Moving beyond the assessment of mortality and severity of diseases in critical patients: we are just getting started...

Soares, Márcio; Azoulay, Élie

doi:10.1590/S0103-507X2012000400003

EDITORIAL

Moving beyond the assessment of mortality and severity of diseases in critical patients: we are just getting started...

Márcio Soares^I; Élie Azoulay^II

^IPost-Graduate Program in Oncology, Instituto Nacional de Câncer, INCA - Rio de Janeiro (RJ), Brazil; Instituto D'Or de Pesquisa e Ensino - Rio de Janeiro (RJ), Brazil

^IIService de Réanimation Médicale, Université Paris-Diderot, Sorbonne Paris-Cité, Faculté de Médecine - Paris, France

Corresponding author

The scenario of intensive care has changed considerably in recent decades. Increasing number of patients require hospitalization in intensive care units (ICU) worldwide due to several factors, including greater access to the healthcare system, advances in the management of several diseases with a subsequent increase in patient survival, and an increased availability of multi-modal aggressive treatments with the potential for serious complications that require monitoring or management in the ICU. In addition, advances in the care have resulted in substantial improvements in the survival rates of patients with a number of critical diseases and complications.^(1,2)

Until the end of the last century, the characterization of critically ill patients have been focused on the severity of acute disease, and the primary outcome for these patients was short-term mortality (28-30 days), especially when evaluating the effectiveness of various interventions.⁽³⁾ Since 2000, it has become evident that this evaluation was incomplete and inappropriate and that studies should also consider long-term mortality (at least 90 days but ideally 6-12 months).⁽³⁾ In addition, mortality evaluations per se are incomplete. Currently, mortality during hospitalization for acute diagnoses and complications that are prevalent in intensive care, such as sepsis and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), ranges from 20% to 40%.^(2,4) Improvements in the prognoses of a number of diseases have reached even subgroups of patients who recently had very bad prognoses and patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) or malignancies.^(5-7) Over the last years, studies in different populations and regions demonstrated that survivors of ICU hospitalization experience complications and residual organic dysfunctions that significantly impact their functional capacity, quality of life and recovery of their work capacity.^(8-10)These complications that follow critical illnesses and ICU admission are particularly important for patients with serious chronic diseases such as cancer, AIDS and autoimmune diseases, because they could limit the availability or continuity of the most appropriate treatments.

On the other hand, patient's previous functional capacity and quality of life have a significant impact on his or her prognosis and are often used in discussions to evaluate the appropriateness of ICU hospitalization.^(6,11) However, the available information in the literature is very limited, especially regarding Brazilian patients. In the present issue of the Revista Brasileira de Terapia Intensiva, Tereran et al.⁽¹²⁾ evaluated the previous quality of life of 91 patients, representing 24% of the total admissions to the ICU of a tertiary hospital.⁽¹²⁾The authors evaluated only patients who were awake and able to participate in the study in the first 72 hours of ICU hospitalization. Cardiac complications and postoperative care were the causes of hospitalization for 85% of the patients. Using the SF-36, the authors observed that the quality of life prior to hospitalization was considered bad, especially in physical terms. In addition, the authors demonstrated that the previous quality of life in this population had a poor correlation with the severity of the disease that caused the ICU hospitalization. In our daily practice as intensivists, the prevalence of ICU patients for which we infer that their previous functional capacity and quality of life were reduced is noticeable. The present study contributes to a better understanding of the premorbid factors that are present in critical patients because it quantifies this information through the use of a validated instrument; however, some observations must be considered when interpreting the results. It is important to focus on potential selection biases that can compromise the generalization of the results. The admitted patients are of low severity, as indicated by the low values of the severity scores, mortality rates and hospitalization times. Most of the patients were admitted for cardiac complications and postoperative care after complex or high-risk surgeries, and presented with a high prevalence of comorbidities. Thus, it is not possible to infer that these results apply to patients without previous comorbidities and to patients who have been admitted in more severe conditions. In addition, the present study did not assess quality of life after ICU hospitalization, which hinders the evaluation of the impact of the disease and its treatment on that domain. Finally, only patients who were admitted to the ICU were evaluated, which makes it necessary to consider the bias related to the screening criteria of the institution for ICU admission and possibly the biases related to a patient's own decision to be hospitalized in the ICU. Despite these limitations, studies such as that of Tereran et al.⁽¹²⁾ are relevant because they can help the ICU team to identify patients who are more vulnerable to residual complications and the modifiable factors related to these complications. These studies are critical for assessing the impact of prevention strategies on patients who are at high risk for these residual complications after ICU hospitalization and for evaluating the rehabilitation of those who developed them.

REFERENCES

1. Martin GS, Mannino DM, Eaton S, Moss M. The epidemiology of sepsis in the United States from 1979 through 2000. N Engl J Med. 2003;348(16):1546-54.
2. Li G, Malinchoc M, Cartin-Ceba R, Venkata CV, Kor DJ, Peters SG, et al. Eight-year trend of acute respiratory distress syndrome: a population-based study in Olmsted County, Minnesota. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2011;183(1):59-66.
3. Marshall JC, Vincent JL, Guyatt G, Angus DC, Abraham E, Bernard G, et al. Outcome measures for clinical research in sepsis: a report of the 2nd Cambridge Colloquium of the International Sepsis Forum. Crit Care Med. 2005;33(8):1708-16.
4. Levy MM, Artigas A, Phillips GS, Rhodes A, Beale R, Osborn T, et al. Outcomes of the Surviving Sepsis Campaign in intensive care units in the USA and Europe: a prospective cohort study. Lancet Infect Dis. 2012;12(12):919-24.
5. Soares M, Caruso P, Silva E, Teles JM, Lobo SM, Friedman G, Dal Pizzol F, Mello PV, Bozza FA, Silva UV, Torelly AP, Knibel MF, Rezende E, Netto JJ, Piras C, Castro A, Ferreira BS, Réa-Neto A, Olmedo PB, Salluh JI; Brazilian Research in Intensive Care Network (BRICNet). Characteristics and outcomes of patients with cancer requiring admission to intensive care units: a prospective multicenter study. Crit Care Med. 2010;38(1):9-15.
6. Azoulay E, Soares M, Darmon M, Benoit D, Pastores S, Afessa B. Intensive care of the cancer patient: recent achievements and remaining challenges. Ann Intensive Care. 2011;1(1):5
7. Japiassú AM, Amâncio RT, Mesquita EC, Medeiros DM, Bernal HB, Nunes EP, et al. Sepsis is a major determinant of outcome in critically ill HIV/AIDS patients. Crit Care. 2010;14(4):R152.
8. Herridge MS, Cheung AM, Tansey CM, Matte-Martyn A, Diaz-Granados N, Al-Saidi F, Cooper AB, Guest CB, Mazer CD, Mehta S, Stewart TE, Barr A, Cook D, Slutsky AS; Canadian Critical Care Trials Group. One-year outcomes in survivors of the acute respiratory distress syndrome. N Engl J Med. 2003;348(8):683-93.
9. Iwashyna TJ, Ely EW, Smith DM, Langa KM. Long-term cognitive impairment and functional disability among survivors of severe sepsis. JAMA. 2010;304(16):1787-94.
10. Oeyen SG, Vandijck DM, Benoit DD, Annemans L, Decruyenaere JM. Quality of life after intensive care: a systematic review of the literature. Crit Care Med. 2010;38(12):2386-400.
11. Guidelines for intensive care unit admission, discharge, and triage. Task Force of the American College of Critical Care Medicine, Society of Critical Care Medicine. Crit Care Med. 1999;27(3):633-8.
12. Tereran NP, Zanei SS, Whitaker IY. Qualidade de vida prévia à internação em unidade de terapia intensive. Rev Bras Ter Intensiva. 2012;24(4):341-6.

Autor correspondente:

Márcio Soares

Instituto D'Or de Pesquisa e Ensino

Rua Diniz Cordeiro, 30, 3º andar

CEP: 22281-100 - Rio de Janeiro (RJ), Brasil

E-mail:

marciosoaresms@gmail.com

Publication Dates

Publication in this collection
30 Jan 2013
Date of issue
Dec 2012

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

[1] 1. Martin GS, Mannino DM, Eaton S, Moss M. The epidemiology of sepsis in the United States from 1979 through 2000. N Engl J Med. 2003;348(16):1546-54.

[2] 2. Li G, Malinchoc M, Cartin-Ceba R, Venkata CV, Kor DJ, Peters SG, et al. Eight-year trend of acute respiratory distress syndrome: a population-based study in Olmsted County, Minnesota. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2011;183(1):59-66.

[3] 3. Marshall JC, Vincent JL, Guyatt G, Angus DC, Abraham E, Bernard G, et al. Outcome measures for clinical research in sepsis: a report of the 2nd Cambridge Colloquium of the International Sepsis Forum. Crit Care Med. 2005;33(8):1708-16.

[4] 4. Levy MM, Artigas A, Phillips GS, Rhodes A, Beale R, Osborn T, et al. Outcomes of the Surviving Sepsis Campaign in intensive care units in the USA and Europe: a prospective cohort study. Lancet Infect Dis. 2012;12(12):919-24.

[5] 5. Soares M, Caruso P, Silva E, Teles JM, Lobo SM, Friedman G, Dal Pizzol F, Mello PV, Bozza FA, Silva UV, Torelly AP, Knibel MF, Rezende E, Netto JJ, Piras C, Castro A, Ferreira BS, Réa-Neto A, Olmedo PB, Salluh JI; Brazilian Research in Intensive Care Network (BRICNet). Characteristics and outcomes of patients with cancer requiring admission to intensive care units: a prospective multicenter study. Crit Care Med. 2010;38(1):9-15.

[6] 6. Azoulay E, Soares M, Darmon M, Benoit D, Pastores S, Afessa B. Intensive care of the cancer patient: recent achievements and remaining challenges. Ann Intensive Care. 2011;1(1):5

[7] 7. Japiassú AM, Amâncio RT, Mesquita EC, Medeiros DM, Bernal HB, Nunes EP, et al. Sepsis is a major determinant of outcome in critically ill HIV/AIDS patients. Crit Care. 2010;14(4):R152.

[8] 8. Herridge MS, Cheung AM, Tansey CM, Matte-Martyn A, Diaz-Granados N, Al-Saidi F, Cooper AB, Guest CB, Mazer CD, Mehta S, Stewart TE, Barr A, Cook D, Slutsky AS; Canadian Critical Care Trials Group. One-year outcomes in survivors of the acute respiratory distress syndrome. N Engl J Med. 2003;348(8):683-93.

[9] 9. Iwashyna TJ, Ely EW, Smith DM, Langa KM. Long-term cognitive impairment and functional disability among survivors of severe sepsis. JAMA. 2010;304(16):1787-94.

[10] 10. Oeyen SG, Vandijck DM, Benoit DD, Annemans L, Decruyenaere JM. Quality of life after intensive care: a systematic review of the literature. Crit Care Med. 2010;38(12):2386-400.

[11] 11. Guidelines for intensive care unit admission, discharge, and triage. Task Force of the American College of Critical Care Medicine, Society of Critical Care Medicine. Crit Care Med. 1999;27(3):633-8.

[12] 12. Tereran NP, Zanei SS, Whitaker IY. Qualidade de vida prévia à internação em unidade de terapia intensive. Rev Bras Ter Intensiva. 2012;24(4):341-6.