SOURSOP LIQUOR PROCESSING: INFLUENCE OF THE PROCESS VARIABLES ON THE PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS

PROCESSAMENTO DE LICOR DE GRAVIOLA: INFLUÊNCIA DAS VARIÁVEIS DE PROCESSO NAS CARACTERÍSTICAS FÍSICAS E QUÍMICAS

ABSTRACT:

Soursop is a well-appreciated tropical fruit, both in natura and in the form of juices and nectars. Despite its wide acceptance, there is lack of its use in the preparation of other products, such as alcoholic beverages. The objective of this study was to prepare soursop liquors by varying the concentrations of pulp and sucrose syrup with different contents of total soluble solids and to evaluate the effects of these on the physical and chemical characteristics of the beverages. In the production process, the pulp (300, 400 and 500 g) was macerated with distilled alcohol for 20 days, after which it was filtered, added to the syrup (50, 60 and 70 °Brix), bottled in polyethylene bottles and subjected to an accelerated aging. All drinks resulted in alcohol levels (15.25 to 16.69% v/v) and total sugars (12.63 to 17.97%) in accordance with the standards required by law. The experiments made with the lowest concentration of pulp showed the highest yields (84.17 and 85.25%). First-order models with interactions and 95% confidence intervals were obtained. The pulp consisted of the most significant factor, influencing the largest number of responses (yield, alcohol content, dry residue, titratable acidity, titratable acidity/soluble solids ratio and luminosity). The larger coefficient of determination (R²⁾ values were found in the models adjusted to the data of yield, dry residue, total soluble solids, titratable acidity and total sugars, which were significant and predictive, showing values greater than 0.97.

Keywords:
Alcoholic beverage; Annona muricata L.

RESUMO:

A graviola é uma fruta tropical muito apreciada, tanto in natura como na forma de sucos e néctares. Apesar de sua grande aceitação, existe a carência de sua utilização na elaboração de outros produtos, a exemplo de bebidas alcoólicas. Objetivou-se com o estudo elaborar licores de graviola variando-se as concentrações de polpa e xarope de sacarose com diferentes teores de sólidos solúveis totais e avaliar o efeito destas nas características físicas e químicas das bebidas. No processo produtivo, a polpa (300, 400 e 500 g) foi macerada com destilado alcoólico durante 20 dias, sendo posteriormente filtrada e adicionada do xarope (50, 60 e 70 °Brix), envasada em garrafas de polietileno e submetida a um envelhecimento acelerado. Todas as bebidas resultaram teores alcoólicos (15,25 a 16,69% v/v) e açúcares totais (12,63 a 17,97%) em conformidade com os padrões exigidos pela legislação. Os experimentos elaborados com a menor concentração de polpa apresentaram os maiores rendimentos (84,17 e 85,25%). Obtiveram-se modelos de 1ª ordem, com uma interação e intervalo de confiança de 95%. A polpa constituiu-se no fator mais significativo, influenciando um maior número de respostas (rendimento, teor alcoólico, resíduo seco, acidez titulável, relação entre acidez titulável/sólidos solúveis e luminosidade). Os maiores valores de R² foram encontrados nos modelos ajustados aos dados de rendimento, resíduo seco, sólidos solúveis totais, acidez titulável e açúcares totais, que foram significativos e preditivos, apresentando valores superiores a 0,97.

Palavras-chave:
Annona muricata L.; Bebida alcoólica.

INTRODUCTION

The Brazilian northeastern region has favorable conditions for the cultivation of various fruitful species. Among these, the soursop tree (Annona muricata L.) has real economic potential or exploration potential (OLIVEIRA et al., 2009), due especially to the production of fruit with a pleasant taste and aroma, the soursop. Its great acceptability and proven industrial demand justify its cultivation and importance of the fruit in the producing areas (TEIXEIRA et al., 2006). According to Samarão et al. (2011), in addition to the consumption in natura, the soursop is used to obtain pulp, juice, nectar, canned goods and other processed products. Although the commercial importance in Brazil is considered of low expression compared to other fruits, the growing interest from the food industry, especially the juice industry, makes the soursop promising for export (SAMARÃO et al., 2011).

Despite the characteristics that make the soursop a fruit with high market potential, Lima et al. (2010) reported that the high perishability of soursop and the short shelf life after harvest have been responsible for high rates of losses and difficulties in the supply of traditional and potential markets for fresh fruit consumption. In this sense, the processing of the fruit is necessary for the preparation of various products, including alcoholic beverages, such as liquor.

According to Teixeira et al. (2007), the definition of "liquor" varies widely, depending on the author; however, they all mention the main elements that make up liquor: a beverage obtained "by mixing" that contains alcoholic components and precursors of flavor and sweetness. Brazilian law defines liquor as a beverage with an alcohol content of 15 to 54% (v/v) at 20 °C and a percentage of sugar higher than 30 g/L, prepared with potable ethyl alcohol of agricultural origin or simple alcoholic distillate of agricultural origin or alcoholic beverages, with extracts or substances of vegetable or animal origin, flavoring and coloring substances and other additives added (BRASIL, 2009).

The handmade production of liquor is an interesting alternative for providing increased family income, for its processing requires simple technology, with the final product being sold at room temperature and with extensive shelf life (TEIXEIRA et al., 2005). The secrets of the quality of a fruit liquor are in the perfect combination of its components, especially the raw material (alcohol), the fruit used and the sugar as well as in the processes of preparation (infusion) and maturation, which will result in an integrated product with harmony between color, aroma and flavor.

According to Oliveira and Santos (2011), the maceration (infusion) is based on a unit operation, consisting of removing and/or extracting from a medium certain substances that are considered active principles (aromatic compounds, pigments, nutrients, etc.) by addition of a solvent (alcohol) during a certain period.

In the specialized literature, a wide range of studies can be found on fruit processing for the preparation of liquors, such as those involving passion fruit (DIAS et al., 2011), acerola (NOGUEIRA; VENTURINI FILHO, 2005), açaí (OLIVEIRA; SANTOS, 2011), pineapple (SIMÕES et al., 2011), banana (TEIXEIRA et al., 2007), tangerine (VIANA et al., 2011) and camu-camu (VIERA et al., 2010), among others. Notwithstanding, research on the use of soursop in the preparation of this type of drink was not found in the literature, which makes performing this work as another soursop processing alternative important.

Based on the foregoing information, the aim of this study was to prepare soursop liquors by varying the concentrations of pulp and sucrose syrup with different total soluble solids (TSS) and to evaluate the effects of these on the physical and chemical characteristics of the processed drinks.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

For the preparation of liquors, soursops at full ripeness from small producers of Campina Grande-PB (7° 13' S latitude, 35° 52' W longitude and altitude of 552 m), sucrose syrups with different TSS, prepared by concentrating a simmering solution of crystal sugar and water, and commercial alcohol (vodka) with an alcohol content of 39% (v/v) were used.

The soursops were received at the Laboratory of Storage and Processing of Agricultural Products of the Federal University of Campina Grande, selected for by removal of injured fruits and sanitized in chlorine solution at a concentration of 200 ppm for 15 minutes. The peeling was manual, using stainless steel knives, separating the pulp from the seeds, fibers and bark. An aliquot of the obtained pulp was subjected to physical and chemical analyses, and the remainder was bottled in polyethylene bags and stored at -18 °C until early processing of the liquors.

The soursop pulp was analyzed in triplicate regarding the parameters of water content, total solids, ashes, lipids (Soxhlet), sugars (reducing sugars in glucose, non-reducing sugars in sucrose and total sugars in glucose), pH, TSS and total titratable acidity (TTA) in citric acid according to methodologies of the Adolfo Lutz Institute (2008); density at 20 °C, proteins (micro Kjeldahl) and total carbohydrates (by difference) according to the recommendations of the AOAC (2010); calorific value according to the Ministry of Health (BRASIL, 2005); ascorbic acid by the Tillmans method (AOAC, 1997), modified by Benassi and Antunes (1998); TSS/TTA ratio according to the Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Supply (BRASIL, 1986); water activity using an AQUA-LAB hygrometer, model CX-2, Decagon Devices; and color in a portable Hunter Lab Mini Scan XE Plus spectrophotometer, model 4500 L, obtaining the parameters L*, a* and b*, where L* sets the luminosity (L* = 0 - black and L* = 100 - white) and a* and b* are responsible for the chromaticity (+a* red and -a* green; +b* yellow and -b* blue).

The soursop liquors were processed by a 2² factorial experimental design method, with three experiments in the central point, resulting in a design matrix with seven experiments (Table 1). The objective was to evaluate the influence of the independent variables (concentrations of pulp and sucrose syrup with different contents of TSS) on the response variables (physical and chemical analyses) as well as their interactions.

Table 1:
Design matrix with respective independent variables and their levels to prepare the soursop liquor.

• SL1, SL2... SL7 - Soursop liquor.

In the production process of the liquors, the pulp was previously defrosted in a refrigerator (~4 °C) and macerated in cold vodka for 20 days, according to recommendations of Carvalho (2007), on previously sterilized glass containers. For the maceration, the pulp proportions itemized in Table 1 and 500 mL of commercial alcohol for each experiment were used.

The macerated material was subsequently filtered through a sieve with a thin layer of cotton to remove waste from the pulp, and 400 mL of sucrose syrup with 50, 60 and 70 °Brix, according to the design of Table 1, were added for the purpose of promoting the rise of the sugar contents of the beverages and reducing their alcohol levels. The liquors were homogenized manually, placed in polyethylene bottles previously sterilized and subjected to accelerate aging in a bain-marie at 60 °C for 2 hours in order to develop aroma and flavor precursors, improving the beverage quality.

Later, the liquors were analyzed for the parameters of alcohol content and dry residue, according to methods of AOAC (2010); TSS, TTA in citric acid, pH, total sugars in glucose, TSS/TTA ratio, water activity and color, according to methodologies described in the characterization of the soursop pulp; and income, calculated by the division of the mass of the liquor obtained by the sum of the mass of all ingredients (alcohol, syrup and pulp) used in the processing.

The experimental design was of randomized blocks with seven treatments and three replications, using the software Assistat version 7.5 beta. Data were subjected to analysis of variance, and mean comparisons were made by a Tukey test at 5% probability. The effects of the independent variables on the dependent variables were evaluated by statistical analysis using the computer program Statistica version 6.0. The regressions were considered significant when the calculated F value (F_c) was higher than the tabulated F value (F_tab) at the 5% level of significance (p < 0.05) and when the coefficient of determination of the regression (R²⁾ was exceeding 0.94. When the F_c/F_tab ratio was equal to or greater than 4.0 was also considered a significant predictive model. Response surfaces were generated only for the analyses that showed significant models.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The results of the physical and chemical characterization of the soursop pulp used in the processing of liquors are shown in Table 2. A product with a high content of water, significant contents of carbohydrates, proteins and ashes and low content of lipids was observed, which explains the relatively low energetic value (less than 100 kcal/100 g).

Table 2:
Physical and chemical composition of the soursop pulp.

• TSS - Total soluble solids; TTA - Total titratable acidity in % citric acid.

With respect to the analyses of total solids (18.01%), pH (3.97), TTA (0.89%), TSS (19.50 °Brix), total sugars (7.22%) and ascorbic acid (22.17 mg/100 g), it was found that all values were in accordance with the recommendations of the Normative Ruling No. 01 of 2000 (BRASIL, 2000), which regulates the standards of identity and quality of the soursop pulp and establishes values for total solids, pH, total acidity and TSS of at least 12.5%, 3.50, 0.6% and 9° Brix, respectively, total sugar between 6.5 and 17% and ascorbic acid values of at least 10 mg/100 g. Canuto et al. (2010), characterizing soursop from the country's northern region, also reported compliance of values obtained with respect to the current legislation.

The TSS/TTA ratio is similar to the value found by Marcellini et al. (2003) in soursop pulp (21.12) and higher than that found in other fruits, such as acerola (MACIEL et al., 2010), caja (CARVALHO et al., 2011) and passion fruit (CAVICHIOLI et al., 2008), where a greater sense of sweetness in soursop was found in relation to these fruits. Total sugars higher than 7% accumulated during the soursop ripening, and from that constituent, the reducing sugars were superior in comparison to the non-reducing sugars, which can be explained by the hydrolysis of starch during maturation.

A water activity greater than 0.98 attests to the need for hygienic processing of the pulp and storage in suitable conditions. With respect to the color parameters, the pulp showed to be clear (L*), with a slight yellowish tint (+b*), which may have been influenced by high enzyme activity, and traces of slightly deep green (-a*). Canuto et al. (2010) found L* values of 56.00, and Pereira et al. (2006) reported similar characteristics for color of the soursop pulp, with L* between 45.82 and 68.14, a* between 0.17 and 15.47 and b* between 10.54 and 14.77.

In Tables 3 and 4, the average values of the physical and chemical analyses of the soursop liquors are shown. It was observed that all parameters analyzed showed significant effects at 1% probability by F tests, indicating that the syrups with different levels of TSS and the pulp concentrations used affected the physical and chemical characteristics of the drinks.

Table 3:
Average values of the physical and chemical characterization of the soursop liquors.

• EXP - Experiment; SL1...SL7 - Soursop liquor; I - Income; AC - Alcohol content; DR - dry residue; TSS - total soluble solids; TTA - Total titratable acidity in citric acid; a_w - Water activity; TS - Total sugars; Means followed by the same letter in the column do not differ statistically at 5% probability by the Tukey test; OA - Overall average; SMD - Significant mean deviation; CV - Coefficient of variation; Fcal. - calculated F; ** - Significant at 1% probability by the F test.

Table 4:
Average values of the soursop liquor colorimetric analysis.

• EXP - Experiment; SL1...SL7 - Soursop liquor; L* - Luminosity; +a* - Red intensity; +b* - Yellow intensity. Means followed by the same letter in the column do not differ statistically at 5% probability by the Tukey test; OA - Overall average; MSD - Mean significant deviation; CV - Coefficient of variation; Fcal. - calculated F; ** - significant at 1% probability by the F test.

The liquors formulated with the highest pulp concentrations (SL2 and SL4) had the lowest yields (79.64 and 79.29%, respectively), followed by the formulations with intermediate concentrations of soursop (SL5 to SL7). As these drinks of the largest pulp concentrations were added, at the end of filtration, the highest amounts of residue were yielded, consisting of the fruit fibers, affecting the final mass balance of liquors and, consequently, the yield.

All liquors had alcohol contents within the range established by the Brazilian legislation (BRASIL, 2009), which determines variation of 15 to 54% (v/v) alcohol. The higher alcohol levels were obtained in liquors SL1 (16.69% v/v) and SL3 (16.05% v/v), formulated with the lowest concentration of pulp, which can be associated with less dilution of the alcohol promoted by minor addition of soursop. Oliveira and Santos (2011), studying the achievement and evaluation of açaí liquor, found an alcohol content (16% v/v) close to the result of this work, while Dias et al. (2011), evaluating the physical and chemical characteristics of yellow passion fruit liquor, obtained a higher value (21% v/v).

The dry residue was between 27.56% (SL1) and 36.48% (SL3), being lower than the values obtained by Viana et al. (2011), who were developing and characterizing tangerine peel liquors with different alcoholic bases (42.71 to 46.53%). It was observed that the soursop liquors formulated with the lowest (SL1 and SL2) and highest (SL3 and SL4) syrup TSS contents were statistically different (p < 0.05), yet the former beverages, formulated with syrup at 70 °Brix, had the highest dry residues (36.48 and 33.40%). This probably can be related to the interference of sucrose. Since sucrose was present as a solid, it dissolved in greater proportion in this syrup, which affected the amount of solids (residue) obtained after the alcohol evaporation.

As expected, the different TSS contents of the syrups affected the TSS content of the drinks, where the liquors processed with syrup at 50 °Brix were the only ones to exhibit values below 30 °Brix. In absolute values, the TSS ranged from 29.10 °Brix (SL1) to 39 °Brix (SL3), similar to the values reported by Barros et al. (2008) and Viera et al. (2010) when characterizing liquors of milk (27 °Brix) and camu-camu (33 °Brix), respectively.

The beverages formulated with the lowest concentrations of pulp (SL1 and SL3) showed the lowest values for TTA (0.20 and 0.20%). In contrast, the formulations with the highest concentrations of pulp (SL2 and SL4) had the highest values for this parameter (0.25 and 0.28%). During maceration, in addition to the drag of substances responsible for sensory characteristics, such as pigments and volatile compounds, there is also the solubility in the alcohol of chemical components from the pulp, such as sugars and organic acids. This justifies the higher acidity values in the formulations with higher proportions of soursop pulp. In the study by Teixeira et al. (2005), lower TTA levels in banana liquors (0.06 to 0.11%) was evidenced, due to the feature of less acidity of the pulp used in the processing compared to the pulp of soursop.

The pH values ranged between 3.74 (SL4) and 3.90 (SL1), being mainly affected by the pulp proportions. It was found that the liquors processed with 500 g of soursop (Table 1) showed a stronger acidic pH, which is related to higher extraction of organic acids in maceration. As the acidity and the pH are inversely proportional magnitudes, this increased extraction led to the achievement of lower pH values at the end of maceration. Franco and Landgraf (2005) reported that low pH values are important because they are a limiting factor for the growth of pathogenic and spoilage bacteria, in addition to favoring the stability of some constituents, such as ascorbic acid, as this vitamin has greater stability in acidic pH. Simões et al. (2011) found in pineapple liquor a higher pH (4.45) to that found for the soursop liquors in this research. Yet, Oliveira and Santos (2011) reported a similar pH in açaí liquor (3.52).

The water activity showed to be lower than 0.98 only in beverages processed with syrup with the highest TSS content (SL3 and SL4), due to the ability of sucrose to form strong bonds with the free water, thereby not preventing its use by microorganisms. Despite these values, there is need for efficient thermal treatment application in all beverages to ensure better microbiological stability during marketing, such as the unwanted conversion of ethyl alcohol into acetic acid.

The TSS/TTA ratio ranged from 118.44 (SL2) to 196.52 (SL3). Similar values of the TSS/TTA ratio were found by Barros et al. (2008) studying milk liquors (192.86). The high values for this relationship were expected, since the drinks exhibited high levels of TSS at the end of processing and low levels of TTA. Knowing that the TSS/TTA ratio is an important indicator of taste, as it relates the dissolved solids such as sugars and acids present in the product, it was found that the SL3 formulation appeared to be perceptibly sweeter, due mainly to lower values of TTA provided by the minor addition of pulp and higher concentration of sugars of the syrup used (70 °Brix).

The different TSS of the sucrose syrups used in the liquor formulations also influenced the total sugar values (Table 3), in that the beverages made with syrup with higher TSS contents (SL3 and SL4) showed the highest levels of total sugars, followed by drinks with intermediate syrup TSS (SL5 to SL7). The total sugar content of soursop liquors ranged from 12.63 to 17.97%, in accordance with the standards specified by the Brazilian legislation (BRASIL, 2009), which specifies a minimum total sugar content of 3% (30 g/L) for that drink.

Total sugars did not differ among themselves (p < 0.05) for the formulations prepared with the same contents of TSS of syrups, according to the statistical test applied. Nogueira and Venturini Filho (2005) when studying acerola liquors found values between 30.03 and 32.05%, and Dias et al. (2011) published an average value of 26.42% of total sugars in liquor from cuts of the yellow passion fruit.

The soursop liquors showed to be clear. They exhibited L* values greater than 55, with little intense (0.66 to 1.22) red tint (+a*), and more evident yellowing tint (+b*) (10.64 to 14.61), which may have been affected by the addition of syrups presented with light amber coloration (Table 4). The SL4 formulation, prepared with the highest concentrations of pulp and syrup TSS, had the lowest values of L* and +a* but the highest value of +b*, indicating more opaque coloration, with more intense yellow hue. Yet, the SL1 formulation, prepared with the lowest concentrations of pulp and syrup TSS, had the lowest value of +b*, indicating that as the processing variables increased, the liquors tended to become more yellowish.

As for the experimental design, the results of the physical and chemical characterization provided first-order models with an interaction and a 95% confidence interval. Analyses of the effects for each response were performed, and, when possible (F_c ≥ F_tab), the statistically significant models were checked. Importantly, each response was analyzed separately, according to the model generated.

The statistical analysis allowed for the determination of the regression coefficients, calculated F values, R² values and mathematical equations for all responses (Table 5). It was observed that the models adjusted to the data of yield, alcohol content, dry residue, TSS, TTA, TSS/TTA ratio and total sugars were significant (F_c/F_tab ≥ 1.0), revealing good adjustment to the experimental data, with data of R² values greater than 0.94. It was also found that the models adjusted to the experimental data of yield, dry residue, TSS, TTA and total sugars, in addition to being significant, were also predictive, as they presented values of the F_c/F_tab ratio exceeding 4 at the 95% confidence level. The models adjusted to the other responses (pH, a_w, L*, +a* and +b*) revealed lower adjustments, with R² values ranging from 0.6555 (+a*) to 0.8899 (A_w) and F_c/F_tab ratios lower than 1 at 95% confidence levels, confirming that the regressions were not significant.

Table 5:
Results of the regression analyses to data from the physical and chemical characterization of soursop liquors at the 95% confidence interval.

• R² - Coefficient of determination; F_c - calculated F; F_tab - tabulated F; I - Income; AC - Alcohol content; DR - Dry residue; TSS - Total soluble solids; a_w - Water activity; TTA - Total titratable acidity in citric acid; TS - Total sugars; L* - Luminosity; +a* - Red intensity; +b* - Yellow intensity; P - Pulp; TSS - Total soluble solids in the sucrose syrup

The individual effects of pulp concentration and syrup TSS content, as the effects of the interaction thereof on the response variables, are shown via the Pareto diagram (Figure 1). In each diagram, the factors showing the strongest influence for each response were verified.

Figure 1:
Pareto diagram for the influence of the factors of pulp (P), total soluble solids (TSS) of the syrup and their interaction (P/TSS) on the income (A), alcohol content (B), dry residue (C), TSS (D), pH (E), water activity (F), total titratable acidity (G), TSS/total titratable acidity ratio (H), total sugars (I), luminosity (J), red intensity (K) and yellow intensity (L) of the soursop liquors.

The pulp concentration showed significant effects on income, alcohol content, dry residue, TTA, TSS/TTA ratio and luminosity. The pulp concentration is onsidered the most significant effect when compared with the TSS content of the syrup that, in turn, had significant effects on the dry residue content, the final TSS of the liquor, the a_w, the TSS/TTA ratio and the total sugars. It was also found that the interaction between the concentration of pulp and the TSS content of the syrup showed significant effects only on the income, alcohol content, dry residue and TSS/TTA ratio.

Figure 2 presents the response surfaces of the parameters that showed significant models (F_c/F_tab ³ 1.0). It was found that with the increase in the TSS of the syrup, there were higher values of dry residue, total sugars and TSS contents of liquors. Yet, with increasing concentration of pulp, there were higher TTA values. It was observed that with the increase of syrup TSS content and the reduction in the concentration of pulp, the highest values were in relation to income and the TSS/TTA ratio. As for the alcohol content, the highest values were found with the reduction both of the pulp concentration and of the syrup TSS content, since they promoted alcohol dilution.

Figure 2:
Response surfaces to yield (E), alcohol content (B), dry residue (C), total soluble solids (TSS) (D), total titratable acidity (E), TSS/TTA ratio (F) and total sugars (G) of the soursop liquors, depending on the pulp (P) concentration and the content of TSS of the syrup.

CONCLUSION

Based on the foregoing information, the models adjusted to the experimental data of yield, dry residue, TSS, acidity and total sugars were significant and predictive, presenting R² values greater than 0.97. The responses of pH, water activity, luminosity and intensities of red and yellow showed lower adjustments of the mathematical models, with R² values less than 0.90.

Soursop pulp was the most significant factor, influencing a larger number of responses (yield, alcohol content, dry residue, acidity, TSS/TTA ratio, total sugars and luminosity) compared with the content of TSS of the syrup and the interaction between both factors.

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• *
  *Corresponding author

Publication Dates

• Publication in this collection
  Jan-Mar 2016

History

• Received
  20 May 2014
• Accepted
  04 Nov 2015