Prevalence of rapid repeat pregnancy and associated factors in adolescents in Caruaru, Pernambuco

Abstract

Objectives:

to determine the prevalence and factors associated with the rapid repeat pregnancy (RRP) in pregnant adolescents.

Methods:

a cross-sectional study was carried out with pregnant adolescents assisted at the Family Health Strategies in Caruaru-PE from March to August 2013. A questionnaire with sociodemographic, economic, schooling, gynecological, obstetric and contraceptive characteristics was used. The data were analyzed in the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS), version 20. Binary logistic regression models were used.

Results:

among the 204 pregnant adolescents interviewed, the data of 26.5% (n = 54) multiparous were analyzed. The occurrence of RRP was 42.6% (n = 23) [95% CI 29.23-56.79]. The variables associated with RRP were non-use of contraceptive methods [OR 7.40 (CI95% 1.56-3.49)] and no previous pregnancy planning [OR 0.19 (95% CI 0.05-0.78)].

Conclusions:

the percentage of RRP in adolescents was high. The non-use of contracep-tive methods increased the chances of RRP, while the no previous pregnancy planning decreased the chances of adolescents getting pregnant again without previous program-ming.

Key words:
Pregnancy in adolescence; Sexual behavior; Reproductive health

Resumo

Objetivos:

determinar a prevalência e fatores associados a gravidez de repetição rápida (GRR) em gestantes adolescentes.

Métodos:

estudo transversal desenvolvido com gestantes adolescentes assistidas nas Estratégias de Saúde da Família de Caruaru-PE no período de março a agosto de 2013. Foi utilizado um questionário com características sociodemográficas, econômicas, escolares, ginecológicas, obstétricas e contraceptivas. Os dados foram analisados no Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS), versão 20. Empregou-se modelos de regressão logís-tica binária.

Resultados:

dentre as 204 gestantes adolescentes entrevistadas, foram analisados os dados de 26,5% (n=54) que eram multigestas. A ocorrência de GRR foi de 42,6% (n=23) [IC95% 29,23-56,79]. As variáveis associadas à GRR foram não uso de métodos contracep-tivos [OR 7,40 (IC95% 1,56-3,49)] e não planejamento da gravidez anterior [OR 0,19 (IC95% 0,05-0,78)].

Conclusões:

foi elevado o percentual de GRR nas adolescentes. O não uso de métodos contraceptivos aumentou as chances de GRR, enquanto a não realização de planejamento da gestação anterior diminuiu as chances das adolescentes engravidarem novamente sem programação prévia.

Palavras-chave:
Gravidez na adolescência; Comportamento sexual; Saúde reprodutiva

Introduction

Pregnancy at adolescence is a single and random episode since, for some adolescents it ends up occurring again. This condition, when it happens in a period of in between pregnancies up to 24 months, is defined as Rapid Repeat Pregnancy (RRP), it is considered a risky situation due to a short period for the female organism to recover for a new safe obstetric development, especially at adolescence.^1-5

Several maternal complications may occur during the prenatal period, childbirth and puerperium, due to these situations, they are considered to be more severe, furthermore, negative results may also occur in the social and economic context, as well as neonatal complications such as prematurity, low birth weight, preterm infants and increased neonatal and infant mortality.^1,6-8

Teenagers who get pregnant again in less than two years are less likely to return to school or become economically self-sufficient than those who start reproduction later, and their children have a higher probability of presenting behavioral and emotional problems when compared to other children.^3,9-12 Women starting motherhood during adolescence tend to have a greater number of children throughout their reproductive life.^4,10

Generally, the first pregnancy is not planned, and sometimes unwanted; thus, it is high the probability of the following pregnancies acquire the unwanted character of the first.^1,3 The repetition of a new unwanted pregnancy at adolescence occurs on a scale of one to five young girls; however, neither the experience of getting pregnant nor its consequences are considered to be effective to develop a responsible sexual behavior and capable of breaking a vicious circle.^3,13

Effective measurements to significantly reduce rates of teenage pregnancies , including the rapid repeat pregnancies that are based on the use of contraceptives. However, many adolescents are infrequent users of these methods. The discontinuation ofncontraceptive puts teenage mothers in high risk, since many get pregnant again within 12 months after childbirth.^9-11

Some reasons may be described as determinant factors for this discontinuation, such as: the teenager does not like the side effects of the oral contraceptives, the unplanning sexual activities and the absence of receiving advice from the health team regarding the immediate postpartum.^2,5,14,15

The understanding of factors that contribute to teenage pregnancy and its repetition are fundamental to the development of adequate interventions.¹⁶ As for this , and as a result of the RRP threaten the well-being and the future of adolescents due to physical, emotional and social risks which it entails, the objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of RRP and associated factors in adolescents attended at the Family Health Strategies (ESF) in the city of Caruaru-PE.

Methods

A cross-sectional, observational and correlational study that consisted in the analysis of the primary data of pregnant adolescents from the Family Health Strategies (ESF) in the city of Caruaru-PE in the period from March to August 2013.

The city comprises of 42 ESFs, , 26 are in the urban area and 16 in the rural area. The distribution of the collecting locations was performed by adopting a percentage of 57% of the ESF, which corresponded to the amount of 24 ESFs. The ESFs were randomization through a computer program, which corresponded to 16 ESFs located in the urban area and 08 in the rural area. Finally, the selection of pregnant women was performed having defined a minimum number of eight pregnant women for each ESF.

The WINPEPI program (version 11.39) was used to quantify the sample. . A population of 420 pregnant adolescents was considered enrolled at the ESFs. (data from the Secretary of Health from the city of Caruaru), a confidence level of 95%, the estimated proportion of 18.3%, in RRP in adolescence5 an absolute precision of 5% and a loss of 20%, obtaining the necessary minimum value of 186 pregnant adolescents.

The inclusion criteria were: to be an adolescent according to the World Health Organization (WHO) aged between 10 and 19 years, have experienced more than one pregnancy less than or at 24 months and performed prenatal care regularly at the ESF in urban or rural areas in the city of Caruaru - PE. Adolescents who presented medical diagnostics as, neurological pathologies or alterations in their physical, behavior and/or psychological state, and that were unable to fill out the questionnaire were excluded.

For data collection, a structured questionnaire was useed that analyzed three sets of variables: 1) socio-demographic and economic (parents' marital status; marital status; skin color; monthly income ; schooling, the mother's schooling level; father's schooling level); 2) gynecological obstetric and contraceptives (age of the first intercourse; menarche age; time returned to sexual activity in the first pregnancy; age of the first pregnancy; previous pregnancy planning; current pregnancy planning; and the use of contraceptive method); and 3) schooling (dropped out and failed ). All the questions were formulated directly and the answers classified among the alternatives contained in the questionnaire. The questions were presented in a schematic manner, through the use of multiple-choice questions, aiming to facilitate the answers.

The data tabulation procedure was performed in the Microsoft Excel by double data entry. The data analysis was done by using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) program, version 20. The descriptive analysis included for the categorical variables, the frequency distribution (relative and absolute) and 95% confidence interval (95% CI) for the proportions. For the numeric variables, mean, median, standard deviation, maximum and minimum values were calculated.

Models of univariate logistic regression were constructed to test the isolated association between the dependent variable (RRP) and each independent variable, in addition to analyzing the variables used in the model, exploring the possible confounding factors and identifying the need to adjust the statistical analyzes. The binary logistic regression was applied , by means of the odds ratio (OR) and 95% CI to express the association degree between the independent and dependent variables, using the adjustment for potential confounding factors. After obtaining the predictive variables of the final model, the interaction occurrence was tested. For the final model, the variables with the significance level of p<0.20 in univariate regression were selected. Finally, the Hosmer-Lemeshow test was applied. In all the tests the statistical significance was considered as the value of p<0.05

This research followed all the Resolution precepts of the number 466/12 from the National Health Council (CNS) and the Guidelines from the Child and Adolescent's Statute (ECA), and was approved by the Human Research Ethics Committee at the Universidade de Pernambuco - CEPUPE under the number of CAAE: 12534813.4.0000.5207. All of the adolescents were invited voluntarily to participate in this research, and those who accepted had to sign the Informed Consent Form (TCLE). In the case of the adolescents were under 18 years of age, it was necessary the parents' or the guardians' permission.

Results

204 adolescents who were pregnant were interviewed. Most of them were in their first pregnancy 73.5% (n=150) [95% CI 66.92-79.45], with an average of pregnancies of 1.37 ± 0.71 children, with a minimum of one and a maximum of five pregnancies. Regarding to the RRP 26.5% (n = 54) were multiparous. The occurrence of RRP among these adolescents was 42.6% (n = 23) [95% CI 29.23 - 56.79]. The average age of the sample was 17.03 ± 1.52 years and at the first pregnancy was 16.44 ± 1.57 years, both with a minimum of 13 years and maximum of 19.

In Table 1 the results among RRP, the sociode-mographic and economic variables can be seen. It was observed that only the monthly income variable presented values to be entered in the regression model. And that 60.9% (n=14) of the adolescents with repeated pregnancy presented a monthly income inferior of one minimum wage.

Table 1
Logistic regression analysis between rapid repeat pregancy and the sociodemographic and economic variables.

Independent variables	Presence of RRP		Absence of RRP		OR (CI95%)	p
	n	%	n	%
Parents' marital status						0.325
Live together	12	52.2	12	38.7	1.72(0.58-5.14)
Separated/Divorced	11	47.8	19	61.3	1
Marital Status						0.529
Married / Stable Union	16	69.6	19	61.3	1.44(0.45-4.53)
Others	07	30.4	12	38.7	1
Skin Color						0.389
Black/Mixed	05	21.7	04	12.9	1.87(0.44-7.94)
White/Yellow	18	78.3	27	87.1	1
Monthly Income						0.169*
Lower than 1 minimum wage	14	60.9	13	41.9	2.15(0.71-6.47)
Between 1 and 2 minimum wages	09	39.1	18	58.1	1
Schooling Level						0.600
Up to 8 years	18	78.3	26	83.9	0.69(0.17-2.74)
Over 8 years	05	21.7	05	16.1	1
Mother's schooling Level						0.627
Up to 8 years	21	91.3	27	87.1	1.55(0.26-9.32)
Over 8 years	02	8.7	04	12.9	1
Father's schooling Level						0.902
Up to 8 years	21	91.3	28	90.3	1.12(0.17-7.34)
Over 8 years	02	8.7	03	9.7	1

• RRP =Rapid Repeat Pregnancy
• ^*
  variables with p<0.20 maintained in the logistic regression model to control confusion.

The adolescents' gynecological, obstetric and contraceptives variables are shown in Table 2. The logistic regression analysis of the permanence variables of contraceptive methods and the previous pregnancy planning were considered. It is worth noting that 44.40% (n = 24) [95% IC 30.92-58.60] multiparous mentioned to have returned to their sexual activities in a period less than or equal to 40 days.

Table 2
Logistic regression analysis among rapid repeat pregancy and gynecologic, obstretic and contraceptives variables.

Independent variables	Presence of RRP		Absence of RRP		OR	CI95%	p
	n	%	n	%
Age at first sexual activity							0.503
≤ 14 years old	12	52.2	19	61.3	0.68	0.23–2.05
Between 15 and 18 years' old	11	47.8	12	38.7
Menarche age							0.369
≤ 13 years old	17	73.9	26	83.9	0.54	0.14-2.07
≥ 14 years old	06	26.1	05	16.1
Return to have sexual activity							0.667
≤ 40 days	11	47.8	13	39.1	1.26	0.42-3.75
> 41 days	12	52.2	08	58.1
Age of first pregnancy							0.250
≤ 14 years old	03	13.0	08	25.8	0.43	0.10-1.84
Between 15 and 19 years' old	20	87.0	23	74.2
Previous Pregnancy Planning							0.042*
No	10	43.5	22	71.0	0.31	0.10-0.97
Yes	13	56.5	09	29.0
Current Pregnancy Planning							0.551
No	13	56.5	20	64.5	0.71	0.23-2.15
Yes	10	43.5	11	35.5
Use of contraceptive method							0.012*
No	11	47.8	05	16.1	4.76	1.35-16.7
Yes	12	52.2	26	83.9

• RRP =Rapid Repeat Pregnancy
• ^*
  variables with p< 0.20 maintained in the logistic regression model to control confusion.

Regarding to schooling variables, it can be observed in the logistic regression analysis that the variable that remained was dropping out of school (Table 3). However, it can be noticed that the presence of dropping out of school and failing school were elevated in both pregnant women either those who had repeated pregnancy or those who did not. In the analysis of multiparous, it was found that 81.48% (n = 44) [95% CI 68.57 - 90.75] of adolescents reported dropping out and 68.52% (n = 37) [95% CI 54.45 - 80.48] were failing school.

Table 3
Logistic regression analysis between rapid repeat pregnancy and school variables.

	Presence of RRP		Bsence of RRP		OR	CI95%	p
Independent Variables	n	%	n	%
Dropping out of School							0.109*
Yes	21	91.3	23	74.2	3.65	0.69–19.1
No	02	8.7	08	25.8
Failed at School							0.887
Yes	16	69.6	21	67.7	1.08	0.34–3.48
No	07	30.4	10	32.3

• RRP =Rapid Repeat Pregnancy
• ^*
  variables with p<0.20 maintained in the logistic regression model to control confusion.

Finally, the logistic regression analysis can be observed in the final model and the variables that remained associated with the outcome were: contraceptive methods and previous pregnancy planning (Table 4). The result found in the Hosmer-Lemeshow test was 88.40%. Based on the data, it is possible to see that the non-use of contraceptive methods increased more than seven times the chances of adolescents presenting RRP [OR 7.40 (95% CI 1.56-3.49)], while the non- planning performance of the management before decreasing the chances of the adolescent presenting a new pregnancy without prior programming [OR 0.19 (95% CI 0.05- 0.78)].

Table 4
Final model of logistic regression of variables that maintained the association with the rapid repeat pregnancy.

Variables	OR (IC 95%)	p
Contraceptive methods
No	7.40 (1.56 – 34.9)	0.012*
Yes	1
Previous Pregnancy Planning
No	0.19 (0.05 – 0.78)	0.022*
Yes	1

• ^*
  p≤0.05.

Discussion

The data of our study found that most of the sample was based in the first pregnancy, with an average age of the first pregnancy at 16.44 years. This condition can present benefits to avoid a repeated pregnancy, since t getting pregnant under the age of 15 years puts the pregnancy at a higher risk level, due to a great tendency of higher rates in prematurity and low birth weight.¹⁷

However, 26.5% of the evaluated adolescents reported to be multiparous and showed high occurrence of RRP, with a prevalence of 42.6%, that is, a high proportion of these adolescents had a new pregnancy in less than two years from their last pregnancy.

Lower values of prevalence were observed in other studies, such as the research developed in South Africa, despite of having found a high percentage of adolescents (75.0%) with an interval between pregnancies were less than two years, prevalence of repeated pregnancy of 17.6% were observed.¹⁶ In a study carried out by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) in the USA in 2010, in which found that, 364,859 births of adolescents aged between 15-19 years, 18.3% represented the repeated births. The majority (85.7%) was of repeated births of a second child, but some adolescents (12.6%) gave birth to a third child,, and a few births (1.7%) the mothers were already in their fourth and sixth child. This report shows that almost one in five births among adolescents in 2010 was considered a birth of repetition.⁵

Higher prevalences were found by other authors,³ who observed recurrence rates of the second pregnancy , 66.7%, the third pregnancy 30.3% and the fourth pregnancy 3.0%. These data reveal that the multiparity or recurrence of pregnancies have become a more and more common condition in the Brazilian maternities without occurring even the interval between pregnancies t which are deemed appropriate for the maintenance and recovery of the mother's health.

Thus, it is believed that the highest prevalence of RRP in our study and in other Brazilian studies can be explained due to the difference in socio-cultural and economic structure in the country. In addition, low schooling level is still present in various locations in Brazil, and this can be one of the collaborating factors for the occurrence of repeated pregnancy. Many times, the adolescents, after becoming a mother, cannot return to school to finish their studies, comprising their future perspective, which they end up perpetuating the cycle of poverty and becoming a strong indicator for repetition of the pregnancy.³ Typically, the adolescents tend to stop studying when they get pregnant for the first time, and with recurrent pregnancies they remain permanently out of school.¹⁰

Confirming with this condition, our study found a high prevalence of among pregnant women dropping out of school and failing school , and a higher percentage among women with repetition of pregnancy . Such fact has been demonstrated as the main characteristic associated with the social issue of pregnancy in adolescence.¹⁸ Dropping out of school is a concerning situation, once it is responsible for causing worsening in the socioeconomic conditions of these adolescents, restricting their possibilities in professional qualification and insertion in the labor market, thereby causing dependence on the partner or family.³ This financial dependence associated with dropping-out may contribute to the victimization of young mothers, as well as making the adolescents in need of autonomy to execute decisions that involve their future and the child.¹⁸

It is necessary to involve pregnant adolescents and parents in the effective health programs, targeted to this specific audience, as a way of reducing its repetition. Advice on the spacing of births, contraception during pregnancy and the provision of long-term reversible contraceptives, Long-Acting Reversible Contraception (LARCs) - at immediate postpartum period are examples of how to facilitate the access to contraceptive pills for teenage mothers.⁸ However, there should be caution with the direct providing of contraceptives by the health service, once even increasing the use of contraceptives, this intervention strategy is not feasible in environments where young people do not have access to health services.¹⁹ It should be emphasized also the importance of the healthcare team in guiding the choice of contraceptive method for adolescent mothers during the post-partum period, since this practice has been shown to prevent pregnancy thereafter.⁵

In our study, the non-use of contraceptive methods has increased more than seven times the chances of evaluated adolescents presenting RRP while the non-completion of previous pregnancy planning decreased the chances of adolescents presenting new pregnancies without prior programming.

Although many adolescents present history of contraceptive use before, generally the use is not supported after the pregnancy or it is interrupted within a year. The continuity of contraception over long term is certainly a challenge for adolescents who are at risk of abandoning contraception between the relationships and resuming sexual activities before restarting the use of contraception.¹⁶

A strategy that has exhibited positive results and that should be encouraged by the health team and by family planning programs is the use of LARCs, which have demonstrated a rate of continuation higher than other methods at 12 months and 2 years.²⁰ LARCs are an effective, secure and acceptable tool to prevent pregnancy in adolescence and its recurrence,21 but as all contraceptive methods this one may present adverse effects, thus, counselling and support are crucial for the teenagers.²⁰ The moment of insertion of the implant or the IUD during the immediate postpartum period is more effective than the delay of four to six weeks, without adverse clinical outcomes reported by either the breastfeeding mother as for the breastfed infant.²⁰

However, the decision-making on the searching or preventing a rapid repeat pregnancy is complex for teenage mothers. Encouraging the approval of LARCs could not only protect those who have intention to avoid a repetition of pregnancy, but may give time for young women with ambivalence to find their intention.²² In spite of this, so that these measurements really work, professionals need to be aware of the potential barriers and the facilitators, such as adequacy and method preferences.²³

The recurrence of pregnancy can be considered a more dramatic condition, as it indicates that the first early pregnancy has not brought a significantly stronger call to prevent the occurrence of a new pregnancy. The repetition of this event can lead to the disorganization of the family, dropping out of school , social and labor withdrawal, as well as encourage emotional issues.³ It is believed that the fact that the first pregnancy was without planning, but resulted in a strong change in women's lives, that it can make the subsequent pregnancy occur in a way as planned by the couple. It is also noted that the occurrence of a pregnancy makes the adolescent less embarrassed to seek information about sex, demonstrating greater engagement in family planning service, and therefore healthy reproductive practices.²⁴

However, it is important to recognize some limitations in this present study, such as the specific sample from only one city in the state of Pernambuco, a condition that causes these results in this study not to be representative for other locations, , therefore, the conclusions are found to be generalized. All responses were based on the adolescents' self-report, which could lead to memory bias; still, it was a small number of multiparous sample, a fact that may have limited the associations found.

We suggest that further studies with larger samples, from different regions, and with longitudinal design, have as a purpose to verify if other environmental and social factors may influence pregnancy and its recurrence in adolescents.

Finally, it can be inferred from this study that most of the sample was based on first time pregnancy t, but in the multiparous it was verified a high percentage of RRP. The non-use of contraceptive methods was the condition that increased the chances of adolescents presenting RRP and the failure on planning their first pregnancy was the factor that decreased the chances of adolescents getting pregnant again without prior programming. It is of extreme importance that health professionals receive regular training in order to provide a service for detailed advice on contraception and family planning for the adolescents.

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Publication Dates

• Publication in this collection
  Apr-Jun 2017

History

• Received
  13 May 2016
• Reviewed
  04 Jan 2017
• Accepted
  07 Apr 2017