Active synovitis of the hands as detected by PDUS, analysed separately or along with 7 other joints by the MUS7 score SYN, can be an important predictor of the synovial damage in ERA, as demonstrated by the correlation between PDUS and CRP results. The dorsal recess can be considered an important site to detect active synovitis by PD and GS.

US is more precise than clinical examination in synovitis. US score shows some fundamental characteristics such as reproducibility, viability, and sensitivity to change over time like was observed in the systematic review study.³⁶

MUS7 score SYN was proven to be very useful if adopted in daily clinical practice, for the dianogsis and therapeutic management of patients with ERA, future studies may better validate this score to evaluate synovitis.

Acknowledgements

Professor Ana Terezinha Guillaumon, Department of Vascular Surgery, School of Medical Sciences, Universidade Estadual de Campinas for allowing the use of the ultrasound machine.

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Publication Dates

• Publication in this collection
  Jul-Aug 2014

History

• Received
  08 Nov 2013
• Accepted
  19 Mar 2014