Book’s materiality: mapping and thematic visualization in the information science literature

ABSTRACT

Introduction:

The book is a symbolic object or a “semiophore”, which denotes its condition of being “beyond information”, involving, in addition, materiality and institutionality.

Objective:

To map authors, works and themes related or tangent to the subject “book’s materiality” in the scope of information science.

Methodology:

A mapping of the thematic coverage was carried out in national and international databases, then, the texts identified were analyzed and visualized using Voyant Tools tool.

Results:

100 documents that covered the period between 1996 and 2020 were analyzed, with the highest occurrence of publication of book’s materiality thematic in the years of 2016, 2017 and 2018. In terms of terminology, expressions that lead to the understanding of the book as a documentary and symbolic support that contains information, stand out, and can compose collections in institutions worried with social memory, as is the case of libraries. The journals that most publish articles on the subject were Encontros Bibli and Journal of Documentation, and the databases that index the most journals that address the topic were BRAPCI and Library and Information Science Abstracts.

Conclusion:

The book’s materiality theme establishes a bridge between the breadth of the “materiality” concept and a relationship between book and document. The book - when studied based on the multidimensionality of materiality, whether expressed in analog or digital environment - constitutes itself as a symbolic object in addition to being conceived as a mere source of information.

KEYWORDS
Materiality; Book; Document; Information Science; Digital humanities; Voyant tools

RESUMO

Introdução:

O livro é um objeto simbólico ou um “semióforo”, o que denota sua condição de estar “para além da informação”, envolvendo, ademais, materialidade e institucionalidade.

Objetivo:

Mapear autores, obras e temas relativos ou tangentes ao assunto “materialidade do livro” no âmbito da Ciência da Informação.

Metodologia:

Realizou-se mapeamento da cobertura temática em bases de dados nacionais e internacionais; em seguida, procedeu-se a análise e a visualização dos textos identificados mediante a ferramenta Voyant Tools.

Resultados:

Foram analisados 100 documentos que cobriram o período entre 1996 e 2020, constatando maior ocorrência de publicações da temática materialidade do livro nos anos 2016, 2017 e 2018. No âmbito terminológico, destacaram-se expressões que levam à compreensão do livro como um suporte documental e simbólico que contém informação, compondo coleções em instituições preocupadas com a memória social, como é o caso das bibliotecas. Os periódicos que mais publicaram artigos sobre o tema foram Encontros Bibli e Journal of Documentation, e as bases de dados que mais indexaram periódicos que abordaram a temática foram a BRAPCI e a Library and Information Science Abstracts.

Conclusão:

O tema materialidade do livro estabelece uma ponte entre a amplitude do conceito “materialidade” e a relação entre livro e documento. O livro - quando estudado tendo como fundamento a multidimensionalidade da materialidade, seja expressa em meio analógico ou digital - se constitui como um objeto simbólico para além de ser concebido como uma mera fonte de informação.

PALAVRAS-CHAVE:
Materialidade; Livro; Documento; Ciência da Informação; Humanidades digitais; Voyant tools.

1 INTRODUCTION

The present research proposes to map authors, works and themes related or tangent to the subject "materiality of the book", which is studied under the spectrum of Information Science.

The book, in the scope of material culture, besides being an information support, can be understood as an object with personal and cultural imbrications (MURGUIA, 2009), whose values invest meaning. Because of these characteristics, the book can be conceived as a "semiophor" (POMIAN, 1998).

This symbolic object can be investigated as an expression of the social value of the document from modes of formal or less formal institutionality, in epistemic, professional and/or everyday life contexts, considering, for example, the evidential value and/or the validation of information in specific practices (RABELLO, 2019).

The book therefore undergoes a process of institutionalization that can culminate in the formation of collections, creating evocative and remembrance spaces. Thus, the object carries with it something that is beyond information, through its symbolic value expressed in the intentionality attributed to the object, translated into its materiality (MURGUIA, 2009).

Considering the notions of meaning, institutionality, and intentionality - synthesized in the notion of materiality - this article aims to situate, temporally, authors, works, and themes related or tangent to the materiality of the book, specifically seeking to map: 1. Terminological variations of the theme materiality of the book; 2. Brazilian periodicals with greater coverage of the theme; 3. national and international bibliographic, abstract and citation databases with greater incidence of the theme; 4. international periodicals with greater coverage of the theme; 5. Qualis/CAPES stratum of the periodicals that covered the theme; 6. theses, dissertations, and final course work on the theme; 8. quantification of publications and authors who have investigated the theme.

It is considered that the mapping with the visualization of the production on a certain subject is justified by favoring the identification and/or the explicitness of the incidence of themes of interest in areas of knowledge, in this case, Information Science. The methodological contribution occurs with the presentation of paths or alternatives for similar studies. Specifically, it contributes to investigations on the material and institutional dimension of information and the document (RABELLO, 2019), by addressing the book object.

It is hoped that research of this nature can contribute, specifically, by subsidizing investigations that consider materialized and institutionalized information as a document, as well as by corroborating the understanding of the book "beyond information", as is the case of studies of a historical-conceptual and/or thematic-comparative nature in scientific media within the scope of Information Science and related areas.

The notions of meaning, institutionality, and intentionality will be addressed below in terms of the materiality of information and of the book object. Next, we will present the methodology with the criteria for mapping the production on the theme and the details through the use of the Voyant Tools tool - developed in the context of digital humanities studies - for the visualization and analysis of the collected data.

2 MATERIALITY OF THE INFORMATION

The area of Information Science has a research tradition that has little focus on the materiality and institutionality of information and documents (RABELLO, 2019), thus, it is noted that the concern to expand interpretations and approach the book in a "holistic way" (CAMPOS; VENÂNCIO, 2006; RABELLO, 2018) constitutes an emerging interest.

This demand can be attributed to the neo-documentalist movement that took place in Information Science starting in the 1990s. A classic text of this period is the article Information as thing, by Michael Buckland, published in 1991, which addresses the notion of information as a "thing" (BUCKLAND, 1991), which presupposes, in addition to tangibility, its social and institutional value (RABELLO, 2019).

In this direction, studies began to consider the multiplicity of informational meanings, contexts, and situations. Bernd Frohmann, in O caráter social, material e público da informação, 2008, points to the social, public and material aspect of information according to which it is guided by the mass, inertia, energy and resistance of utterances, which generate effects (FROHMANN, 2008).

Thus, information materiality is understood as something beyond the physical aspects of documentary media. Transcending the simplification of dichotomous and simplifying positions conceptually referred in the relation "non-recorded information" and "recorded information", neo-documentary theoretical formulations have raised the need for approaches that consider the complexity of the conceptual and praxeological formulation on the subject.

As an example, we observe formulations of frohmannian inspiration according to which they consider "[...] the origin and the path of information up to the moment of inscription of the sign, that is, the evaluative aspects coming from social and discursive practices”. According to this understanding, from such evaluative aspects arise agencies that can express themselves in terms of "[...] pragmatic, symbolic, political, marketing practices, validated in diverse institutionality." (RABELLO, 2019, p. 6, our translation).

The concept of materiality, therefore, differs from the concept of physicality of information (FROHMANN, 2008; RABELLO, 2019), the latter understood as the consubstantiation present in physical properties of the media. The strict cause-effect relationship between information and physicality - presupposed in the idea of recorded information - limits the possibilities of approaches that consider provenance, path, inscription, and social and discursive practices.

Unlike the physicality approach, guiding the physical paradigm of information (CAPURRO, 2007), or the cognitivist or mentalist approach, in which the immateriality of information is presupposed in the gap-filling of the isolated individual, out of context (FROHMANN, 1992), the information materiality approach finds a place in the social or pragmatic paradigm of information (CAPURRO, 2007) by considering the context, for example, of the "[. ...] intentionality attributed to the object even before it is institutionally valued as a document, such as memory, affectivity, identity, instrumentality, biography of the object, among others." (RABELLO, 2019, p. 7, our translation).

The materiality of information is stabilized or gains strength when enunciates or discourses find in the inscription in supports the institutional value that gives it mass, energy, resistance, and permanence (FROHMANN, 2008). The strength of these utterances depends on the relationship of power and authority in associations of actors acting in and with documents (FROHMANN, 1995; 2008): "[...] The weave of the social network presupposed in the institutionality in which the document is integrated gives it vicissitude and life or, in a husserlian expression of power, attributes intentionality to it." (RABELLO; RODRIGUES, 2016, p. 283¹, our translation).

Material culture studies are relevant for understanding the dynamics of the "network of meanings and values" to which objects are inserted (MURGUIA, 2009, p. 89). Objects have a "social" and "cultural life" (APPADURAI, 1991) or a "biography" (KOPYTOFF, 1991), with specific contexts of production and value attribution.

The very "living" of the objects is part of the values evoked or attributed to them when conceived, for example, as memory documents. Such condition allows, in a historiographical context, the "[...] construction of narratives through their reading and deciphering." (SÁ, 2018, p. 104, our translation). We denote, from this, what can be understood as a "sociomateriality," inferred from a type of materiality that "[...] depends on and is constituted by specific interactions arising in social spaces." (JARDINE, 2017, p. 58).

2.1 Materiality of the book object

The complexity of the book object can be deprecated by understanding it as a document constituted of materialized and institutionalized information (MURGUIA, 2009; RABELLO, 2019). Within the scope of cultural history, one can understand the book as an object of memory, which promotes individual and collective understandings (MENDES et al., 2017). The materiality of books brings implications of a physical nature (related to its very form), personal (relating to human nature), professional and social (RIBEIRO, 2017).

The openness to such implications opens room to ground the premise that the book's materiality is beyond the physicality of the support. Transcending content and form, the book articulates itself with other elements, "[...] in a web of relations from which the very notion of book in Modernity unfolds." (AMORIM et al., 2019, p. 266). The 21st century book instigates cultural debates and is a vector of paradigmatic changes (MURRAY, 2006).

This is because the book's materiality puts into perspective affective and sensory dimensions of reading: "[...] it not only draws attention to the visual and auditory aspects of the text, but also to forms such as the feel, touch, shape, weight, and smell of the bound paper page." Such forms "[...] are part of its aesthetics, provoking affect, emotions, and knowledge." (PLATE, 2015, p. 95). Reading can also be apprehended as a mode of "physical intervention in the text."

You become aware of your fingers and hands in the process of reading: of reading as a physical intervention in the text. You experience this text, which is about fragmentation, and about the idea of a fragmented reality in the text that is scattered into pieces, with your hands touching the pages (BRILLENBURG WURTH, 2011, p. 7).

This intimate relationship between the book and the reader gave rise to the metaphor of the human body as a book². Commonly, it is said not to judge a book by its cover, referring to human judgment; or that we are an open book, when we have no secrets: "[...] When it comes to the book, the body, and the body as a book, however, these metaphors work well because [...] the body is a book that is written and read through its own circulation through an audience." (HENNINGSEN, 2016, p. 752).

Books carry both symbolic and cultural as well as emotional charge, which is why it is difficult to get rid of them or see them being thrown away - that is to say, between subjects and books there is an intrinsic relationship, as they arouse the most basic feelings of love and loss: "[...] as humans we consume books and are consumed by them." (PROSSER, 2020, p. 518).

Perhaps, because of this, the figure of the bibliophile has arisen, when "[...] the book becomes a fetish object, ingrained in the behavior of the bibliophile or collector, which sometimes results in the extreme of passion, which blinds the discernment and becomes a crime, such as bibliocleptomania." (NOGUEIRA, 2016, p. 97, our translation).

Rubens Borba de Moraes, a great bibliophile, and a precursor of the field of bibliophilic in Brazil, in his book O Bibliófilo Aprendiz, discusses this art and provides a guide for future collectors. According to him, bibliophilic is "[...] an amusement, a passionate hobby, it is precisely the search for what you lack. It is the pleasure in finding the desired copy." (MORAES, 2018, p. 31, emphasis added, our translation). For Rosa (2018), bibliophilic is the art of collecting books, especially rare books³.

This passion and taste for books "[...] emerges from the practical fusion of communication, aesthetic pleasure, and the pre-reflexive understanding of books as sacred goods" (THUMALA OLAVE, 2020, p. 10). The bibliophile or collector finds in each object of his collection a piece of his identity (SEREJO; JUVÊNCIO, 2020). In private collections, each of these objects "[...] begins to refer to a constellation of facts" (SEREJO; JUVÊNCIO, 2020, p. 208, our translation) about who collects them, that is, the collector has his or her life narrated by the materiality present in these objects.

There are studies that examine the difference between analog books (printed) and digital books (e-books). In one study, respondents claimed to prefer printed books to digital ones, on the grounds that there is "[...] a greater sense of ownership towards the physical book, as opposed to the immateriality of digital libraries." (SEHN; FRAGOSO, 2015, p. 411). In other words, the sense of possession relies on the physicality of the analog support, not only in a having, but in touching the pages and possessing the book object. On the other hand, the digital is configured between its existence in the cloud and its physical portion in hardware - almost as an imperfect substitute for the analog one - because it does not evoke the same feelings in the reader.

There is the understanding that other media, so far, have not evolved in the sense of meeting all the demands of readers, something that helps and explains the maintenance of readers' loyalty to the analog book (ASHTON, 2007). "There is something unique or available in the original material that one cannot get with the digital version - it may be about reliability, authenticity, context, the 'feel' or the fact that it is simpler when no machine is involved [...]" (LATHAM, 2010, p. 11). With such hypothesis it is inferred about the possible more direct and intimate relationship between reader and analog book, something that would not require the mediation - or interference - of a third element, the digital devices.

However, although authors (ASHTON, 2007; LATHAM, 2010; HENNINGSEN, 2016; SEHN; FRAGOSO, 2015) evidence differentiated aspects of the printed book evoked by readers and/or collectors, they converge in understanding that the book, beyond its support (whether analog or digital), constitutes a network of cultural artifacts and devices of symbolic meaning (GRUSZYNSKI; CASTEDO, 2018).

In this direction, books represent "[...] a form of expressivity and sense production, which moves actions, relations, and interactions in dialogical networks." (GOULART, 2016, p. 80, our translation). They are objects that arouse different reactions in readers, ranging from awe to veneration, and make possible "[...] ancient and contemporary practices, solitary and collective, oralized and seen, heard and felt." (GOULART, 2014, p. 17, our translation).

Recognizing the complexity of the aspects that correspond, and are transversal, to the conceptions of book materiality, it is understood that the mapping of the theme can provide subsidies for future research, as well as corroborate, in different nuances, the proposition according to which the book is "beyond information" (MURGUIA, 2009, p. 87), having on the horizon, for such reflection, conceptions of materiality.

3 METHODOLOGY

To meet the objective of mapping the theme of book materiality, considering the variety of authors, works and formal vehicles of communication, searches were conducted in bibliographic, abstract and citation databases in the area of Information Science and related areas: Base de Dados em Ciência da Informação (BRAPCI), developed by Universidade Federal do Paraná (UFPR), with national coverage; Web of Science, Scopus, Library and Informational Science Abstracts (LISA) and Library, Informational Science & Technology Abstracts (LISTA), the four with international coverage, being the first two multidisciplinary, and the last two from the area of Information Science and related areas (QUEIROZ et al., 2015). Finally, searches were conducted in the thematic repository in Information Science E-Lis, the Biblioteca Brasileira de Teses e Dissertações (BDTD) and Google Scholar.

The following analysis steps were established for text selection: 1) Search: simple and advanced search with significant terms (pertinent to the theme) and use of the operators available in each database; 2) Preliminary analysis: qualitative analysis of the title, keywords and abstract; 3) Technical reading: reading and analysis of the introduction, methodology, tables/graphs, conclusion and references; and 4) Concept extraction: reading, analysis and extraction of the concepts on the theme.

The main fields used for searches were: title, keyword, subject, and abstract. To delimit the searches, with the exception of BDTD and Google Scholar, the filter "document type - article" was used. This measure was important to enable a more in-depth analysis of the titles considered relevant, and considered to be without prejudice to the analysis, since Information Science has used the article modality as an important means of scientific communication; and the last search, conducted in Google Scholar, had the main objective of reviewing documents that may have escaped the searches in the individual databases.

Regarding the search terms, the following terms were considered significant to represent the theme: “materialidade”, “livro”, “materialidade do livro”, “institucionalidade”, “informação”, “institucionalidade da informação” e “ciência da informação”. In the international databases, the english variations used were: "materiality", "book", "book's materiality", "information", and "informational science". These terms were used in compound and/or combined form through the AND operator, varying the fields consulted.

For the selected publications, the following fields were used for description: code (registration number), title, author(s), base/repository, journal, national or international (if the journal/publisher is national - N or international - I), place of publication, date, language, Qualis/CAPES stratum, Google Scholar citations, keywords, abstract, objectives, citations (conceptual extraction from the document), and bibliographic reference. The data were arranged in an Excel spreadsheet.

To achieve the objective of visualizing the data collected, the Voyant Tools tool was used. It originated from a project in the area of digital humanities under the responsibility of professors Stefan Sinclair and Geoffrey Rockwell, from McGill University and the University of Alberta, respectively. Voyant Tools relies on visualization techniques to analyze documentary corpora and strings for various aspects such as content, similarity, difference, among others. With the intention of helping the exploratory and interpretative practice of texts, the tool enables the individual and general reading of documents interactively (SINCLAIR; ROCKWELL, 2020).

In the area of information, the data visualization allowed by Voyant Tools can help both the analysis of texts in research, and serve the development of specialized information services, since it is possible, among other things, to represent large volumes of information on a small scale, reduce search time, identify relationships that might go unnoticed, and stimulate discussion about the represented theme (SANCHEZ TARRAGO, 2021).

The text Descubriendo críticas al acceso abierto mediante la visualización de textos con Voyant Tools (SANCHEZ TARRAGO, 2021) addresses the contribution of the tool for exploratory studies, particularly because it is versatile and intuitive for hermeneutic investigations. Voyant Tools is a free and open-source tool. It allows different text inputs, in different formats and languages, enabling the gathering of analytical applications (by themes, trends, correspondence, lexicons, syntaxes, etc.), multiple visualizations (by exploration, clusters, navigation, categorization, etc.), and diverse graphical representations (cloud, lines, etc.).

The Voyant tools allows selecting a corpus by copying and pasting the text itself or an html page; opening an existing corpus on the web; or even loading files and/or folders from the personal computer. Once the corpus is selected, there are several tools available for analysis, among which, according to Sinclair and Rockwell (2020), are:

1. Cirrus: it is possible to visualize the most frequent words in the corpus in different sizes, and also the relative frequency of each word per document;

2. Reader: allows the reading and analysis of a text;

3. Trends: shows a line graph with the distribution of the relative frequency of terms in relation to the corpus or to a specific document;

4. Summary: provides an overview of the corpus with quantitative characteristics - such as the number of words, most frequent words, document length, vocabulary density, etc.;

5. Contexts: as the name suggests, you can see the words in context, that is, the previous and the subsequent sentence and the term of interest between them;

6. Bubble lines and Bubbles: visualization of the frequency and distribution of the terms per line and in bubbles;

7. Collocates Graph: visualization of terms in proximity to the main term in the network;

8. Mandala: shows the relationships between the selected terms and the documents in which they appear;

9. Scatterplot: allows the creation of conglomerate clusters of words through similarity, correspondence analysis, and components among the texts.

The corpus of analysis was composed of 100 documents in PDF format, corresponding to national and international texts about, or tangent to, the book's materiality. Regarding the nationality criteria, we considered national the texts retrieved from national bibliographic databases, such as BRAPCI, the E-Lis repository, and BDTD, for example. And the texts retrieved from international bibliographic, abstract and citation databases, such as LISA, LISTA, Web of Science, etc., were considered international.

In Table 1, in the appendix, it is possible to observe that some texts, even if published in national journals, appear categorized in the international part, as is the case of Novaes (2015) and Saldanha (2015). This happens precisely because they were retrieved from international databases, which denotes those texts in Portuguese language published in national journals - in this case, respectively, Matraga: Estudos Linguísticos e Literários and Informação & Sociedade: Estudos - indexed in international databases are available to a wider range of researchers.

Among the documents, 79 are articles, 1 is a book chapter, 2 are book review articles, 9 are papers from conference proceedings, 3 are dissertations, 5 are course completion papers, and 1 is a bulletin. Table 1, in the appendix, presents the documents mapped, as well as the analysis and a synthesis of the materiality perspectives identified.

These documents correspond to the period between 1996 and 2020, with the highest occurrence of publications in the years 2017 (14 documents), 2016 and 2018 (both with 13 documents), responding to the specific objective of number 7, which consists of situating the coverage of the theme temporally. No criterion of temporal delimitation was used in the research, that is, the mentioned interval was obtained due to the date of the texts recovered with the exploration, something that points to the emergence of the theme, from 1996 on, in the investigations. The corpus was uploaded in web version 2.4 of Voyant Tools.

4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The corpus of 100 documents has 1,014,189 unique word forms. Among the 25 most frequent and significant words⁴, using the Cirrus resource, are: "book" (livro) or "books" (livros), "information" (informação), "reading" (leitura), "material", "new", "digital", "text", "library" (biblioteca), "document" (documento), "memory" (memória), "science" (ciência), "social", "materiality" (materialidade), among others.

Figure 1
most frequent terms (in a range up to 25) in the corpus

Besides corresponding to the specific objective number 1, which consists in identifying the variations of the theme book materiality in the terminological scope, the frequency of these terms - which refer to the dimension of "analog book", "printed book", "physical book", "traditional book", "digital book", "e-book", among others -, allows us to consider the book as the main theme of study in the corpus of analysis, a starting point to understand the book in several aspects, either as a source of information or, beyond that, as an expression of materiality, something that encompasses the physical and symbolic sphere.

In this sense, the book can be understood as a "semiophor", that is, an object with meanings, among which: an object of memory, which carries cultural and social identity; in the institutional scope, where its materiality evokes/provokes actions and practices, in attributions of intentionality pronounced institutionally; in the digital scope, with which the book, complementarily, enables new readings and formats; in the academic scope, when it serves, simultaneously, as a subject of study and a guide for training and professional practices.

The term "document" (documento), in turn, is related to the possibility of constituting a monument⁵ (monumento), of possessing materiality (materialidade), of being an archival object (objeto de arquivo), and of containing information (informação).

Figure 2
Thematic relations of the term “document” (documento) in the corpus

With the Mandala tool from Voyant Tools it is possible to visualize the relationships between the terms and the documents that contain them. By selecting the terms "book" (livro), "books" (livros), "material" and "materiality" (materialidade) one can observe that they are mixed in the corpus, characterizing a production that has as its object of interest the theme of the book's materiality.

Figure 3
Relations between the term’s "book" (livro), "books" (livros), "material" and "materiality" (materialidade) and the corpus documents

As can be seen, on the left side of the figure are the authors who deal with "livro" (represented in dark blue) and/or "livros" (represented in pink). In this theme, authors such as Saldanha (2013), Teixeira (2010), Teixeira et al. (2014), Mendes et al. (2017), Goulart (2014; 2016), Brentano (2004), Rosa (2018), Bibas (2019), Corsino et al. (2017), Beleza (2013), Amorim et al. (2019), Campos and Venâncio⁶ (2006), Feltre⁷ (2015), Gruszynski and Castedo⁸ (2018), Cavalcante⁹ (2009), Cataldo and Loureiro¹⁰ (2019), Almeida ¹¹(2009), Silva ¹²(2013), Serejo and Juvêncio (2020), among others.

In the center of the figure are, to a large extent, the authors who deal with the same theme, but in english language, with the use of the terms "book" (represented in green) and "books" (represented in purple). They are: Ashton¹³ (2007), Sehn and Fragoso¹⁴ (2016), Thumala Olave ¹⁵(2020), Durant and Horava (2015), Hérubel¹⁶ (2019), Mules¹⁷ (2011), Day (2018), Melot (2001), Plate (2015), Novaes (2015), Lanning and Bengtson¹⁸ (2016), Prosser¹⁹ (2020), Franssen and Velthuis²⁰ (2014), Régnier²¹ (2014), Gordon-Burroughs²² (2017), Martin and Quan-Haase²³ (2016), Hebing²⁴ (2017), Latham²⁵ (2010), among others.

Already on the right side of the figure we highlight the authors who address "materialidade" (represented in orange) and the english translation "materiality" (represented in light blue), as well as authors who address the "material" aspect (represented in neon blue) - which appeared both in portuguese and english texts. They are: Rabello (2018; 2019), Crippa (2020), Santos (2018), Maia (2019), Siqueira (2015), Souza and Crippa²⁶ (2011), Andretta and Perrotti²⁷ (2018), Dutta and Das (2005), Hultin²⁸ (2019), Luyt and Sagun²⁹ (2016), O'Sullivan et al.³⁰ (2017), among others.

It is noticeable that the lines running through the mandala blend together, so that it is possible to see lines of all colors very close together. This shows how the texts are related to each other; a text that is in one corner of the mandala, for example, may have its line branching to other corners of the mandala.

In turn, by selecting the term "materialidade" in the Cirrus tool in Voyant Tools, it is possible to observe that the word was the 21st most repeated term in the corpus, occurring 816 times (absolute frequency). The figure below shows the co-occurrences linked to the term "materialidade".

Figure 4
Characterization of the term "materialidade" in the corpus

In its translation into english - "materiality" - appears as the 51st most repeated term, with 503 occurrences (absolute frequency). The term "materialidade", in portuguese, appears in greater co-occurrence with the terms "livro" or "livros", "exploram" (explore), “leituras” (readings) and “mediações” (mediations). The term "materiality" in english appears in greater co-occurrence with the terms "book," "meaning," "reading," "Human-Computer Interaction," and “document”.

Figure 5
Characterization of the term "materiality" in the corpus

Thus, the theme materiality, in general, correlates with the book object, which contains literary works or not, in spaces such as libraries and configuring certain practices. Moreover, the term materiality correlates with information, with technology, and with the relationship established between human subjects and books, even in the computational context.

By default, the first document that appears in the Reader module of Voyant Tools is O objeto de estudo da Ciência da Informação: a morte do indivíduo (CAMPOS; VENÂNCIO, 2006). The text demonstrates the emergence of the holistic approach in Information Science, pointing to the integration of the material and social dimensions in multiple dimensions. Regarding materiality, the study finds support in Bernd Frohmann, an author who understands it linked to public and social aspects. In general, the reflections in that text highlight the importance of holistic and interdisciplinary constructions in the field of Information Science, which converges with the possibility of considering materiality as an integrating and interdisciplinary element that dialogues with Information Science.

It is also possible to isolate a term to verify its relative frequency in the corpus, through the Trends tool of Voyant Tools, strategy adopted to understand the incidence of "materialidade" and the translation into english - "materiality" -, as can be seen below.

Graph 1
Trends of the term "materialidade" and "materiality" in the corpus

The graph is composed, on the vertical line, by the relative frequencies of the documents, where the lowest frequency limit is 0.0000 and the highest frequency limit is 0.0048564. The relative frequency range goes from 0.0000 to 1.0000, where 0.0000 represents that there were no occurrences of the term, and 1.0000 represents that all the terms in the document are the term chosen for analysis. On the horizontal line of the graph are the 100 texts that make up the corpus. The text with the highest relative frequency (0.0048564) is Let Bookstores be Bygones? Memories and Materiality of Bookstores on the Pages of the Singapore Memory Project (LUYT; SAGUN, 2016), with 23 occurrences of the term materiality. By clicking on the text in question, another type of analysis can be performed with the Contexts tool, which brings the term accompanied by the previous and subsequent sentence:

Figure 6
Contexts (in a range of 1) in "Let Bookstores be Bygones? Memories and Materiality of Bookstores on the Pages of the Singapore Memory Project."

Based on this applicability of Voyant Tools, the authors (LUYT; SAGUN, 2016) reflect on the Singapore Memory Project, a project that brought several considerations about bookstores as a place of materiality and as a space that is part of the events that occur in people's lives. Bookstores, in the context of the project, are constituted as a place that plays an everyday role in the lives of Singaporeans and influences the book industry, even in the face of online book sales. In this way, the bookstore is a "theater of materiality," whose symbolic potentiality erects it as an institution of memory in society (LUYT; SAGUN, 2016).

In response to the specific objective number 6, which is to identify dissertations and graduation papers on the subject, the Mandala tool presents the most addressed issues in academic production on book materiality. These are texts that address topics such as book, paper (papel), page (página), among others, which are related to the book's materiality; they also deal with objects that may or may not contain figures (figuras) and that are linked to the art (arte) world, even if symbolically. In institutions such as libraries (bibliotecas), these objects guide readings and inform their audience about various subjects.

Figure 7
Relations between the most significant terms (in a range of 10) and the academic documents in the corpus

The dissertation Experiências com livros que exploram a sua materialidade: mediações e leituras possíveis (FELTRE, 2015)³¹ corresponds to the text with the highest incidence of the terms "livros" (books) and "materialidade" (materiality). When analyzing the co-occurrences in relation to the term books, it is observed that it is associated with the reading performed through the exploration of materiality. To this end, the author conducts the workshop É um livro...? in some cultural and educational institutions, such as public libraries and the Fábricas de Cultura of the State of São Paulo. Based on this mediation, she discusses possible ways to bring children closer to books and reading (FELTRE, 2015).

Figure 8
Co-occurrences (in a range of 10) of the term "livro" (book) in Experiências com livros que exploram a sua materialidade: mediações e leituras possíveis

In relation to the journals, and responding to the specific objectives 2 and 4 (respectively, to identify the Brazilian journals with greater coverage of the theme and to identify the international journals with greater coverage of the theme), the journals that published the most articles were: Encontros Bibli (with 7 articles); Journal of Documentation (with 6 articles); Publishing Research Quarterly (with 4 articles); Informação & Sociedade: Estudos, Perspectivas em Ciência da Informação, Informational Society and Library Trends (with 3 articles, each); Library and Information Science Research Electronic Journal (LIBRES), Tendências da Pesquisa Brasileira em Ciência da Informação and Em Questão (with 2 articles, each).

The journals were differentiated according to their Qualis/CAPES classification to meet specific objective number 5, which is to demonstrate the relationship between journals that covered the theme and Qualis/CAPES level of the journals. The table shows the 2017-2020 qualification for the Communication and Information axis; and the 2013-2016 classification for the Interdisciplinary axis (the most recent evaluation in the CAPES Sucupira Platform).

Table 2
Main journals by Qualis/CAPES classification

Journals	Qualis
Nationals	Communication and Information Quadrennium 2017-2020	Interdisciplinary Quadrennium 2013-2016	Number of articles
Encontros Bibli: Revista Eletrônica de Biblioteconomia e Ciência da Informação	A2	B3	7
Informação & Sociedade: Estudos	A2	B1	3
Perspectivas em Ciência da Informação	A2	B1	3
Tendências da Pesquisa Brasileira em Ciência da Informação	B2	B4	2
Em Questão	A3	B1	2
Internationals
Journal of Documentation	A2	without Qualis/CAPES	6
Publishing Research Quarterly	without Qualis/CAPES	without Qualis/CAPES	4
Library Trends	without Qualis/CAPES	without Qualis/CAPES	3
Informational Society	without Qualis/CAPES	without Qualis/CAPES	3
LIBRES	without Qualis/CAPES	without Qualis/CAPES	2

Source: own preparation based on CAPES, c2022, Sucupira Platform.

Regarding the specific objective number 3, which consists of identifying the national and international bibliographic, abstract and citation databases with greater incidence of the theme, most publications are accessible via BRAPCI (32 publications), which demonstrates the comprehensiveness of this database at a national level. In second place comes LISA (with 22 publications), followed by Scopus (with 12 publications), Web of Science (with 9 publications), and LISTA (with 5 publications). In the other sources consulted, the following results are observed: Google Scholar (with 12 publications); E-Lis repository (with 5 publications) and BDTD (with 3 items).

Finally, to meet specific objective number 8, which consists in pointing out - by number of identified publications - the authors who have investigated the theme, these are the authors who have most published on the subject: Rodrigo Rabello (7 publications); Georgete Medleg Rodrigues (with 5 publications); Ilsa do Carmo Vieira Goulart and Kiersten F. Latham (with 3 publications each); Eduardo Ismael Murguia and Gustavo Silva Saldanha (with 3 publications each); and Giulia Crippa, Joost Kircz, Paulien Kreutzer, Alcenir Soares dos Reis, Diane H. Sonnenwald, and Judith Stoop (with 2 publications each).

5 CONCLUSIONS

The materiality of information has raised - in a period of 24 years (from 1996 to 2020) - new approaches in the field of Information Science that allow to expand the interpretations about the documents, by considering the various aspects that transcend the supports, such as social, cultural, institutional, symbolic, affective, among others.

In this sense, the mapped texts bring indications in this regard, since each one with its own particularity highlights the complex and multifaceted character of information inserted in a network of social, cultural, temporal and/or economic interactions in which the various layers of institutionalization of documents unfold, in modes of institutionality that take shape in the symbolic space of libraries, museums, archives, private collections, among others.

The mapping demonstrated the emergence of the theme, as well as relevant points for research in the field. To think of the book in a holistic way, in this sense, is to consider its multiple dimensions. We highlight the analog book, printed or physical, as well as the digital book or e-book, whose physicality manifests itself in hardware and in the relationship between subject and object, characterized in the modification of practices and behaviors, as well as in the creation of new documentalities.

The differentiation between traditional books and digital books corresponds to a recurring issue in research on materiality, something that can be observed in greater detail in the mapping conducted (see Table 1). According to the survey, there are interpretations about the importance or differentiation of printed books, sometimes in opposition to digital books, and vice-versa. The book - when studied based on the multidimensionality of materiality, whether expressed in analog or digital media - is constituted as a symbolic object beyond being conceived as a mere source of information.

This "beyond" was evidenced in the mapped studies. In them, it is pointed out, for example, the book's relationship with individual and collective memory. The book, in fact, presents itself as an actor that provokes actions at the personal level (in order to form private collections, for example) and at the institutional level (in the formation of collections that express some institutional mission, for example). As a document, the book has institutional and/or scientific authority, being a source and object of knowledge, and presents itself as the translation of power relations, that is, in situations of asymmetry and tension of knowledge, of modes of inscription and of languages.

The Voyant Tools resources were useful for these and other considerations about the mapped texts. Regarding materiality, the term appears in direct relation to the book, defining the scope of interest of the analysis. Moreover, materiality, in conceptual terms, is a property of information and is present even before the information is recorded in any support. Even so, the materiality of information can be expressed not only in the book object, but also in other objects present in everyday life, thus preceding its consideration as an informational and/or institutionalized "thing". In a word, the materiality of information precedes the valuation of the object as a document. In any case, objects imbued with meaning, whether addressed as books and/or as documents, are semiophors characterized by their materiality.

Regarding the bibliometric results, it was found that a large part of the universe of publications consists of scientific articles, published between 1996 and 2020, with its peak of publications in the year 2017. The Brazilian journal that most covered the theme was Encontros Bibli. The international journal that most covered the theme was Journal of Documentation.

The database that most covered the theme was BRAPCI, and, at the international level, LISA. Among the authors who have most published on the subject, the brazilians Rodrigo Rabello, Ilsa do Carmo Vieira Goulart, Georgete Medleg Rodrigues and Gustavo Silva Saldanha stand out, besides the peruvian Eduardo Ismael Murguia, who lived in Brazil, and the north american Kiersten F. Latham.

Finally, it is noted that investigations that use the thematic mapping resource, as well as the strategy of visualization and analysis of the results through tools - especially with open-source software, as is the case of Voyant Tools - are relevant to identify not only the importance of the researched theme for a certain area, but also to guide future investigations.

In this direction, future studies can be conducted, for example, for the mapping, visualization, and analysis of texts and authors that stand out in the investigation about the book. With this, it would be possible to identify the areas of origin - of formation and professional and research performance - of the main researchers, as well as to identify which other courses, besides those in dialogue with Information Science, such as Librarianship courses, have been interested and have worked with the theme of the book.

APPENDIX¹

Table 1
Corpus composed of texts about the book's materiality and perspectives

N.	Reference	Materiality Perspective
National texts
1	ALMEIDA, M. A. A cada leitor seu texto: dos livros às redes. Encontros Bibli: Revista Eletrônica de Biblioteconomia e Ciência da Informação, Florianópolis, n. esp., sem. 1, p. 154-173, 2009.	The materiality of the object, in the physical sense, determines readings and readers
2	AMORIM, I. S. et al. A estrutura do livro como matriz de ordenação do conhecimento. Em Questão, Porto Alegre, v. 25, p. 264-287, 2019.	The materiality of information is like an effect of connections throughout history
3	ANDRETTA, P. I. S.; PERROTTI, E. A mediação editorial, dispositivos e materialidade: algumas impressões. In: ENCONTRO NACIONAL DE PESQUISA EM CIÊNCIA DA INFORMAÇÃO, 19., 2018, Londrina. Anais [...]. Londrina: UEL, 2018.	The enunciation, which circulates through the support, possesses materiality
4	ARAUJO, D. M. P.; REIS, A. S. Bibliografias setecentistas e os conceitos de livro raro. Perspectivas em Ciência da Informação, Belo Horizonte, v. 22, p. 168-184, jul. 2017.	The materiality of the support and its physical characteristics determine rarity
5	BELEZA, J. D. G. B. A vida social do livro: um estudo sobre representações sociais, cultura material e consumo. 2013. Tese (Doutorado em Comunicação Social) - Pontifícia Universidade Católica, Rio de Janeiro, 2013.	The materiality of the book defines its social trajectory as a sacred object, honorable, etc.
6	BIBAS, M. G. As marcas de proveniência como elementos para a construção narrativa da trajetória do exemplar Histoire de l’Origine et des Premiers Progrès de l’Imprimerie (1740): da Real Biblioteca à Biblioteca Central da UNIRIO. 2019. Monografia (Bacharelado em Biblioteconomia) - Escola de Biblioteconomia, Universidade Federal do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, 2019.	The materiality of books reveals stories, memories, and symbolic networks
7	BRENTANO, E. O livro e a construção da memória social na era da informação. 2004. Monografia (Bacharelado em Biblioteconomia e Comunicação) - Departamento de Ciências da Informação, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, 2004.	The book, with its materiality, represents expressivity and the production of meaning
8	CAMPOS, L. F. B.; VENÂNCIO, L. S. O objeto de estudo da Ciência da Informação: a morte do indivíduo. Informação & Informação: Estudos, Londrina, v. 11, n. 1, p. 5-25, jan./jun. 2006.	In the institutional environment, documents are the expression of the materiality of information
9	CATALDO, F.; LOUREIRO, M. L. N. M. Afinal, os Objetos Falam? Reflexões sobre Objetos, Coleções e Memória. In: ENCONTRO NACIONAL DE PESQUISA EM CIÊNCIA DA INFORMAÇÃO, 20., 2019, Florianópolis. Anais [...] Florianópolis: UFSC, 2019.	The materiality of the books dialogues with the readers and goes beyond the physical dimension
10	CAVALCANTE, L. E. Cultura escrita: práticas de leitura e do impresso. Encontros Bibli: Revista Eletrônica de Biblioteconomia e Ciência da Informação, Florianópolis, p. 1-12, 2009.	The ideas that give meaning to the texts are more important than the materiality of the print
11	CORSINO, P.; VILELA, R.; TRAVASSOS, S. Reflexões sobre	The materiality of the book, in the
	políticas de livro e leitura de secretarias municipais de educação do Estado do Rio de Janeiro. Estudos de Literatura Brasileira Contemporânea, n. 50, p. 351-377, jan./abr. 2017.	physical sense, triggers cultural and educational actions
12	CRIPPA, G. “O maravilhoso número das imagens”: os primeiros “catálogos” de coleções de arte no renascimento. Encontros Bibli: Revista Eletrônica de Biblioteconomia e Ciência da Informação, Florianópolis, v. 25, n. esp., p. 01-20, 2020.	The materiality of objects allows their representation and signification
13	FELTRE, C. Experiências com livros que exploram a sua materialidade: mediações e leituras possíveis. 2015. Dissertação (Mestrado em Artes) - Universidade Estadual Paulista “Júlio de Mesquita Filho”, São Paulo, 2015.	The materiality of the book is capable of communication
14	FERRANDO, T. L.; FREITAS, L. S. Documento e dispositivo: entre Bernd Frohmann e Michel Foucault. In: ENCONTRO NACIONAL DE PESQUISA EM CIÊNCIA DA INFORMAÇÃO, 18., 2017, Marília. Anais [...]. Marília: UNESP, 2017.	Documents are sets of statements and have a pronounced materiality
15	FIDELIS, M. B.; SILVA, G. F. M. Biblioteca: espaço privilegiado da materialidade da informação. Acervo, Rio de Janeiro, v. 27, n. 1, p. 323-332, jan./jun. 2014.	The recorded information is embodied in the support, and from this comes materiality
16	FONSECA, V. M. M.; SOUZA, E. G.; COELHO, A. C. L. S. A performance na sociedade de História: relações com o documento, com a informação e com a memória. Encontros Bibli: Revista Eletrônica de Biblioteconomia e Ciência da Informação, Florianópolis, v. 24, n. 56, p. 1-17, set./dez. 2019.	The physical existence of the document broadens its concept
17	GASPAR, N. R.; REIS, L. L. Um olhar da análise do discurso para a representação temática na Ciência da Informação. DataGramaZero, João Pessoa, v. 11, n. 6, dez. 2010.	The meanings are extracted from the enunciative surfaces of the objects
18	GOULART, I. C. V. Entre a materialidade do livro e a interatividade do leitor: práticas de leitura. RDBCI: Rev. Digit. Bibliotecon. e Cienc. Inf., Campinas, v. 12, n. 2, p. 5-19, maio/ago., 2014.	The reading practices are triggered by the materiality of the support
19	GOULART, I. C. V. A configuração do espaço dos livros no interior da sala de aula. RDBCI: Rev. Digit. Bibliotecon. e Cienc. Inf., Campinas, v. 14, n. 2, p. 348-362, mai./ago., 2016.	The materiality of the book, when in contact with the reader, promotes interactions and production of meanings
20	GOULART, I. C. V. A compreensão e conceituação de livro num jogo de representações. Leitura: Teoria & Prática, Campinas, v. 34, n. 67, p. 69-82, 2016.	The materiality of the book, in the physical sense, moves senses, actions, relations and interactions in dialogic networks
21	GOULART, I. C. V.; LOBO, D. S. Nas (in) definições de livro, leitor e leitura: uma multiplicidade de espaços e sentidos. Leitura, Alagoas, v. 2, n. 56, p. 5-25, jul./dez. 2016, 2016.	The book's materiality is physical and metaphysical, and promotes senses and narratives
22	GRIGOLETO, M. C.; MURGUIA, E. I. As bases epistemológicas do patrimônio institucionalizado. Tendências da Pesquisa Brasileira em Ciência da Informação, João Pessoa, v. 8, n. 2, jul./dez. 2015.	Institutionalization gives materiality to the document
23	GRUSZYNSKI, A. C.; CASTEDO, R. S. A materialidade do livro na contemporaneidade: imbricamentos entre imediação e hipermediação. Interin, Paraná, v. 23, n. 1, p. 238-255, 2018.	The book is embedded in a network of cultural agreements and artifacts, in its printed or digital form
24	MAIA, M. E. A imaterialidade materializada: um estudo sobre o cordel brasileiro. Pesquisa Brasileira em Ciência da Informação e Biblioteconomia, João Pessoa, v. 14, n. 2, p. 1-14, 2019.	Heritage is characterized by the materiality and (i)materiality of the support
25	MEDEIROS, W. O.; PINHO, F. A. Intercomunicação entre a organização da informação e do conhecimento, os estudos sobre memória e a produção de obras artísticas. Liinc em Revista, Rio de Janeiro, v. 14, n. 2, p. 184-198, nov. 2018.	Information can be material or (i)material, and incorporates layers of registration, inscription, and materialization of objects that represent the social environment
26	MENDES, L.; CUSTÓDIO, M.; EGGERT-STEINDEL, G. Livro didático: o despertar da memória afetiva. RBBD: Revista Brasileira de Biblioteconomia e Documentação, São Paulo, v. 13, n. esp., p. 932-943, 2017.	Preserving the materiality of the physical book makes it possible to preserve memory and affectivity
27	MURGUIA, E. I. O colecionismo bibliográfico: uma abordagem do livro para além da informação. Encontros Bibli: Revista Eletrônica de Biblioteconomia e Ciência da Informação, Florianópolis, p. 87-104, jan. 2009.	The book's materiality has value for its support, as a social symbol, as an object of memory, a fetish, etc. that leads to collectivism
28	MURGUIA, E. I.; REGISTRO, T. C. O arranjo arquivístico como escrita: uma reflexão sobre a narrativa em imagens a partir do Fundo Pedro Miranda no Arquivo Público e Histórico de Ribeirão Preto. Transinformação, Campinas, v. 18, n. 1, p. 71-82, jan./abr., 2006.	Meaning is extracted from the physical arrangement of the book
29	NOGUEIRA, W. A. Reflexões sobre o livro digital: circulação, preservação e fixação. Informação@ Profissões, Londrina, v. 5, n. 1, p. 94-110, jan./jun. 2016.	The text and the relation text-reader and reader-society are more important than the materiality of the support
30	ODDONE, N. Revisitando a “epistemologia social”: esboço de uma ecologia sociotécnica do trabalho intelectual. Ciência da Informação, Brasília, v. 36, n. 1, p. 108-123, jan./abr. 2007.	Materiality makes the statement possible
31	RABELLO, R. Documento e institucionalidades: dimensões epistemológica e política. Encontros Bibli: revista eletrônica de biblioteconomia e ciência da informação, Florianópolis, v. 23, n. 51, p. 138-156, jan. 2018.	The materiality of the document can be understood under a holistic conception, which involves institutionality, informational practices, the study of the documentary form, the development of collections, among other aspects
32	RABELLO, R. Informação institucionalizada e materializada como documento. Brazilian Journal of Information Science, São Paulo, v. 13, n. 2, p. 5-25, 2019.	Materiality is the evaluative aspects that are beyond the support
33	RABELLO, R.; RODRIGUES, G. M. Prova documental: inscrições e materialidade. Tendências da Pesquisa Brasileira em Ciência da Informação, v. 7, n. 2, 2014.	Materiality is related to the social life of the object
34	RABELLO, R.; RODRIGUES, G. M. Documento, forma e materialidade: abordagens probatórias e representação da realidade. In: ENCONTRO NACIONAL DE PESQUISA EM CIÊNCIA DA INFORMAÇÃO, 17., 2016, Salvador. Anais... Salvador: ANCIB, 2016.	Materiality can be thought of symbolically and circulates as an enunciation in the social world
35	RABELLO, R.; RODRIGUES, G. M. Documento, arquivo e formas de representação da realidade. In: CUEVAS CERVERÓ, Aurora et al. (Coord.). Investigación en información, documentación y sociedad: perspectivas y tendencias. Madrid: Facultad de Ciencias de la Documentación, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 2017. v. 2. p. 32-40.	Institutionality and intentionality are present in materiality
36	RABELLO, R.; RODRIGUES, G. M. Informação como prova ou monumento: materialidade, institucionalidade e representação. In: ENCONTRO NACIONAL DE PESQUISA EM CIÊNCIA DA INFORMAÇÃO, 19., 2018, Londrina. Anais... Londrina: ANCIB, 2018.	Materiality manifests itself in the institutionalized "thing" as evidence or proof for representation
37	RABELLO, R.; RODRIGUES, G. M. Information as proof or monument: materiality, institutionality and representation. Encontros Bibli: Revista Eletrônica de	Materiality, institutionality, and representation are present in the information as "evidence" or
	Biblioteconomia e Ciência da Informação, v. 24, n. 55, p. 1-23, 2019.2	"monument
38	RAMOS, A. M.; MATTOS, M. Revestir el libro de significados: un análisis de las sobrecubiertas en la literatura infantil y juvenil. Ocnos: Revista de estudios sobre lectura, Albacete, v. 17, n. 2, p. 33-45, 2018.	The materiality of book jackets invests them with meaning
39	RIBEIRO, A. E. O bibliógrafo digital: questões sobre a materialidade do livro no século XXI. Perspectivas em Ciência da Informação, Belo Horizonte, v. 22, n. esp., p. 120-130, jul. 2017.	The materiality of books has implications for their form and human existence
40	ROSA, F. P. Bibliófilos: seu papel social na preservação e disseminação da cultura impressa. 2018. Monografia (Bacharelado em Biblioteconomia e Ciência da Informação) - Fundação Escola de Sociologia e Política de São Paulo, São Paulo, 2018.	For bibliophiles, the book is an object of significant materiality, and not only a medium of information
41	SÁ, A. T. A imagem fotográfica como representação e documento: um estudo a partir das fotografias de objetos da sala de visitas do escritor Jorge Amado. Informação & Sociedade: Estudos, João Pessoa, v. 28, n. 1, p. 91-108, jan./abr. 2018.	The view of classical documentation broadens the notion of document
42	SALARELLI, A. Para além da falha digital: as duas perspectivas da bibliografia. Perspectivas em Ciência da Informação, Belo Horizonte, v. 22, n. esp., p. 7-20, jul., 2017.	Materiality is the concreteness of the object
43	SALDANHA, G. S. O documento e a "via simbólica": sob a tensão da “neodocumentação”. Informação Arquivística, Rio de Janeiro, v. 2, n. 2, p. 65-88, jan./jul. 2013.	Materiality acts in the world through symbolic elements
44	SALDANHA, G. S.; PEREIRA, R. M. V. Das Políticas do Prazer: o lazer no pensamento biblioteconômico-informacional e sua dimensão aplicada na institucionalidade das bibliotecas. InCID: Revista de Ciência da Informação e Documentação, Ribeirão Preto, v. 7, n. 1, p. 5-28, mar./ago. 2016.	Physical space and its materiality provide leisure
45	SANTOS, A. S. O estudo da materialidade na perspectiva documental: uma análise do periódico Recopilador Sergipano (1832-1834). Monografia (graduação em Biblioteconomia e Documentação) -Departamento de Ciência da Informação, Centro de Ciências Sociais Aplicadas, Universidade Federal de Sergipe, São Cristóvão, 2018.	The materiality of old periodicals involves relevant characteristics to understand the document, its origin, and the transformations it underwent over time
46	SEREJO, V.; JUVÊNCIO, C. H. Livro, identidade e memória: a biblioteca de Getúlio Vargas do Museu da República. Memória e Informação, [s. l.], v. 4, n. 2, p. 193-210, jul./dez. 2020.	Collecting is unveiled in the symbolic aspects evoked by the object's materiality
47	SILVA, L. E. S. De suporte de informação a objeto de arte: o livro e suas perspectivas. 2013. Monografia (Bacharelado em Biblioteconomia) - Faculdade de Ciência da Informação, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, 2013.	The book is an object whose materiality evokes symbolism, mysticism, meanings, intentions, etc.
48	SILVEIRA, F. J. N.; REIS, A. S. dos. Biblioteca pública como lugar de práticas culturais: uma discussão sócio-histórica. Informação & Sociedade: Estudos, João Pessoa, v. 21, n. 1, p. 37-54, jan./abr. 2011.	Materiality promotes signification and is a support for the word
49	SIQUEIRA, J. C. Informação e Documento-relações simbióticas. PontodeAcesso, Salvador, v. 9, n. 1, p. 91-110, abr. 2015.	The materiality of the support makes the circulation of information possible
50	SOUZA, W. E. R.; CRIPPA, G. O patrimônio como processo: uma ideia que supera a oposição material-imaterial. Em Questão, Porto Alegre, v. 17, n. 2, p. 237-251, jul./dez. 2011.	Heritage is perpetuated through the support that symbolizes it
51	TEIXEIRA, H. D.; GARCIA, N. de M.; RODRIGUES, M. C. Critérios de raridade bibliográfica: problemas, metodologias e	The value and symbolism of the book is associated with its
	aplicações. Biblos, Rio Grande, v. 32, n. 1, p. 134-145, jan./jun. 2018.	characteristics as an object
52	TEIXEIRA, L. Livro-ativo: a materialidade do objeto como fundamento para o projeto do livro infantil em forma de códice. 2010. Tese (Doutorado em Design e Arquitetura) - Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, 2010.	The book's materiality in the form of a codex embodies meaning and narrative capacity
International texts
53	ASHTON, S. On document supply in Ireland and the USA: experiences at the Boole Library, Cork University. Interlending & Document Supply, [s. l.], v. 35, n. 4, p. 226-227, 2007.	The book's materiality is strong and portable, and evokes diverse intentionalities
54	BRADDIX, J. Michelle Levy and Tom Mole: The Broadview Introduction to Book History. Publishing Research Quaterly, New York, v. 34, p. 150-151, 2018.	The book's condition of being a "thing" is its materiality
55	BRILLENBURG WURTH, K. Old and new medialities in Foer’s Tree of Codes. CLCWeb: Comparative Literature and Culture, Indiana, v. 13, n. 3 p. 1-8, 2011.	Materiality enhances reading because it enables a physical intervention on the text
56	DAY, R. E. Documents from head to toe: bodies of knowledge in the works of Paul Otlet and Georges Bataille. Library Trends, Baltimore, v. 66, n. 3, p. 395-408, 2018.	Documents have materiality and carry cultural and social transformations throughout history
57	DEVER, M. Photographs and manuscripts: working in the archives. Archives and Manuscripts, [s. l.]. v. 43, n. 3, p. 282-294, 2014.	Materiality is the basic mechanics that allows us to think through paper, and conditions the experience of being-in-the-file
58	DURANT, D. M.; HORAVA, T. The Future of Reading and Academic Libraries. Portal: Libraries and the Academy, [s. l.], v. 15, n. 1, p. 5-27, 2015.	The book's materiality, in the physical sense, influences the mode of interaction with the support, the subject's emotions and learning, etc.
59	DUTTA, B.; DAS, A. K. In search of an axiomatic concept of document. Annals of Library and Information Studies, [s. l.], v. 52, n. 1, p. 25-30, 2005.	Materiality is associated with institutional, social, intentional, processable aspects, etc.
60	FAUCHER, K. X. An information meta-state approach to documentation. Journal of Documentation, Bingley, v. 70, n. 4, p. 503-525, 2014.	Materiality arises from the representation of information, and is beyond the object
61	FRANSSEN, T.; VELTHIUS, O. Making materiality matter: a sociological analysis of prices on the Dutch fiction book market, 1980-2009. Socio-Economic Review, Oxford, n. 14, v. 2, 2014.	The physical properties of the book are its materiality
62	GORDON-BURROUGHS, J. Straight pins, gauze, and linotypes: the cuban post-soviet artists book. Journal of Latin American Cultural Studies, [s. l.], v. 26, n. 3, p. 437-459, 2017.	The symbolic, historical, social, cultural, etc. contents are conveyed by the book's materiality
63	GORICHANAZ, T.; LATHAM, K. F. Document phenomenology: a framework for holistic analysis. Journal of Documentation, Bingley, v. 72, n. 6, 2016.	The document emerges from the meaning
64	GRIFFIN, C. Instruction and Inspiration: Fifteenth-Century Codicological Recipes. Exemplaria, Leeds, v. 30, n. 1, p. 20-34, 2018.	The book's materiality relates decorative and symbolic aspects of the text with the subject's imaginative qualities
65	GROSS, S.; BARDZELL, J.; BARDZELL, S. Structures, forms, and stuff: the materiality and medium of interaction. Personal and Ubiquitous Computing, London, v. 18, n. 3, p. 637-649, 2014.	Materiality is shaped by the subject-object relationship, and determined by the physical environment
66	HART, C.; BAINS, M.; JONES, K. The myth of material knowledge: reading the image of library buildings. New Library World, [s. l.], v. 97, n. 3, p. 23 - 31, 1996.	The book has the status of sacredness, divinity, and wisdom, and its materiality reveals its abstraction
67	HEBING, R. “Allmygti god this lettyr sent”: English Heavenly Letter Charms in Late Medieval Books and Rolls. Studies in Philology, North Carolina, v. 114, n. 4, p. 720-747, 2017.	The book's materiality is related to contexts and to the subjects' characteristics and intentionalities
68	HENNINGSEN, K. " You deciphered me and now I am plain to read": How the Body Is a Book. Library trends, Baltimore, v. 64, n. 4, p. 741-755, 2016.	The book relates at such a deep level to the reader that the metaphor of the body as a book emerges
69	HÉRUBEL, J.-P. Pauline Reid: Reading by Design: The Visual Interfaces of the English Renaissance Book. Publishing Research Quaterly, New York, v. 36, p. 201-202, 2020.	The physicality and materiality of the book enable agency and are part of material culture
70	HOU, J.; RASHID, J.; LEE, K. M. Cognitive map or medium materiality? Reading on paper and screen. Computers in Human Behavior, Amsterdam, v. 67, p. 84-94, 2017.	The materiality or tangibility of the book, be it physical or digital, enhances reading
71	HULTIN, L. On becoming a sociomaterial researcher: Exploring epistemological practices grounded in a relational, performative ontology. Information and Organization, Amsterdam, v. 29, n. 2, p. 91-104, 2019.	Materiality allows tracing the genealogy of objects and understanding how they perform in history in discursive practices
72	HUVILA, I. Awkwardness of becoming a boundary object: Mangle and materialities of reports, documentation data, and the archaeological work. The Information Society, [s. l.], v. 32, n. 4, p. 280-297, 2016.	Materiality aids the understanding of archaeological information
73	JARDINE, B. State of the field: Paper tools. Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part A, Amsterdam, v. 64, p. 53-63, 2017.	Materiality can be called "sociomateriality", because it depends on and is constituted by social interactions
74	LANNING, R. G.; BENGTSON, J. B. Traces of humanity: Echoes of social and cultural experience in physical objects and digital surrogates in the University of Victoria Libraries. Cogent Arts & Humanities, [s. l.], v. 3, n. 1, 2016.	Materiality is understood in terms of the physicality of documents
75	LATHAM, K. F. Medium rare: Exploring archives and their conversion from original to digital part one: Lessons from the history of print media. LIBRES: Library & Information Science Research Electronic Journal, Perth, v. 20, n. 2, 2010.	Subject-object interactions are rich and complex, and involve issues of meaning, process, value, and experience
76	LATHAM, K. F. Medium rare: Exploring archives and their conversion from original to digital part two-The holistic knowledge arsenal of paper-based archives. LIBRES: Library & Information Science Research Electronic Journal, Perth, v. 21, n. 1, p. 1, 2011.	To deal with knowledge, and not just information, one must consider the aspect of materiality, and the physical experience it provides
77	LATHAM, K. F. Experiencing documents. Journal of Documentation, Bingley, v. 70, n. 4, p. 544-561, 2014.	Subjects invest documents with meaning, and various relationships are established in the fusion of subject and object
78	LESTER, P. Of mind and matter: the archive as object. Archives and Records, [s. l.], v. 39, n. 1, p. 73-87, 2018.	The materiality of documents, i.e. their physical properties, add layers of meaning and understanding
79	LUYT, B.; SAGUN, K. Let Bookstores be Bygones? Memories and Materiality of Bookstores on the Pages of the Singapore Memory Project. Publishing Research Quarterly, New York, v. 32, n. 2, p. 139-147, 2016.	Materiality engages experiences, activities, and social interactions
80	MARTIN, K.; QUAN-HAASE, A. The role of agency in historians’ experiences of serendipity in physical and digital information environments. Journal of Documentation, Bingley, v. 72, n. 6, 2016.	Physical properties of the book enhance research and reading
81	MELOT, M. Le temps des images. Bulletin des bibliothèques de France, Paris, n. 5, p. 15-21, 2001.	The book's material virtues explain its extraordinary aura
82	MULES, P. A. Textbooks: Changing materiality, changing meaning. The International Journal of the Book, [s. l.], v. 8, n. 3, 2011.	The materiality, or physical attributes of the book, are changing significantly
83	MÜNKNER, J. Papierstauraum: Bücher und Objekte in Katalogen. Neohelicon, Amsterdam, v. 47, p. 393-408, 2020.	Books carry an expansive materiality, with real and concrete weight, and serve representation
84	MURRAY, S. Publishing studies: Critically mapping research in search of a discipline. Publishing Research Quarterly, New York, v. 22, n. 4, p. 3-25, 2006.	Books are vectors of cultural change
85	3NOVAES, A. S. From the newspaper to the book: an investigation about the notion of materiality in João do Rio. Matraga: Estudos Linguisticos e Literarios, Rio de Janeiro, v. 22, n. 37, p. 13-31, 2015.	The change in support and its materiality alters the meaning of texts
86	O'SULLIVAN, J. et al. Innovators and innovated: newspapers and the postdigital future beyond the “death of print”. The Information Society, [s. l.], v. 33, n. 2, p. 86-95, 2017.	The materiality of the printed object facilitates innovation and drives cultural structures
87	PIEPMEIER, A. Why zines matter: Materiality and the creation of embodied community. American Periodicals, Ohio, v. 18, n. 2, p. 213-238, 2008.	The materiality of the object creates connections with subjects and mobilizes human qualities such as vulnerability, pleasure, affection, etc.
88	PILEROT, O. Making design researchers' information sharing visible through material objects. Journal of the Association for Information Science and Technology, New York, v. 65, n. 10, p. 2006-2016, 2014.	Objects have a socio-material dimension, and are artifacts that mobilize activities, communities and practices
89	PLATE, L. How to do things with literature in the digital age: Anne Carson’s Nox, multimodality, and the ethics of bookishness. Contemporary Women's Writing, Oxford, v. 9, n. 1, p. 93-111, 2015.	The materiality of the text, its aesthetics and characteristics evoke sensory and affective dimensions
90	PROSSER, D. Affect and deaccessioning in the academic library: Feelings about books and place. Library Trends, Baltimore, v. 68, n. 3, p. 506-520, 2020.	Books are cultural signifiers, and there is a humanism in the subject-object relationship that arouses emotions and feelings
91	RABER, D.; BUDD, J. M. Information as sign: semiotics and information science. Journal of documentation, Bingley, v. 59, n. 5, p. 507-522, 2003.	The materiality of information manifests itself as cognitive effects and as a social institution, being significant in social processes and conventions
92	RANADA, Å. L.; HAGBERG, J.-E. All the things I have - Handling one's material room in old age. Journal of Aging Studies, Amsterdam, v. 31, p. 110-118, 2014.	The materiality of the object presupposes social and emotional dimensions, which reshape the subject-object relationship over time
93	RÉGNIER, M.-C. Le livre, emblème de l'exposition littéraire? Enjeux croisés de la muséalisation I du livre et de la littérature. Papers of the Bibliographical Society of Canada/Cahiers de la Societe bibliographique du Canada, Toronto, v. 52, n. 2, 2014.	The materiality of the book is the tangible dimension of the fetish object
94	4SALDANHA, G. S. Sobre a bibliologia entre Peignot, Otlet e Estivals: vertentes de um longo discurso 'metaepistemológico' da organização dos saberes. Informação & Sociedade: Estudos, João Pessoa, v. 25, n. 2, p. 75-88, maio/ago. 2015.	In agreement with the Otletian view, the book is much more than its materiality in the physical sense
95	SEHN, T. C. M.; FRAGOSO, S. The synergy between eBooks and	The materiality of devices are
	printed books in Brazil. Online Information Review, Bingley, v. 39, n. 3, p. 401-415, 2015.	relevant to reading practices, and readers prefer the physical materiality of printed books
96	SILVA, F. C. Following the Book: Towards a Pragmatic Sociology of the Book. Sociology, [s. l.], p. 1-16, 2015.	Materiality is the substance of the "order of discourse" of the means of meaning production
97	SILVA, F. C.; BUCHOLC, M. On the pragmatics of social theory: the case of elias's “on the process of civilization”. Journal of the History of the Behavioral Sciences, New York, v. 52, n. 4, p. 392-407, 2016.	The form and content of the book interact with institutional and other factors, which have psychological and sociological consequences
98	SONNENWALD, D. H.; MCELLIGOTT, J. Illuminating human-rare historic book interaction. Proceedings of the Association for Information Science and Technology, [s. l.], v. 54, n. 1, p. 804-805, 2017.	The interaction with the materiality of rare books provokes memories, reflections, and sense of identity.
99	SONNENWALD, D. H.; MCELLIOT, J. Investigating human-rare historic book Interaction among young adults. Interaction Design and Architecture (s) Journal, [s. l.], v. 2017, n. 32, p. 126-149, 2017.	The materiality of rare books carries meaning and establishes a physical link to the context of origin of the object
100	THUMALA OLAVE, M. A. Book love. A cultural sociological interpretation of the attachment to books. Poetics, Amsterdam, v. 81, 2020.	The book is a cultural icon because of its materiality that shapes meanings, experiences, social mobilizations, pleasure, etc.

• ¹
  Material from research article: AMORIM, A. K. A.; RABELLO , R. . Materialidade do livro: mapeamento e visualizaçãotemática na literatura em Ciência da Informação. RDBCI: Revista Digital de Biblioteconomia e Ciência da Informação, Campinas, SP, v. 20, n. 00, p. e022021, 2022. DOI: 10.20396/rdbci.v20i00.8670863. Disponível em: https://periodicos.sbu.unicamp.br/ojs/index.php/rdbci/article/view/8670863. Acesso em: 14 out. 2022.
• ²
  The text poured to english consists in a review and amplification of the portuguese version presented as a communication in an event.
• ³
  As stated in the methodology, the text was published by a national journal, but was retrieved from an international bibliographic database.
• ⁴
  As stated in the methodology, the text was published by a national journal, but was retrieved from an international bibliographic database.
Source: own elaboration.

• 1
  By stabilizing and acquiring institutional strength in the object/document, the materiality of information can be studied in the context of institutionalities and institutions apprehended "[...] as spaces of conflicts, disputes and 'legitimation of discourses' for the 'representation of reality'." (RABELLO; RODRIGUES, 2014, p. 10, authors' highlights, our translation).
• 2
  The metaphors "literary work" and "book" can be visualized in the figure of the "book man", speculated in the dystopian science fiction novel Fahrenheit 451, written by Ray Bradbury and published in 1953, with film adaptations by directors François Truffaut in 1966 and Frank Darabont in 2018.
• 3
  In the definition of the Dicionário de Biblioteconomia e Arquivologia, bibliophilia is the "Taste, passion for rare and precious books", and constitutes the "Art and science of bibliophilia" (CUNHA; CAVALCANTI, 2008, p. 46, our translation).
• 4
  The "Stopwords" feature of Voyant Tools was used, which consists of a list of irrelevant words defined by the researcher in order to eliminate non-significant terms such as prepositions, articles, conjunctions, punctuation symbols, and numbers from the results.
• 5
  Jacques Le Goff discusses the idea of document and monument in his work História e Memória. For the author, the legacy of the past is perpetuated in time through monuments, and documents are materials of the historian's choice that serve as proof for the historical fact. The document/monument conception allows for the understanding of the document as not only something from the past, but as a social product created in the midst of power and force relations. In the author's words, "[...] Only the analysis of the document as a monument allows the collective memory to recover it and the historian to use it scientifically, that is, with full knowledge of the facts." (LE GOFF, 2013, n. p., our translation). For an analysis on the topic within the scope of Information Science, see Rabello and Rodrigues (2018).
• 6
  Appears as "Microsoft..." in the picture.
• 7
  Appears as "capa_digit." in the figure.
• 8
  Appears as "A material." in the figure.
• 9
  Appears as "Redalyc.CU" in the figure.
• 10
  Appears as "Template_C" in the figure.
• 11
  Appears as "Dubois..." in the figure.
• 12
  Appears as "013" in the figure.
• 13
  Appears as "On document" in the figure.
• 14
  Appears as "Emerald_OI" in the figure.
• 15
  Appears as "book love" in the picture.
• 16
  Appears as "Pauline..." in the figure.
• 17
  Appears as "Publishing..." in the figure.
• 18
  Appears as "Traces..." in the figure.
• 19
  Appears as "Affect..." in the figure.
• 20
  Appears as "untitled" in the figure.
• 21
  Appears as "Caheiers-pa..." in the figure.
• 22
  Appears as "Straight..." in the picture.
• 23
  Appears as "Emerald-JD" in the picture.
• 24
  Appears as "Allmygti..." in the picture.
• 25
  Appears as "Medium..." in the figure.
• 26
  Appears as "Heritage..." in the figure.
• 27
  Appears as "Template_C" in the figure.
• 28
  Appears as "On becomin..." in the figure.
• 29
  Appears as "Let Bookst..." in the picture.
• 30
  Appears as "Inovattors" in the picture.
• 31
  In the image, Voyant Tools identifies the text as "front_digital_cover". By clicking on the text, you can read it and identify the necessary information with the reader module.

• Availability of data and material:

  Not applicable.
• Funding: This study was funded by the Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel - Brazil (CAPES), Code Unanceiro 001.

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Data availability

Not applicable.

Publication Dates

• Publication in this collection
  23 Jan 2023
• Date of issue
  2022

History

• Received
  29 Aug 2022
• Accepted
  19 Sept 2022
• Published
  14 Oct 2022