Acessibilidade / Reportar erro

Comunicação de más notícias em pediatria: revisão integrativa

RESUMO

Objetivos:

identificar as evidências científicas dos elementos da comunicação no processo de comunicação de más notícias em pediatria.

Métodos:

revisão integrativa nas bases de dados LILACS, PubMed e WoS. Foram incluídos estudos primários, em português, espanhol ou inglês.

Resultados:

as evidências dos 40 estudos foram organizadas de acordo com os elementos da comunicação: emissor (família e/ou profissional), receptor (família e/ou criança), mensagem (notícias ruins, más ou difíceis sobre diagnóstico/prognóstico; de modo empático, honesto, objetivo, esperançoso e disponível), canal (materiais, qualidade, quantidade e velocidade), contexto e efeitos (alterações sociais e emocionais), ruídos (sentimentos e linguagem) e falhas (silenciamento e informações enganosas).

Conclusões:

há necessidade de preparação da instituição e equipe, bem como da família e da criança, de modo a promover a corresponsabilização nesse processo, minimizar o sofrimento e os ruídos de comunicação e evitar as falhas, reconhecendo o direito da criança de saber de sua condição.

Descritores:
Revelação da Verdade; Comunicação em Saúde; Diagnóstico; Saúde da Criança; Pediatria

ABSTRACT

Objectives:

to identify the scientific evidence of the elements of communication in the process of communicating bad news in pediatrics.

Methods:

integrative review searched in the LILACS, PubMed and WoS databases. Primary studies in Portuguese, Spanish or English were included.

Results:

the evidence from the 40 studies were organized according to the elements of communication: sender (family and/or professional), receiver (family and/or child), message (bad or difficult news about diagnosis/prognosis; empathetically, honestly, objective, hopeful and available), channel (materials, quality, quantity and pace), context and effects (social and emotional changes), noise (feelings and language) and failures (silencing and misleading information).

Conclusions:

there is a need to prepare the institution and team, as well as the family and the child, in order to promote co-responsibility in this process, to minimize suffering and communication noise and to avoid failures, recognizing the child’s right to know their condition.

Descriptors:
Truth Disclosure; Health Communication; Diagnosis; Child Health; Pediatrics

RESUMEN

Objetivos:

identificar las evidencias científicas de los elementos de la comunicación en el proceso de notificación de malas noticias en pediatría.

Métodos:

se trata de una revisión integradora realizada en las bases de datos LILACS, PubMed y WoS, con estudios primarios en portugués, español e inglés.

Resultados:

las evidencias de los 40 estudios se organizaron según los elementos de la comunicación: emisor (familiar y/o profesional), receptor (familiar y/o niño), mensaje (noticias dolorosas, malas o difíciles sobre el diagnóstico/pronóstico; de manera empática, honesta, objetiva, esperanzadora y disponible), canal (materiales, calidad, cantidad y rapidez), contexto y efectos (cambios sociales y emocionales), ruido (sentimientos y lenguaje) y fracaso (silencio e información engañosa).

Conclusiones:

es necesario preparar a la institución y al equipo, así como a la familia y al niño, para promover la corresponsabilidad, amenizar el sufrimiento y las interferencias en la comunicación y evitar los fracasos, reconociendo el derecho del niño de saber sobre su condición.

Descriptores:
Revelación de la Verdad; Comunicación en Salud; Diagnóstico; Salud del Niño; Pediatría

INTRODUÇÃO

No cotidiano de atenção à saúde, os profissionais frequentemente vivenciam o desafio de comunicar notícias que podem ser consideradas ruins, más ou difíceis no sentido de provocar tristeza, descontentamento, angústia, luto, entre outros sentimentos de pesar. Essas se referem à revelação verdadeira de alguma informação que suscite modificação negativa e intensa na perspectiva de futuro. Na área da saúde, pode estar relacionada a uma ameaça ao estado físico ou mental, com destaque para diagnósticos de doenças com prognóstico reservado, sequelas graves, esgotamento dos recursos atuais de cura e a preparação para cuidados paliativos(11 Singh D, Agarwal D. Breaking bad news in clinical setting: a systematic review. Indian J Appl Res [Internet]. 2018 [cited 2019 Jan 17];7(12): 29-32. Available from: https://wwjournals.com/index.php/ijar/article/view/122
https://wwjournals.com/index.php/ijar/ar...
).

A comunicação desse tipo de notícia deve envolver a equipe de saúde, pois cada profissão possui atribuições e habilidades específicas. Cabe salientar que a eficácia do processo de comunicação depende do vínculo entre os envolvidos e da sensibilidade do profissional para manejar cada situação, bem como dos contextos cultural, social, educacional e familiar(22 Armas A, Meyer SB, Corbett KK, Pearce AR. Face-to-face communication between patients and family physicians in Canada: a scoping review. Patient Educ Couns [Internet]. 2018 [cited 2018 Jun 20];101(5):789-803. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29173960
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2917...

3 Fontes CMB, Menezes DV, Borgato MH, Luiz MR. Comunicação de más notícias: revisão integrativa de literatura na enfermagem. Rev Bras Enferm. 2017;70(5):1089-95. doi: 10.1590/0034-7167-2016-0143
https://doi.org/10.1590/0034-7167-2016-0...
-44 Gold R, Gold A. Delivering bad news: attitudes, feelings and practice characteristics among speech-language pathologists. Am J Speech-Language Pathol. 2018;27(1):108-22. doi: 10.1044/2017_AJSLP-17-0045
https://doi.org/10.1044/2017_AJSLP-17-00...
).

Destaca-se como problema no contexto de pediatria que a comunicação de tais notícias é ainda mais complexa, pois envolve tanto a família quanto a criança. Demanda uma avaliação acerca da quantidade e qualidade de informações que serão comunicadas e o modo de desenvolvê-las, considerando a singularidade intelectual, cultural e psicológica da criança(55 Crosnier-Schoedel C, Trocmé N, Carbajal R, Leverger G. Pediatrician's experience in announcing bad news. Arch Pediatr. 2018;25(2):100-106. doi:10.1016/j.arcped.2017.11.006
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arcped.2017.11...
). Isso reforça a importância e indica a necessidade da prática baseada em evidência, pois possibilita a busca de estratégias que podem ser utilizadas pelos profissionais de saúde nessa comunicação.

O processo comunicativo envolve elementos que são nomeados do seguinte modo: EMISSOR, representado por alguém que emite a mensagem; RECEPTOR, quem recebe a informação; MENSAGEM, que se trata do conteúdo; CANAL, meio utilizado para comunicação; e CONTEXTO(66 Martino LMS. Teoria da Comunicação: ideias, conceitos e métodos. Ed vozes, p.288, 2017.-77 Lasswell, Harold D. The structure and function of communication in society. İletişim kuram ve araştırma dergisi Sayı 24 Kış-Bahar [Internet]. 2007[cited 2018 Jun 20];215-28; Available from: https://pracownik.kul.pl/files/37108/public/Lasswell.pdf
https://pracownik.kul.pl/files/37108/pub...
). A estrutura e o funcionamento desses elementos são foco de estudos do campo da Comunicação e podem ser aplicados no campo da Saúde. Esse modelo é pioneiro, proposto por Lasswell, sendo o autor considerado um dos principais teóricos da comunicação. Há outras proposições de comunicação que vão além da tradicional, reconhecendo fatores como a produção de sentido, a presença de ideologia e o pertencimento grupal e identitário(66 Martino LMS. Teoria da Comunicação: ideias, conceitos e métodos. Ed vozes, p.288, 2017.).

Para que a comunicação seja efetiva, as mensagens devem ser enviadas de maneira clara e detalhada o suficiente, com códigos que o receptor entenda e com termos adequados. Devem-se considerar fatores que poderão interferir no processo comunicativo, como o nível de instrução, cognição, cultura e idade. Então, a comunicação pode ocorrer com ruído, o que pode prejudicar a maneira como é compreendida a mensagem ou impedi-la de acontecer(66 Martino LMS. Teoria da Comunicação: ideias, conceitos e métodos. Ed vozes, p.288, 2017.).

Tais falhas podem ser consideradas quando os profissionais não se sentem preparados para comunicar o diagnóstico/prognóstico, o que pode gerar silenciamento, falsas promessas de tratamento/cura ou comunicações abruptas, com prejuízos à relação terapêutica(88 Johnson J, Panagioti M. Interventions to improve the breaking of bad or difficult news by physicians, medical students, and interns/residents: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Acad Med. 2018;93(9):1400-12. doi: 10.1097/ACM.0000000000002308.
https://doi.org/10.1097/ACM.000000000000...
).

OBJETIVOS

Identificar evidências dos elementos da comunicação no processo de comunicação de más notícias em pediatria.

MÉTODOS

Trata-se de uma revisão integrativa da literatura, a qual propõe sintetizar o conhecimento científico produzido acerca de um tema específico, a fim de contribuir com o estado do conhecimento de uma determinada área e com a prática baseada nessas evidências. Foram desenvolvidos os seis passos: (a) selecionar as hipóteses ou perguntas para a revisão, (b) amostragem da pesquisa a ser revisada, (c) representar as características dos estudos e seus achados, (d) analisar os achados, (e) interpretar os resultados e (f) relatar a revisão(99 Ganong LH. Integrative reviews of nursing research. Res Nurs Health. 1987;10 (1):1-11. doi: 10.1002/nur.4770100103
https://doi.org/10.1002/nur.4770100103...
).

Para selecionar a pergunta para a revisão, considerou-se que a comunicação de más notícias é um desafio tanto para os profissionais quanto para as famílias e as próprias crianças. Entretanto, existem poucas diretrizes para o desenvolvimento desse processo. A pergunta de revisão foi: “Quais são as evidências dos elementos da comunicação no processo de comunicação de más notícias em pediatria?”. Justifica-se a escolha por esse modelo tradicional de comunicação com base no conteúdo disponível nos artigos primários incluídos nesta revisão.

Para estabelecer a amostragem, os critérios de inclusão foram: estudos primários, nos idiomas português, espanhol ou inglês, que abordassem a comunicação acerca da condição de saúde da criança. Os de exclusão se definem por: diagnóstico materno ou paterno, diagnóstico gestacional, morte da criança ou de membro da família, abuso sexual, situação temporária, procedimento e simulações; não foi preestabelecido recorte temporal. Para a escolha dos Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) e Descritores em Ciências da Saúde (DECs), de modo a ampliar a recuperação de documentos nas bases de dados, foi desenvolvido o mapeamento dos descritores/palavras-chave de artigos acerca de comunicação de notícias difíceis ou más notícias em pediatria, bem como das palavras utilizadas nos títulos e resumos que indicavam a temática. A estratégia de busca foi testada pelas revisoras, discutida no Grupo de Pesquisa e avaliada pela bibliotecária. A estratégia de busca foi composta a partir dos DECs/palavras [revelação OR revelação da verdade OR comunicação em saúde] AND [diagnóstico OR CID OR notícias] AND [difíceis OR más OR ruim] AND [criança OR pediatria OR infantil], e MeSH/keywords [disclosure OR truth disclosure OR health communication] AND [diagnosis OR news OR CID] AND [difficult OR bad] AND [children OR child OR pediatrics OR infant], com combinações ajustadas a cada base.

A busca foi desenvolvida em Janeiro/2018 nas bases de dados Literatura Latino-americana e do Caribe em Ciências da Saúde (LILACS), National Library of Medicine National Institutes of Health (Pubmed) e Web of Science (WoS). A seleção foi desenvolvida independentemente por dois revisores com posterior reunião de consenso e dissensos enviados ao terceiro revisor. Os revisores foram capacitados em curso de pesquisa bibliográfica, ofertado anualmente pelo Grupo de Pesquisa.

A identificação resultou em 321 produções nas bases de dados. As produções indexadas em mais de uma base de dados foram incluídas uma vez, evitando repetição. A seleção foi desenvolvida pela leitura dos títulos e resumos, enquanto a elegibilidade se deu pela leitura do texto na íntegra. A inclusão totalizou 40 artigos como corpus de análise (Figura 1). Para os artigos que não foram encontrados disponíveis integralmente nas bases de dados, esgotaram-se as estratégias de acesso ao texto na íntegra, por meio de contato com os próprios autores e instituições de origem do estudo.

Figura 1
Fluxograma do processo de identificação, seleção, elegibilidade e inclusão na revisão integrativa de comunicação de más notícias em pediatria, Brasil, 2018

A extração dos dados de cada artigo incluído na revisão foi registrada em instrumento em Excel com as seguintes informações: referência, país em que foi desenvolvido o estudo, método, resultados da comunicação acerca da condição de saúde da criança e nível de evidência. Para determinar o nível de evidência, a aplicação da hierarquia considerou o tipo de questão de pesquisa do estudo primário: Intervenção ou diagnóstico, Prognóstico ou etiologia, Significado(1010 Melnyk BM, Fineout-Overholt E, Stillwell SB, Williamson KM. Evidence-based practice: step by step: igniting a spirit of inquiry: an essential foundation for evidence-based practice. Am J Nurs [Internet]. 2009 [cited 2017 Nov 15];109(11):49-52 Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19858857
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1985...
).

Para o passo referente a representar as características dos estudos, os dados foram descritos em quadro com objetivo, delineamento, participantes e nível de evidência. Para analisar os achados, foram destacadas nos resultados de cada artigo incluído as evidências dos elementos da comunicação (emissor, receptor, contexto, mensagem, canal, resposta, ruídos e falhas). Posteriormente, as evidências foram agrupadas por convergência e contraponto, que geraram a síntese. Finalmente, os resultados da revisão integrativa foram descritos e discutidos, culminando nas considerações às práticas assistenciais, educacionais e investigativas para comunicação de más notícias em pediatria. Foram respeitadas as Normas de citação da Associação Brasileira de Normas Técnicas (ABNT), referenciando os autores e a Legislação sobre direitos autorais (Nº 9.160 de 19 de fevereiro de 1998).

RESULTADOS

As características (objetivo, delineamento, participantes e nível de evidência) dos estudos incluídos na revisão integrativa são apresentadas com o intuito de contextualizar as evidências extraídas para responder a questão de revisão (Quadro 1). A avaliação crítica apontou que os artigos têm a questão de pesquisa voltada para o significado e a experiência, majoritariamente com nível de evidência 2, seguido de 4. Não foram recuperados artigos do tipo intervenção.

Quadro 1
Caracterização dos artigos incluídos na revisão integrativa de comunicação de más notícias em pediatria, Brasil, 2018

As evidências dos elementos da comunicação (emissor, receptor, contexto, mensagem, canal e resposta) no processo de comunicação de más notícias em pediatria, que foram extraídas dos resultados de cada artigo incluído na revisão, estão apresentadas no Quadro 2.

Quadro 2
Apresentação dos resultados da revisão integrativa de comunicação de más notícias em pediatria, Brasil, 2018

As evidências extraídas foram agrupadas segundo o modelo de comunicação tradicional(77 Lasswell, Harold D. The structure and function of communication in society. İletişim kuram ve araştırma dergisi Sayı 24 Kış-Bahar [Internet]. 2007[cited 2018 Jun 20];215-28; Available from: https://pracownik.kul.pl/files/37108/public/Lasswell.pdf
https://pracownik.kul.pl/files/37108/pub...
) e geraram a síntese representada na Figura 2.

Figura 2
Elementos da comunicação do modelo teórico aplicado na síntese de evidências científicas de más notícias em pediatria, Brasil, 2018

DISCUSSÃO

Para a comunicação de más notícias em pediatria, consideramos os elementos que compõem o processo: contexto/situação, emissor, receptor, mensagem, canal e resposta. Nesse processo, pode haver ruídos e, até mesmo, falhas(66 Martino LMS. Teoria da Comunicação: ideias, conceitos e métodos. Ed vozes, p.288, 2017.-77 Lasswell, Harold D. The structure and function of communication in society. İletişim kuram ve araştırma dergisi Sayı 24 Kış-Bahar [Internet]. 2007[cited 2018 Jun 20];215-28; Available from: https://pracownik.kul.pl/files/37108/public/Lasswell.pdf
https://pracownik.kul.pl/files/37108/pub...
).

Contexto da comunicação

Ao analisar esse elemento no processo comunicativo no campo da saúde e na área da pediatria, as evidências científicas indicaram um contexto ou situação no qual estão envolvidos os profissionais, os familiares e as próprias crianças.

Quanto aos profissionais, a cultura do trabalho está relacionada com a organização e o funcionamento da equipe. A comunicação é facilitada quando o objetivo comum é o bem cuidar da criança e da família, aliado ao apoio mútuo na equipe(1111 Afonso SBC, Minayo MCS. Relações entre oncohematopediatras, mães e crianças na comunicação de notícias difíceis. Ciên Saúde Coletiva [Internet]. 2017 [cited 2018 Jun 28];22(1):53-62. Available from: www.scielo.br/pdf/csc/v22n1/1413-8123-csc-22-01-0053.pdf
www.scielo.br/pdf/csc/v22n1/1413-8123-cs...
). A comunicação é prejudicada quando os profissionais acreditam que a criança não deve participar nas discussões e decisões de prognóstico e tratamento(1212 Parsons SK, Saiki-Craighill S, Mayer DK, Sullivan AM, Jeruss S, Terrin N, et al. Telling children and adolescent about their cancer diagnosis: cross-cultural comparisons between pediatric oncologists in the US and Japan. Psycho-Oncol[Internet]. 2007 [cited 2018 Jan 10];16(1):60-8. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16874746
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1687...
). A falta de privacidade (local em que é comunicada a notícia) prejudica a comunicação, seja por falta do próprio profissional ou de estrutura do serviço(1313 Gilbey P. Qualitative analysis of parents’ experience with receiving the news of the detection of their child’s hearing loss. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol [Internet]. 2010 [cited 2017 Jul 16];74(3):265-70. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20042242
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2004...
-1414 Hill V, Sahhar M, Aitken M, Savarirayan R, Metcalfe S. Experiences at the time of diagnosis of parents who have a child with a bone dysplasia resulting in short stature. Am J Med Genet A [Internet]. 2003 [cited 2018 Jun 15];122A(2):100-7. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12955760
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1295...
).

A capacitação profissional envolve conhecimento técnico, atualização e experiência profissional. Participar de grupos de trabalho ou de estudos, de eventos científicos e de pesquisas, bem como acessar artigos científicos, protocolos e diretrizes, favorece o processo comunicativo(1111 Afonso SBC, Minayo MCS. Relações entre oncohematopediatras, mães e crianças na comunicação de notícias difíceis. Ciên Saúde Coletiva [Internet]. 2017 [cited 2018 Jun 28];22(1):53-62. Available from: www.scielo.br/pdf/csc/v22n1/1413-8123-csc-22-01-0053.pdf
www.scielo.br/pdf/csc/v22n1/1413-8123-cs...

12 Parsons SK, Saiki-Craighill S, Mayer DK, Sullivan AM, Jeruss S, Terrin N, et al. Telling children and adolescent about their cancer diagnosis: cross-cultural comparisons between pediatric oncologists in the US and Japan. Psycho-Oncol[Internet]. 2007 [cited 2018 Jan 10];16(1):60-8. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16874746
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1687...
-1313 Gilbey P. Qualitative analysis of parents’ experience with receiving the news of the detection of their child’s hearing loss. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol [Internet]. 2010 [cited 2017 Jul 16];74(3):265-70. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20042242
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2004...
,1515 Stenmarker M, Hallberg U, Palmérus K, Márky I. Being a messenger of life-threatening conditions: experiences of pediatric oncologists. Pediatr Blood Cancer [Internet]. 2010 [cited 2017 Jun 18];55(3):478-84. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20658619
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2065...
-1616 Finan C, Nasr SZ, Rothwell E, Tarini BA. Primary care providers’experiences notifying parents of cystic fibrosis newborn screening results. Clin Pediatr (Phila) [Internet]. 2014 [cited 2018 Jan 16];54(1):67-75. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25104730
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2510...
). A capacitação repercute na habilidade para avaliar o preparo da criança e da família para receber a notícia(1717 Aein F, Delaram M. Giving bad news: a qualitative research exploration. Iran Red Crescent Med J [Internet]. 2014 [cited 2018 Jun 16];16(6):e8197. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4102999/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/article...
), na atitude emocional adequada para posicionar-se diante da família e para lidar com seus próprios sentimentos(1111 Afonso SBC, Minayo MCS. Relações entre oncohematopediatras, mães e crianças na comunicação de notícias difíceis. Ciên Saúde Coletiva [Internet]. 2017 [cited 2018 Jun 28];22(1):53-62. Available from: www.scielo.br/pdf/csc/v22n1/1413-8123-csc-22-01-0053.pdf
www.scielo.br/pdf/csc/v22n1/1413-8123-cs...
,1515 Stenmarker M, Hallberg U, Palmérus K, Márky I. Being a messenger of life-threatening conditions: experiences of pediatric oncologists. Pediatr Blood Cancer [Internet]. 2010 [cited 2017 Jun 18];55(3):478-84. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20658619
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2065...
). Possuir especialização na área da notícia, tempo de experiência profissional e vínculo estabelecido com a criança e sua família facilita a comunicação(1818 Hasnat MJ, Graves P. Disclosure of developmental disability: a study of parent satisfaction and the determinants of satisfaction. J Paediatr Child Health [Internet]. 2000 [cited 2018 Jan16];36(1):32-5. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10723688
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1072...
-1919 Parker TM, Johnston DL. Parental perceptions of being told their child has cancer. Pediatr Blood Cancer [Internet]. 2008 [cited 2017 Jan 26];51(4):531-4. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18623217
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1862...
). Em contraponto, a comunicação é prejudicada quando os profissionais não têm treinamento(1212 Parsons SK, Saiki-Craighill S, Mayer DK, Sullivan AM, Jeruss S, Terrin N, et al. Telling children and adolescent about their cancer diagnosis: cross-cultural comparisons between pediatric oncologists in the US and Japan. Psycho-Oncol[Internet]. 2007 [cited 2018 Jan 10];16(1):60-8. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16874746
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1687...
,1616 Finan C, Nasr SZ, Rothwell E, Tarini BA. Primary care providers’experiences notifying parents of cystic fibrosis newborn screening results. Clin Pediatr (Phila) [Internet]. 2014 [cited 2018 Jan 16];54(1):67-75. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25104730
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2510...
,2020 Rujumba J1, Mbasaalaki-Mwaka CL, Ndeezi G. Challenges faced by health workers in providing counselling services to HIV-positive children in Uganda: a descriptive study. J Int AIDS Soc [Internet]. 2010 [cited 2017 Jan 22];13:9. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20205937
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2020...
) ou utilizam materiais com informações desatualizadas(1414 Hill V, Sahhar M, Aitken M, Savarirayan R, Metcalfe S. Experiences at the time of diagnosis of parents who have a child with a bone dysplasia resulting in short stature. Am J Med Genet A [Internet]. 2003 [cited 2018 Jun 15];122A(2):100-7. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12955760
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1295...
).

No contexto da família, o nível educacional precisa ser considerado, pois permite melhor compreensão da mensagem recebida pelos pais(1616 Finan C, Nasr SZ, Rothwell E, Tarini BA. Primary care providers’experiences notifying parents of cystic fibrosis newborn screening results. Clin Pediatr (Phila) [Internet]. 2014 [cited 2018 Jan 16];54(1):67-75. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25104730
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2510...
,2121 Eden OB, Black I, MacKinlay GA, Emery AE. Communication with parents of children with cancer. Palliat Med [Internet]. 1994 [cited 2018 Jul 22];8(2):105-14. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8081551
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8081...
-2222 Ablon J. Parents’ responses to their child’s diagnosis of neurofibromatosis 1. Am J Med Genet [Internet]. 2000 [cited 2018 Jan 23];93(2):136-42. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10869117
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1086...
), inclusive o interesse pela busca por outras informações(2222 Ablon J. Parents’ responses to their child’s diagnosis of neurofibromatosis 1. Am J Med Genet [Internet]. 2000 [cited 2018 Jan 23];93(2):136-42. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10869117
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1086...
). A família conhecer o quadro clínico da criança(1616 Finan C, Nasr SZ, Rothwell E, Tarini BA. Primary care providers’experiences notifying parents of cystic fibrosis newborn screening results. Clin Pediatr (Phila) [Internet]. 2014 [cited 2018 Jan 16];54(1):67-75. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25104730
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2510...
,2121 Eden OB, Black I, MacKinlay GA, Emery AE. Communication with parents of children with cancer. Palliat Med [Internet]. 1994 [cited 2018 Jul 22];8(2):105-14. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8081551
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8081...
,2323 Phuma-Ngaiyaye EE, Dartey AF. Experiences of children living with HIV and AIDS following their diagnosis disclosure in Mzuzu, Malawi. Vulnerable Child Youth Stud. 2015;10(4):357-65. doi: 10.1080/17450128.2015.1083639
https://doi.org/10.1080/17450128.2015.10...

24 Gomes GC, Xavier DM, Mota MS, Salvador MS, Silveira RS, Barlem ELD. Dando notícias difíceis à família da criança em situação grave ou em processo de terminalidade. Rev Enferm UERJ [Internet]. 2014 [cited 2017 Jun 26];22(3):347-52. Available from: https://pesquisa.bvsalud.org/portal/resource/pt/bde-27990
https://pesquisa.bvsalud.org/portal/reso...
-2525 Nzota MS, Matovu JKB, Draper HR, Kisa R, Kiwanuka SN. Determinats and processo f HIV status disclosure to HIV-infected children aged 4 to 17 years receiving HIV care services at Baylor College of Medicine Children’s Foundation Tanzania, Centre of Excellence (COE) in Mbeya: cross-sectional study. BMC Pediatrics [Internet]. 2015 [cited 2018 Jan 13];15:81. Available from: https://www.springermedizin.de/determinants-and-processes-of-hiv-status-disclosure-to-hiv-infec/9746990
https://www.springermedizin.de/determina...
) ou o prognóstico de outros com a mesma situação(1616 Finan C, Nasr SZ, Rothwell E, Tarini BA. Primary care providers’experiences notifying parents of cystic fibrosis newborn screening results. Clin Pediatr (Phila) [Internet]. 2014 [cited 2018 Jan 16];54(1):67-75. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25104730
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2510...
) facilita ao profissional comunicar-lhes essa notícia. Entretanto, muitos familiares não têm conhecimento suficiente(2626 Heeren GA, Jemmott JB 3rd, Sidloyi L, Ngwane Z. Disclosure of HIV diagnosis to HIV-infected children is South Africa: focus groups for intervention development. Vulnerable Child Youth Stud [Internet]. 2012 [cited 2017 Dec 12];7(1):47-54. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22468145
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2246...
) ou, somente após receberem a notícia, buscam conhecer acerca do diagnóstico/prognóstico da criança(2727 Clarke SA, Davies H, Jenney M, Glaser A, Eiser C. Parental communication and children’s behaviour following diagnosis of childhood leukaemia. Psycho-Oncol [Internet]. 2005 [cited 2018 Jul 13]14(4):274-81. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15386768
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1538...
). Esse conhecimento é influenciado pelo tempo que frequentam o serviço de saúde, o que implica a adaptação à condição do filho(2828 Badarau DO, De Clercq E, Wangmo T, Dragomir M, Miron I, Kühne T, et al. Cancer care in Romania: challenges and pitfalls of children’s and a adolescent’s multifaceted involvement. J Med Ethics [Internet]. 2016 [cited 2018 Jan 13];42(12):757-61. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27697792
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2769...
).

O preparo da família para a comunicação da má notícia envolve tanto seu conhecimento quanto o estado emocional, seja para receber a notícia ou para compartilhar com a criança(2626 Heeren GA, Jemmott JB 3rd, Sidloyi L, Ngwane Z. Disclosure of HIV diagnosis to HIV-infected children is South Africa: focus groups for intervention development. Vulnerable Child Youth Stud [Internet]. 2012 [cited 2017 Dec 12];7(1):47-54. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22468145
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2246...
,2929 Goodwin J, Schoch K, Shashi V, Hooper SR, Morad O, Zalevsky M, et al. A tale worth telling: the impacto f the diagnosis experience on disclosure of genetic disorders. J Intellect Disabil Res [Internet]. 2015 [cited 2018 Jan 18];59(5):474-86. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25059276
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2505...
-3030 Arabiat DH, Alqaissi NM, Hamdan-Mansour AM. Children’s knowledge of cancer diagnosis and treatment: jordanian mothers’ perceptions and satisfaction with the process. Int Nurs Rev [Internet]. 2011 [cited 2018 Jun 13];58(4):443-9. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22092322
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2209...
). Quando os familiares se dizem despreparados para comunicar para a criança, referem ausência de coragem e habilidade(2323 Phuma-Ngaiyaye EE, Dartey AF. Experiences of children living with HIV and AIDS following their diagnosis disclosure in Mzuzu, Malawi. Vulnerable Child Youth Stud. 2015;10(4):357-65. doi: 10.1080/17450128.2015.1083639
https://doi.org/10.1080/17450128.2015.10...
,2525 Nzota MS, Matovu JKB, Draper HR, Kisa R, Kiwanuka SN. Determinats and processo f HIV status disclosure to HIV-infected children aged 4 to 17 years receiving HIV care services at Baylor College of Medicine Children’s Foundation Tanzania, Centre of Excellence (COE) in Mbeya: cross-sectional study. BMC Pediatrics [Internet]. 2015 [cited 2018 Jan 13];15:81. Available from: https://www.springermedizin.de/determinants-and-processes-of-hiv-status-disclosure-to-hiv-infec/9746990
https://www.springermedizin.de/determina...
-2626 Heeren GA, Jemmott JB 3rd, Sidloyi L, Ngwane Z. Disclosure of HIV diagnosis to HIV-infected children is South Africa: focus groups for intervention development. Vulnerable Child Youth Stud [Internet]. 2012 [cited 2017 Dec 12];7(1):47-54. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22468145
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2246...
). Um programa de educação em saúde que forneça aos familiares as informações clínicas e sociais da doença pode favorecer o conhecimento da família e, consequentemente, a comunicação para a criança(2626 Heeren GA, Jemmott JB 3rd, Sidloyi L, Ngwane Z. Disclosure of HIV diagnosis to HIV-infected children is South Africa: focus groups for intervention development. Vulnerable Child Youth Stud [Internet]. 2012 [cited 2017 Dec 12];7(1):47-54. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22468145
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2246...
). Outra estratégia para o preparo das famílias é o apoio entre os pares(1414 Hill V, Sahhar M, Aitken M, Savarirayan R, Metcalfe S. Experiences at the time of diagnosis of parents who have a child with a bone dysplasia resulting in short stature. Am J Med Genet A [Internet]. 2003 [cited 2018 Jun 15];122A(2):100-7. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12955760
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1295...
,2525 Nzota MS, Matovu JKB, Draper HR, Kisa R, Kiwanuka SN. Determinats and processo f HIV status disclosure to HIV-infected children aged 4 to 17 years receiving HIV care services at Baylor College of Medicine Children’s Foundation Tanzania, Centre of Excellence (COE) in Mbeya: cross-sectional study. BMC Pediatrics [Internet]. 2015 [cited 2018 Jan 13];15:81. Available from: https://www.springermedizin.de/determinants-and-processes-of-hiv-status-disclosure-to-hiv-infec/9746990
https://www.springermedizin.de/determina...
-2626 Heeren GA, Jemmott JB 3rd, Sidloyi L, Ngwane Z. Disclosure of HIV diagnosis to HIV-infected children is South Africa: focus groups for intervention development. Vulnerable Child Youth Stud [Internet]. 2012 [cited 2017 Dec 12];7(1):47-54. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22468145
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2246...
), que proporciona troca de informações e de vivências(2222 Ablon J. Parents’ responses to their child’s diagnosis of neurofibromatosis 1. Am J Med Genet [Internet]. 2000 [cited 2018 Jan 23];93(2):136-42. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10869117
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1086...
,2626 Heeren GA, Jemmott JB 3rd, Sidloyi L, Ngwane Z. Disclosure of HIV diagnosis to HIV-infected children is South Africa: focus groups for intervention development. Vulnerable Child Youth Stud [Internet]. 2012 [cited 2017 Dec 12];7(1):47-54. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22468145
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2246...
). A presença de acompanhante, familiares ou pessoas significativas facilita a comunicação(1313 Gilbey P. Qualitative analysis of parents’ experience with receiving the news of the detection of their child’s hearing loss. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol [Internet]. 2010 [cited 2017 Jul 16];74(3):265-70. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20042242
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2004...
-1414 Hill V, Sahhar M, Aitken M, Savarirayan R, Metcalfe S. Experiences at the time of diagnosis of parents who have a child with a bone dysplasia resulting in short stature. Am J Med Genet A [Internet]. 2003 [cited 2018 Jun 15];122A(2):100-7. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12955760
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1295...
,2121 Eden OB, Black I, MacKinlay GA, Emery AE. Communication with parents of children with cancer. Palliat Med [Internet]. 1994 [cited 2018 Jul 22];8(2):105-14. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8081551
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8081...
-2222 Ablon J. Parents’ responses to their child’s diagnosis of neurofibromatosis 1. Am J Med Genet [Internet]. 2000 [cited 2018 Jan 23];93(2):136-42. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10869117
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1086...
,3131 Al-Abdi SY, Al-Ali EA, Daheer MH, Al-Saleh YM, Al-Qurashi KH, Al-Aamri MA. Saudi mothers’ preferences about breaking bad news concerning newborns: a structured verbal questionnaire. BMC Medical Ethics [Internet]. 2011 [cited 2018 Dec 13];12:15. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21861876
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2186...
-3232 Afonso SBC, Mitre RMA. Noticias difíceis: sentidos atribuídos por familiares de crianças com fibrose cística. Ciên Saúde Coletiva [Internet]. 2013 [cited 2018 Jan 13];18(9):2605-13. Available from: www.scielo.br/pdf/csc/v18n9/v18n9a15.pdf
www.scielo.br/pdf/csc/v18n9/v18n9a15.pdf...
).

No contexto das crianças, a comunicação está determinada pela maturidade cognitiva(2121 Eden OB, Black I, MacKinlay GA, Emery AE. Communication with parents of children with cancer. Palliat Med [Internet]. 1994 [cited 2018 Jul 22];8(2):105-14. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8081551
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8081...
,2626 Heeren GA, Jemmott JB 3rd, Sidloyi L, Ngwane Z. Disclosure of HIV diagnosis to HIV-infected children is South Africa: focus groups for intervention development. Vulnerable Child Youth Stud [Internet]. 2012 [cited 2017 Dec 12];7(1):47-54. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22468145
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2246...
,2929 Goodwin J, Schoch K, Shashi V, Hooper SR, Morad O, Zalevsky M, et al. A tale worth telling: the impacto f the diagnosis experience on disclosure of genetic disorders. J Intellect Disabil Res [Internet]. 2015 [cited 2018 Jan 18];59(5):474-86. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25059276
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2505...
-3030 Arabiat DH, Alqaissi NM, Hamdan-Mansour AM. Children’s knowledge of cancer diagnosis and treatment: jordanian mothers’ perceptions and satisfaction with the process. Int Nurs Rev [Internet]. 2011 [cited 2018 Jun 13];58(4):443-9. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22092322
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2209...
,3333 Boon-Yasidhi V, Kottapat U, Durier Y, Plipat N, Phongsamart W, Chokephaibulkit K, et al. Diagnosis disclosure in HIV-infected Thai children. J Med Assoc Thai [Internet]. 2005 [cited 2018 Jan 26];88(8):S100-5. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16858851
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1685...

34 Jalmsell L, Lövgren M, Kreicbergs U, Henter JI, Frost BM. Children with cancer share their views: tell the truth but leave room for hope. Acta Paediatr [Internet]. 2016 [cited 2018 Jan 16];105(9):1094-9. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27272911
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2727...
-3535 Trejos AM, Reyes L, Bahamon MJ, Alarcón Y, Gaviria G. Effects in the adherence treatment and psychological adjustment after the disclosure of HIV/AIDS diagnosis with the "DIRE" clinical model in Colombian children under 17. Rev Child Infectol. 2015;32(4):408-15. doi: 10.4067/S0716-10182015000500007
https://doi.org/10.4067/S0716-1018201500...
). As informações fornecidas aumentam progressivamente com a idade(2727 Clarke SA, Davies H, Jenney M, Glaser A, Eiser C. Parental communication and children’s behaviour following diagnosis of childhood leukaemia. Psycho-Oncol [Internet]. 2005 [cited 2018 Jul 13]14(4):274-81. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15386768
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1538...
,3030 Arabiat DH, Alqaissi NM, Hamdan-Mansour AM. Children’s knowledge of cancer diagnosis and treatment: jordanian mothers’ perceptions and satisfaction with the process. Int Nurs Rev [Internet]. 2011 [cited 2018 Jun 13];58(4):443-9. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22092322
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2209...
,3636 Last BF, van Veldhuizen AMH. Information about diagnosis and prognosis related to anxiety and depression in children with cancer aged 8-16 years. EJC. 1996;32(2):290-4. Available from: doi: 10.1016/0959-8049(95)00576-5
https://doi.org/10.1016/0959-8049(95)005...
-3737 Waxler JL, Cherniske EM, Dieter K, Herd P, Pober BR. Hearing from parents: the impacto f receiving the diagnosis of Williams syndrome in their child. Am J Med Genet A [Internet]. 2013 [cited 2018 Jan 19];161A(3):534-41. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23401422
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2340...
), e indica-se iniciar a comunicação antes da escolaridade, entre 5 e 7 anos, e concluí-la entre 10 e 12 anos(2121 Eden OB, Black I, MacKinlay GA, Emery AE. Communication with parents of children with cancer. Palliat Med [Internet]. 1994 [cited 2018 Jul 22];8(2):105-14. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8081551
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8081...
,2525 Nzota MS, Matovu JKB, Draper HR, Kisa R, Kiwanuka SN. Determinats and processo f HIV status disclosure to HIV-infected children aged 4 to 17 years receiving HIV care services at Baylor College of Medicine Children’s Foundation Tanzania, Centre of Excellence (COE) in Mbeya: cross-sectional study. BMC Pediatrics [Internet]. 2015 [cited 2018 Jan 13];15:81. Available from: https://www.springermedizin.de/determinants-and-processes-of-hiv-status-disclosure-to-hiv-infec/9746990
https://www.springermedizin.de/determina...
-2626 Heeren GA, Jemmott JB 3rd, Sidloyi L, Ngwane Z. Disclosure of HIV diagnosis to HIV-infected children is South Africa: focus groups for intervention development. Vulnerable Child Youth Stud [Internet]. 2012 [cited 2017 Dec 12];7(1):47-54. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22468145
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2246...
,2929 Goodwin J, Schoch K, Shashi V, Hooper SR, Morad O, Zalevsky M, et al. A tale worth telling: the impacto f the diagnosis experience on disclosure of genetic disorders. J Intellect Disabil Res [Internet]. 2015 [cited 2018 Jan 18];59(5):474-86. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25059276
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2505...
,3838 Thorne C, Newell ML, Peckham CS. Disclosure of diagnosis and planning for the future in HIV-affected families in Europe. Child Care Health Dev. 2000;26(1):29-40. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2214.2000.00128.x
https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2214.2000...
-3939 Muñoz Sastre MT, Sorum PC, Mullet E. Lay people’s and health professionals’views about breaking bad news to children. Child Care Health Dev [Internet]. 2014 [cited 2018 Jan 26];40(1):106-14. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22928950
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2292...
). Quando a criança expressa preocupação com o diagnóstico/tratamento/prognóstico e questiona a verdade, comunicar é considerado mais apropriado do que não dizer nada(2323 Phuma-Ngaiyaye EE, Dartey AF. Experiences of children living with HIV and AIDS following their diagnosis disclosure in Mzuzu, Malawi. Vulnerable Child Youth Stud. 2015;10(4):357-65. doi: 10.1080/17450128.2015.1083639
https://doi.org/10.1080/17450128.2015.10...
,2525 Nzota MS, Matovu JKB, Draper HR, Kisa R, Kiwanuka SN. Determinats and processo f HIV status disclosure to HIV-infected children aged 4 to 17 years receiving HIV care services at Baylor College of Medicine Children’s Foundation Tanzania, Centre of Excellence (COE) in Mbeya: cross-sectional study. BMC Pediatrics [Internet]. 2015 [cited 2018 Jan 13];15:81. Available from: https://www.springermedizin.de/determinants-and-processes-of-hiv-status-disclosure-to-hiv-infec/9746990
https://www.springermedizin.de/determina...
-2626 Heeren GA, Jemmott JB 3rd, Sidloyi L, Ngwane Z. Disclosure of HIV diagnosis to HIV-infected children is South Africa: focus groups for intervention development. Vulnerable Child Youth Stud [Internet]. 2012 [cited 2017 Dec 12];7(1):47-54. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22468145
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2246...
,3333 Boon-Yasidhi V, Kottapat U, Durier Y, Plipat N, Phongsamart W, Chokephaibulkit K, et al. Diagnosis disclosure in HIV-infected Thai children. J Med Assoc Thai [Internet]. 2005 [cited 2018 Jan 26];88(8):S100-5. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16858851
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1685...
,3939 Muñoz Sastre MT, Sorum PC, Mullet E. Lay people’s and health professionals’views about breaking bad news to children. Child Care Health Dev [Internet]. 2014 [cited 2018 Jan 26];40(1):106-14. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22928950
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2292...
). Os pais respeitarem o direito da criança de ser informada promove a comunicação(2626 Heeren GA, Jemmott JB 3rd, Sidloyi L, Ngwane Z. Disclosure of HIV diagnosis to HIV-infected children is South Africa: focus groups for intervention development. Vulnerable Child Youth Stud [Internet]. 2012 [cited 2017 Dec 12];7(1):47-54. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22468145
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2246...
,3434 Jalmsell L, Lövgren M, Kreicbergs U, Henter JI, Frost BM. Children with cancer share their views: tell the truth but leave room for hope. Acta Paediatr [Internet]. 2016 [cited 2018 Jan 16];105(9):1094-9. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27272911
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2727...
,3636 Last BF, van Veldhuizen AMH. Information about diagnosis and prognosis related to anxiety and depression in children with cancer aged 8-16 years. EJC. 1996;32(2):290-4. Available from: doi: 10.1016/0959-8049(95)00576-5
https://doi.org/10.1016/0959-8049(95)005...
), além de motivações como preservar a confiança e a aceitação da doença e do tratamento(3333 Boon-Yasidhi V, Kottapat U, Durier Y, Plipat N, Phongsamart W, Chokephaibulkit K, et al. Diagnosis disclosure in HIV-infected Thai children. J Med Assoc Thai [Internet]. 2005 [cited 2018 Jan 26];88(8):S100-5. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16858851
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1685...
,3636 Last BF, van Veldhuizen AMH. Information about diagnosis and prognosis related to anxiety and depression in children with cancer aged 8-16 years. EJC. 1996;32(2):290-4. Available from: doi: 10.1016/0959-8049(95)00576-5
https://doi.org/10.1016/0959-8049(95)005...
,4040 Vaz LM, Eng E, Maman S, Tshikandu T, Behets F. Telling children they have HIV: lessons learned from findings of a qualitative study in Sub-Saharan Africa. AIDS Patients Care STDS [Internet]. 2010 [cited 2018 Jun 12];24(4):247-56. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20397899
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2039...
).

Emissor e Receptor

Evidenciou-se que a comunicação deve ser feita, preferencialmente, por quem acompanha a criança(3232 Afonso SBC, Mitre RMA. Noticias difíceis: sentidos atribuídos por familiares de crianças com fibrose cística. Ciên Saúde Coletiva [Internet]. 2013 [cited 2018 Jan 13];18(9):2605-13. Available from: www.scielo.br/pdf/csc/v18n9/v18n9a15.pdf
www.scielo.br/pdf/csc/v18n9/v18n9a15.pdf...
,4646 Abdelmoktader AM, Abd Elhamed KA. Egyptian mothers’ preferences regarding how physicians break bad news about their child’s disability: A structured verbal questionnaire. BMC Med Ethics [Internet]. 2012 [cited 2018 Jan 16];13:14. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22747832
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2274...
,4949 Hsiao JL, Evan EE, Zeltzer LK. Parent and child perspectives on physician communication in pediatric palliative care. Palliat Support Care [Internet]. 2007 [cited 2017 Jan 13];5(4):355-65. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18044413
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1804...
). Há um consenso de que a comunicação que compete ao médico é aquela mais técnica, como o resultado dos exames, o diagnóstico em si e o prognóstico(1313 Gilbey P. Qualitative analysis of parents’ experience with receiving the news of the detection of their child’s hearing loss. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol [Internet]. 2010 [cited 2017 Jul 16];74(3):265-70. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20042242
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2004...
,1717 Aein F, Delaram M. Giving bad news: a qualitative research exploration. Iran Red Crescent Med J [Internet]. 2014 [cited 2018 Jun 16];16(6):e8197. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4102999/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/article...
,2424 Gomes GC, Xavier DM, Mota MS, Salvador MS, Silveira RS, Barlem ELD. Dando notícias difíceis à família da criança em situação grave ou em processo de terminalidade. Rev Enferm UERJ [Internet]. 2014 [cited 2017 Jun 26];22(3):347-52. Available from: https://pesquisa.bvsalud.org/portal/resource/pt/bde-27990
https://pesquisa.bvsalud.org/portal/reso...
,3232 Afonso SBC, Mitre RMA. Noticias difíceis: sentidos atribuídos por familiares de crianças com fibrose cística. Ciên Saúde Coletiva [Internet]. 2013 [cited 2018 Jan 13];18(9):2605-13. Available from: www.scielo.br/pdf/csc/v18n9/v18n9a15.pdf
www.scielo.br/pdf/csc/v18n9/v18n9a15.pdf...
,4646 Abdelmoktader AM, Abd Elhamed KA. Egyptian mothers’ preferences regarding how physicians break bad news about their child’s disability: A structured verbal questionnaire. BMC Med Ethics [Internet]. 2012 [cited 2018 Jan 16];13:14. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22747832
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2274...
,4848 Meert KL, Eggly S, Pollack M, Anand KJS, Zimmerman J, Carcillo J, et al. Parents’s perspectives on physician-parent communication near the time of a child’s death in the pediatric intensive care unit. Pediatr Crit Care Med [Internet]. 2008 [cited 2018 Jun 25];9(1):2-7. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18477906
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1847...
-4949 Hsiao JL, Evan EE, Zeltzer LK. Parent and child perspectives on physician communication in pediatric palliative care. Palliat Support Care [Internet]. 2007 [cited 2017 Jan 13];5(4):355-65. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18044413
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1804...
).

Quanto à abordagem interdisciplinar(1313 Gilbey P. Qualitative analysis of parents’ experience with receiving the news of the detection of their child’s hearing loss. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol [Internet]. 2010 [cited 2017 Jul 16];74(3):265-70. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20042242
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2004...
,1717 Aein F, Delaram M. Giving bad news: a qualitative research exploration. Iran Red Crescent Med J [Internet]. 2014 [cited 2018 Jun 16];16(6):e8197. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4102999/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/article...
-1818 Hasnat MJ, Graves P. Disclosure of developmental disability: a study of parent satisfaction and the determinants of satisfaction. J Paediatr Child Health [Internet]. 2000 [cited 2018 Jan16];36(1):32-5. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10723688
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1072...
), quando o emissor da comunicação são os outros profissionais, estes preferem não ser os primeiros a dar a má notícia. Os enfermeiros se sentem mais seguros para dialogar com familiares depois que o médico já comunicou a notícia mais difícil e os familiares estão cientes do quadro clínico. As dificuldades dos profissionais estão relacionadas com as habilidades de comunicação, de lidar com os próprios sentimentos e com os sentimentos do outro(2424 Gomes GC, Xavier DM, Mota MS, Salvador MS, Silveira RS, Barlem ELD. Dando notícias difíceis à família da criança em situação grave ou em processo de terminalidade. Rev Enferm UERJ [Internet]. 2014 [cited 2017 Jun 26];22(3):347-52. Available from: https://pesquisa.bvsalud.org/portal/resource/pt/bde-27990
https://pesquisa.bvsalud.org/portal/reso...
).

Evidenciou-se que os profissionais da equipe mantêm a comunicação com informações para que a família compreenda acerca do diagnóstico/prognóstico da criança, e orientam como proceder acerca de exames confirmatórios e/ou complementares, tratamento e acompanhamento em serviço de saúde(1313 Gilbey P. Qualitative analysis of parents’ experience with receiving the news of the detection of their child’s hearing loss. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol [Internet]. 2010 [cited 2017 Jul 16];74(3):265-70. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20042242
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2004...
,1616 Finan C, Nasr SZ, Rothwell E, Tarini BA. Primary care providers’experiences notifying parents of cystic fibrosis newborn screening results. Clin Pediatr (Phila) [Internet]. 2014 [cited 2018 Jan 16];54(1):67-75. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25104730
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2510...
,3232 Afonso SBC, Mitre RMA. Noticias difíceis: sentidos atribuídos por familiares de crianças com fibrose cística. Ciên Saúde Coletiva [Internet]. 2013 [cited 2018 Jan 13];18(9):2605-13. Available from: www.scielo.br/pdf/csc/v18n9/v18n9a15.pdf
www.scielo.br/pdf/csc/v18n9/v18n9a15.pdf...
,4848 Meert KL, Eggly S, Pollack M, Anand KJS, Zimmerman J, Carcillo J, et al. Parents’s perspectives on physician-parent communication near the time of a child’s death in the pediatric intensive care unit. Pediatr Crit Care Med [Internet]. 2008 [cited 2018 Jun 25];9(1):2-7. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18477906
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1847...
). Preferencialmente, o diagnóstico é dado aos pais das crianças(3131 Al-Abdi SY, Al-Ali EA, Daheer MH, Al-Saleh YM, Al-Qurashi KH, Al-Aamri MA. Saudi mothers’ preferences about breaking bad news concerning newborns: a structured verbal questionnaire. BMC Medical Ethics [Internet]. 2011 [cited 2018 Dec 13];12:15. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21861876
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2186...
,4949 Hsiao JL, Evan EE, Zeltzer LK. Parent and child perspectives on physician communication in pediatric palliative care. Palliat Support Care [Internet]. 2007 [cited 2017 Jan 13];5(4):355-65. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18044413
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1804...
) quando estão acompanhados de uma pessoa de apoio(1313 Gilbey P. Qualitative analysis of parents’ experience with receiving the news of the detection of their child’s hearing loss. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol [Internet]. 2010 [cited 2017 Jul 16];74(3):265-70. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20042242
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2004...
,3131 Al-Abdi SY, Al-Ali EA, Daheer MH, Al-Saleh YM, Al-Qurashi KH, Al-Aamri MA. Saudi mothers’ preferences about breaking bad news concerning newborns: a structured verbal questionnaire. BMC Medical Ethics [Internet]. 2011 [cited 2018 Dec 13];12:15. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21861876
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2186...
,4646 Abdelmoktader AM, Abd Elhamed KA. Egyptian mothers’ preferences regarding how physicians break bad news about their child’s disability: A structured verbal questionnaire. BMC Med Ethics [Internet]. 2012 [cited 2018 Jan 16];13:14. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22747832
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2274...
). Após, se os pais desejarem, é comunicado ao restante da família, podendo solicitar apoio dos profissionais(1717 Aein F, Delaram M. Giving bad news: a qualitative research exploration. Iran Red Crescent Med J [Internet]. 2014 [cited 2018 Jun 16];16(6):e8197. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4102999/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/article...
).

Quando a má notícia precisa ser comunicada para a própria criança, quem deve contar é a família, preferencialmente pelos pais juntos(1515 Stenmarker M, Hallberg U, Palmérus K, Márky I. Being a messenger of life-threatening conditions: experiences of pediatric oncologists. Pediatr Blood Cancer [Internet]. 2010 [cited 2017 Jun 18];55(3):478-84. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20658619
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2065...
,1717 Aein F, Delaram M. Giving bad news: a qualitative research exploration. Iran Red Crescent Med J [Internet]. 2014 [cited 2018 Jun 16];16(6):e8197. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4102999/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/article...
,2222 Ablon J. Parents’ responses to their child’s diagnosis of neurofibromatosis 1. Am J Med Genet [Internet]. 2000 [cited 2018 Jan 23];93(2):136-42. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10869117
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1086...
,2525 Nzota MS, Matovu JKB, Draper HR, Kisa R, Kiwanuka SN. Determinats and processo f HIV status disclosure to HIV-infected children aged 4 to 17 years receiving HIV care services at Baylor College of Medicine Children’s Foundation Tanzania, Centre of Excellence (COE) in Mbeya: cross-sectional study. BMC Pediatrics [Internet]. 2015 [cited 2018 Jan 13];15:81. Available from: https://www.springermedizin.de/determinants-and-processes-of-hiv-status-disclosure-to-hiv-infec/9746990
https://www.springermedizin.de/determina...

26 Heeren GA, Jemmott JB 3rd, Sidloyi L, Ngwane Z. Disclosure of HIV diagnosis to HIV-infected children is South Africa: focus groups for intervention development. Vulnerable Child Youth Stud [Internet]. 2012 [cited 2017 Dec 12];7(1):47-54. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22468145
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2246...

27 Clarke SA, Davies H, Jenney M, Glaser A, Eiser C. Parental communication and children’s behaviour following diagnosis of childhood leukaemia. Psycho-Oncol [Internet]. 2005 [cited 2018 Jul 13]14(4):274-81. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15386768
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1538...

28 Badarau DO, De Clercq E, Wangmo T, Dragomir M, Miron I, Kühne T, et al. Cancer care in Romania: challenges and pitfalls of children’s and a adolescent’s multifaceted involvement. J Med Ethics [Internet]. 2016 [cited 2018 Jan 13];42(12):757-61. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27697792
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2769...

29 Goodwin J, Schoch K, Shashi V, Hooper SR, Morad O, Zalevsky M, et al. A tale worth telling: the impacto f the diagnosis experience on disclosure of genetic disorders. J Intellect Disabil Res [Internet]. 2015 [cited 2018 Jan 18];59(5):474-86. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25059276
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2505...
-3030 Arabiat DH, Alqaissi NM, Hamdan-Mansour AM. Children’s knowledge of cancer diagnosis and treatment: jordanian mothers’ perceptions and satisfaction with the process. Int Nurs Rev [Internet]. 2011 [cited 2018 Jun 13];58(4):443-9. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22092322
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2209...
,3333 Boon-Yasidhi V, Kottapat U, Durier Y, Plipat N, Phongsamart W, Chokephaibulkit K, et al. Diagnosis disclosure in HIV-infected Thai children. J Med Assoc Thai [Internet]. 2005 [cited 2018 Jan 26];88(8):S100-5. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16858851
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1685...
,3535 Trejos AM, Reyes L, Bahamon MJ, Alarcón Y, Gaviria G. Effects in the adherence treatment and psychological adjustment after the disclosure of HIV/AIDS diagnosis with the "DIRE" clinical model in Colombian children under 17. Rev Child Infectol. 2015;32(4):408-15. doi: 10.4067/S0716-10182015000500007
https://doi.org/10.4067/S0716-1018201500...

36 Last BF, van Veldhuizen AMH. Information about diagnosis and prognosis related to anxiety and depression in children with cancer aged 8-16 years. EJC. 1996;32(2):290-4. Available from: doi: 10.1016/0959-8049(95)00576-5
https://doi.org/10.1016/0959-8049(95)005...

37 Waxler JL, Cherniske EM, Dieter K, Herd P, Pober BR. Hearing from parents: the impacto f receiving the diagnosis of Williams syndrome in their child. Am J Med Genet A [Internet]. 2013 [cited 2018 Jan 19];161A(3):534-41. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23401422
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2340...
-3838 Thorne C, Newell ML, Peckham CS. Disclosure of diagnosis and planning for the future in HIV-affected families in Europe. Child Care Health Dev. 2000;26(1):29-40. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2214.2000.00128.x
https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2214.2000...
,4040 Vaz LM, Eng E, Maman S, Tshikandu T, Behets F. Telling children they have HIV: lessons learned from findings of a qualitative study in Sub-Saharan Africa. AIDS Patients Care STDS [Internet]. 2010 [cited 2018 Jun 12];24(4):247-56. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20397899
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2039...
,4949 Hsiao JL, Evan EE, Zeltzer LK. Parent and child perspectives on physician communication in pediatric palliative care. Palliat Support Care [Internet]. 2007 [cited 2017 Jan 13];5(4):355-65. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18044413
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1804...
-5050 Bartolo PA. Communicating a diagnosis of developmental disability to parents: multiprofessional negotiation frameworks. Child Care Health Dev [Internet]. 2002 [cited 2017 Jan 15];28(1):65-71. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11856189
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1185...
), com apoio dos profissionais(1515 Stenmarker M, Hallberg U, Palmérus K, Márky I. Being a messenger of life-threatening conditions: experiences of pediatric oncologists. Pediatr Blood Cancer [Internet]. 2010 [cited 2017 Jun 18];55(3):478-84. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20658619
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2065...
,1717 Aein F, Delaram M. Giving bad news: a qualitative research exploration. Iran Red Crescent Med J [Internet]. 2014 [cited 2018 Jun 16];16(6):e8197. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4102999/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/article...
,2525 Nzota MS, Matovu JKB, Draper HR, Kisa R, Kiwanuka SN. Determinats and processo f HIV status disclosure to HIV-infected children aged 4 to 17 years receiving HIV care services at Baylor College of Medicine Children’s Foundation Tanzania, Centre of Excellence (COE) in Mbeya: cross-sectional study. BMC Pediatrics [Internet]. 2015 [cited 2018 Jan 13];15:81. Available from: https://www.springermedizin.de/determinants-and-processes-of-hiv-status-disclosure-to-hiv-infec/9746990
https://www.springermedizin.de/determina...
-2626 Heeren GA, Jemmott JB 3rd, Sidloyi L, Ngwane Z. Disclosure of HIV diagnosis to HIV-infected children is South Africa: focus groups for intervention development. Vulnerable Child Youth Stud [Internet]. 2012 [cited 2017 Dec 12];7(1):47-54. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22468145
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2246...
,2828 Badarau DO, De Clercq E, Wangmo T, Dragomir M, Miron I, Kühne T, et al. Cancer care in Romania: challenges and pitfalls of children’s and a adolescent’s multifaceted involvement. J Med Ethics [Internet]. 2016 [cited 2018 Jan 13];42(12):757-61. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27697792
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2769...
,3333 Boon-Yasidhi V, Kottapat U, Durier Y, Plipat N, Phongsamart W, Chokephaibulkit K, et al. Diagnosis disclosure in HIV-infected Thai children. J Med Assoc Thai [Internet]. 2005 [cited 2018 Jan 26];88(8):S100-5. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16858851
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1685...
,3838 Thorne C, Newell ML, Peckham CS. Disclosure of diagnosis and planning for the future in HIV-affected families in Europe. Child Care Health Dev. 2000;26(1):29-40. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2214.2000.00128.x
https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2214.2000...
,4949 Hsiao JL, Evan EE, Zeltzer LK. Parent and child perspectives on physician communication in pediatric palliative care. Palliat Support Care [Internet]. 2007 [cited 2017 Jan 13];5(4):355-65. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18044413
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1804...
-5050 Bartolo PA. Communicating a diagnosis of developmental disability to parents: multiprofessional negotiation frameworks. Child Care Health Dev [Internet]. 2002 [cited 2017 Jan 15];28(1):65-71. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11856189
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1185...
). Estudos mostraram que os pais conversaram com a criança, especialmente as mães, depois que profissional já havia feito isso com criança(4040 Vaz LM, Eng E, Maman S, Tshikandu T, Behets F. Telling children they have HIV: lessons learned from findings of a qualitative study in Sub-Saharan Africa. AIDS Patients Care STDS [Internet]. 2010 [cited 2018 Jun 12];24(4):247-56. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20397899
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2039...
), e incluíram outros membros significativos das famílias, aqueles que conheciam o diagnóstico e que participavam dos cuidados da criança, a exemplo da avó materna(4545 Havermans T, Tack J, Vertommen A, Proesmans M, de Boeck K. Breaking bad news, the diagnosis of cystic fibrosis in childhood. J Cyst Fibros [Internet]. 2015 [cited 2018 Jun 16];14(4):540-6. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25563520
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2556...
). Por vezes, a família solicitou subsídios para o profissional, tendo em vista da necessidade de respostas para as perguntas das crianças, ou para se preparar para dar a notícia(2525 Nzota MS, Matovu JKB, Draper HR, Kisa R, Kiwanuka SN. Determinats and processo f HIV status disclosure to HIV-infected children aged 4 to 17 years receiving HIV care services at Baylor College of Medicine Children’s Foundation Tanzania, Centre of Excellence (COE) in Mbeya: cross-sectional study. BMC Pediatrics [Internet]. 2015 [cited 2018 Jan 13];15:81. Available from: https://www.springermedizin.de/determinants-and-processes-of-hiv-status-disclosure-to-hiv-infec/9746990
https://www.springermedizin.de/determina...
,4545 Havermans T, Tack J, Vertommen A, Proesmans M, de Boeck K. Breaking bad news, the diagnosis of cystic fibrosis in childhood. J Cyst Fibros [Internet]. 2015 [cited 2018 Jun 16];14(4):540-6. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25563520
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2556...
).

Quando a criança e a família recebem a notícia ao mesmo tempo, têm a possibilidade de se apoiarem(3434 Jalmsell L, Lövgren M, Kreicbergs U, Henter JI, Frost BM. Children with cancer share their views: tell the truth but leave room for hope. Acta Paediatr [Internet]. 2016 [cited 2018 Jan 16];105(9):1094-9. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27272911
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2727...
,4747 Young B, Ward J, Salmon P, Gravenhorst K, Hill J, Eden T. Parents’ experiences of their children’s presence in discussions with physicians about leukemia. Pediatr [Internet]. 2011 [cited 2018 Jun 25];127(5):1230-8. Available from: pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/127/5/e1230
pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/1...
,4949 Hsiao JL, Evan EE, Zeltzer LK. Parent and child perspectives on physician communication in pediatric palliative care. Palliat Support Care [Internet]. 2007 [cited 2017 Jan 13];5(4):355-65. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18044413
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1804...
). As crianças têm a expectativa de receber a notícia na presença dos pais(3434 Jalmsell L, Lövgren M, Kreicbergs U, Henter JI, Frost BM. Children with cancer share their views: tell the truth but leave room for hope. Acta Paediatr [Internet]. 2016 [cited 2018 Jan 16];105(9):1094-9. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27272911
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2727...
), já os pais preferem receber primeiro a notícia para filtrar as informações para a criança(3030 Arabiat DH, Alqaissi NM, Hamdan-Mansour AM. Children’s knowledge of cancer diagnosis and treatment: jordanian mothers’ perceptions and satisfaction with the process. Int Nurs Rev [Internet]. 2011 [cited 2018 Jun 13];58(4):443-9. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22092322
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2209...
,4949 Hsiao JL, Evan EE, Zeltzer LK. Parent and child perspectives on physician communication in pediatric palliative care. Palliat Support Care [Internet]. 2007 [cited 2017 Jan 13];5(4):355-65. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18044413
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1804...
).

Mensagem

Quanto à mensagem, ou seja, algo a transmitir, os diagnósticos foram identificados como câncer(1212 Parsons SK, Saiki-Craighill S, Mayer DK, Sullivan AM, Jeruss S, Terrin N, et al. Telling children and adolescent about their cancer diagnosis: cross-cultural comparisons between pediatric oncologists in the US and Japan. Psycho-Oncol[Internet]. 2007 [cited 2018 Jan 10];16(1):60-8. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16874746
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1687...
-1313 Gilbey P. Qualitative analysis of parents’ experience with receiving the news of the detection of their child’s hearing loss. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol [Internet]. 2010 [cited 2017 Jul 16];74(3):265-70. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20042242
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2004...
,1515 Stenmarker M, Hallberg U, Palmérus K, Márky I. Being a messenger of life-threatening conditions: experiences of pediatric oncologists. Pediatr Blood Cancer [Internet]. 2010 [cited 2017 Jun 18];55(3):478-84. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20658619
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2065...
,1717 Aein F, Delaram M. Giving bad news: a qualitative research exploration. Iran Red Crescent Med J [Internet]. 2014 [cited 2018 Jun 16];16(6):e8197. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4102999/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/article...
,1919 Parker TM, Johnston DL. Parental perceptions of being told their child has cancer. Pediatr Blood Cancer [Internet]. 2008 [cited 2017 Jan 26];51(4):531-4. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18623217
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1862...
,2121 Eden OB, Black I, MacKinlay GA, Emery AE. Communication with parents of children with cancer. Palliat Med [Internet]. 1994 [cited 2018 Jul 22];8(2):105-14. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8081551
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8081...
,2727 Clarke SA, Davies H, Jenney M, Glaser A, Eiser C. Parental communication and children’s behaviour following diagnosis of childhood leukaemia. Psycho-Oncol [Internet]. 2005 [cited 2018 Jul 13]14(4):274-81. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15386768
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1538...
-2828 Badarau DO, De Clercq E, Wangmo T, Dragomir M, Miron I, Kühne T, et al. Cancer care in Romania: challenges and pitfalls of children’s and a adolescent’s multifaceted involvement. J Med Ethics [Internet]. 2016 [cited 2018 Jan 13];42(12):757-61. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27697792
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2769...
,3030 Arabiat DH, Alqaissi NM, Hamdan-Mansour AM. Children’s knowledge of cancer diagnosis and treatment: jordanian mothers’ perceptions and satisfaction with the process. Int Nurs Rev [Internet]. 2011 [cited 2018 Jun 13];58(4):443-9. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22092322
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2209...
,3434 Jalmsell L, Lövgren M, Kreicbergs U, Henter JI, Frost BM. Children with cancer share their views: tell the truth but leave room for hope. Acta Paediatr [Internet]. 2016 [cited 2018 Jan 16];105(9):1094-9. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27272911
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2727...
,3636 Last BF, van Veldhuizen AMH. Information about diagnosis and prognosis related to anxiety and depression in children with cancer aged 8-16 years. EJC. 1996;32(2):290-4. Available from: doi: 10.1016/0959-8049(95)00576-5
https://doi.org/10.1016/0959-8049(95)005...
,4444 Mack JW, Wolfe J, Grier HE, Cleary PD, Weeks JC. Communication about prognosis between parents and physicians of children with cancer: parents preferences and the impact of prognostic information. J Clin Oncol [Internet]. 2006 [cited 2017 Jun 26];24(33):5265-70. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17114660
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1711...
,4747 Young B, Ward J, Salmon P, Gravenhorst K, Hill J, Eden T. Parents’ experiences of their children’s presence in discussions with physicians about leukemia. Pediatr [Internet]. 2011 [cited 2018 Jun 25];127(5):1230-8. Available from: pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/127/5/e1230
pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/1...
), HIV(2020 Rujumba J1, Mbasaalaki-Mwaka CL, Ndeezi G. Challenges faced by health workers in providing counselling services to HIV-positive children in Uganda: a descriptive study. J Int AIDS Soc [Internet]. 2010 [cited 2017 Jan 22];13:9. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20205937
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2020...
,2323 Phuma-Ngaiyaye EE, Dartey AF. Experiences of children living with HIV and AIDS following their diagnosis disclosure in Mzuzu, Malawi. Vulnerable Child Youth Stud. 2015;10(4):357-65. doi: 10.1080/17450128.2015.1083639
https://doi.org/10.1080/17450128.2015.10...
,2525 Nzota MS, Matovu JKB, Draper HR, Kisa R, Kiwanuka SN. Determinats and processo f HIV status disclosure to HIV-infected children aged 4 to 17 years receiving HIV care services at Baylor College of Medicine Children’s Foundation Tanzania, Centre of Excellence (COE) in Mbeya: cross-sectional study. BMC Pediatrics [Internet]. 2015 [cited 2018 Jan 13];15:81. Available from: https://www.springermedizin.de/determinants-and-processes-of-hiv-status-disclosure-to-hiv-infec/9746990
https://www.springermedizin.de/determina...
-2626 Heeren GA, Jemmott JB 3rd, Sidloyi L, Ngwane Z. Disclosure of HIV diagnosis to HIV-infected children is South Africa: focus groups for intervention development. Vulnerable Child Youth Stud [Internet]. 2012 [cited 2017 Dec 12];7(1):47-54. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22468145
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2246...
,3333 Boon-Yasidhi V, Kottapat U, Durier Y, Plipat N, Phongsamart W, Chokephaibulkit K, et al. Diagnosis disclosure in HIV-infected Thai children. J Med Assoc Thai [Internet]. 2005 [cited 2018 Jan 26];88(8):S100-5. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16858851
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1685...
,3535 Trejos AM, Reyes L, Bahamon MJ, Alarcón Y, Gaviria G. Effects in the adherence treatment and psychological adjustment after the disclosure of HIV/AIDS diagnosis with the "DIRE" clinical model in Colombian children under 17. Rev Child Infectol. 2015;32(4):408-15. doi: 10.4067/S0716-10182015000500007
https://doi.org/10.4067/S0716-1018201500...
,3838 Thorne C, Newell ML, Peckham CS. Disclosure of diagnosis and planning for the future in HIV-affected families in Europe. Child Care Health Dev. 2000;26(1):29-40. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2214.2000.00128.x
https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2214.2000...
,4040 Vaz LM, Eng E, Maman S, Tshikandu T, Behets F. Telling children they have HIV: lessons learned from findings of a qualitative study in Sub-Saharan Africa. AIDS Patients Care STDS [Internet]. 2010 [cited 2018 Jun 12];24(4):247-56. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20397899
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2039...
), alteração genética(1414 Hill V, Sahhar M, Aitken M, Savarirayan R, Metcalfe S. Experiences at the time of diagnosis of parents who have a child with a bone dysplasia resulting in short stature. Am J Med Genet A [Internet]. 2003 [cited 2018 Jun 15];122A(2):100-7. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12955760
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1295...
,2222 Ablon J. Parents’ responses to their child’s diagnosis of neurofibromatosis 1. Am J Med Genet [Internet]. 2000 [cited 2018 Jan 23];93(2):136-42. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10869117
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1086...
,2929 Goodwin J, Schoch K, Shashi V, Hooper SR, Morad O, Zalevsky M, et al. A tale worth telling: the impacto f the diagnosis experience on disclosure of genetic disorders. J Intellect Disabil Res [Internet]. 2015 [cited 2018 Jan 18];59(5):474-86. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25059276
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2505...
,3131 Al-Abdi SY, Al-Ali EA, Daheer MH, Al-Saleh YM, Al-Qurashi KH, Al-Aamri MA. Saudi mothers’ preferences about breaking bad news concerning newborns: a structured verbal questionnaire. BMC Medical Ethics [Internet]. 2011 [cited 2018 Dec 13];12:15. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21861876
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2186...
,3737 Waxler JL, Cherniske EM, Dieter K, Herd P, Pober BR. Hearing from parents: the impacto f receiving the diagnosis of Williams syndrome in their child. Am J Med Genet A [Internet]. 2013 [cited 2018 Jan 19];161A(3):534-41. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23401422
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2340...
,4646 Abdelmoktader AM, Abd Elhamed KA. Egyptian mothers’ preferences regarding how physicians break bad news about their child’s disability: A structured verbal questionnaire. BMC Med Ethics [Internet]. 2012 [cited 2018 Jan 16];13:14. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22747832
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2274...
), fibrose cística(1616 Finan C, Nasr SZ, Rothwell E, Tarini BA. Primary care providers’experiences notifying parents of cystic fibrosis newborn screening results. Clin Pediatr (Phila) [Internet]. 2014 [cited 2018 Jan 16];54(1):67-75. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25104730
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2510...
,3232 Afonso SBC, Mitre RMA. Noticias difíceis: sentidos atribuídos por familiares de crianças com fibrose cística. Ciên Saúde Coletiva [Internet]. 2013 [cited 2018 Jan 13];18(9):2605-13. Available from: www.scielo.br/pdf/csc/v18n9/v18n9a15.pdf
www.scielo.br/pdf/csc/v18n9/v18n9a15.pdf...
,4545 Havermans T, Tack J, Vertommen A, Proesmans M, de Boeck K. Breaking bad news, the diagnosis of cystic fibrosis in childhood. J Cyst Fibros [Internet]. 2015 [cited 2018 Jun 16];14(4):540-6. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25563520
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2556...
), deficiências (física, intelectual, sensorial ou autismo)(1313 Gilbey P. Qualitative analysis of parents’ experience with receiving the news of the detection of their child’s hearing loss. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol [Internet]. 2010 [cited 2017 Jul 16];74(3):265-70. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20042242
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2004...
,1818 Hasnat MJ, Graves P. Disclosure of developmental disability: a study of parent satisfaction and the determinants of satisfaction. J Paediatr Child Health [Internet]. 2000 [cited 2018 Jan16];36(1):32-5. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10723688
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1072...
,4242 Abbott M, Bernard P, Forge J. Communicating a diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder-a qualitative study of parents’ experiences. Clin Child Psychol Psychiatr [Internet]. 2012 [cited 2018 Jan 26];18(3):370-82. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22904114
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2290...
,4343 Harnett A, Tierney E, Guerin S. Convention of hope-communicating positive, realistic messages to families at the time of a child’s diagnosis with disabilities. British J Learn Disabil. 2009;37:257-64. doi: 10.1111/j.1468-3156.2009.00580.x
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-3156.2009...
,5050 Bartolo PA. Communicating a diagnosis of developmental disability to parents: multiprofessional negotiation frameworks. Child Care Health Dev [Internet]. 2002 [cited 2017 Jan 15];28(1):65-71. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11856189
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1185...
) e condições cardíacas(4141 Orioles A, Miller VA, Kersun LS, Ingram M, Morrison WE. “To be a phenomenal doctor you have to be the whole package”: physicians’ interpersonal behaviors during difficult conversations in pediatrics. J Palliat Med [Internet]. 2013 [cited 2018 Jun 12];16(8):929-33. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23808643
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2380...
,4949 Hsiao JL, Evan EE, Zeltzer LK. Parent and child perspectives on physician communication in pediatric palliative care. Palliat Support Care [Internet]. 2007 [cited 2017 Jan 13];5(4):355-65. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18044413
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1804...
), renais(4141 Orioles A, Miller VA, Kersun LS, Ingram M, Morrison WE. “To be a phenomenal doctor you have to be the whole package”: physicians’ interpersonal behaviors during difficult conversations in pediatrics. J Palliat Med [Internet]. 2013 [cited 2018 Jun 12];16(8):929-33. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23808643
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2380...
) e neurológicas(4141 Orioles A, Miller VA, Kersun LS, Ingram M, Morrison WE. “To be a phenomenal doctor you have to be the whole package”: physicians’ interpersonal behaviors during difficult conversations in pediatrics. J Palliat Med [Internet]. 2013 [cited 2018 Jun 12];16(8):929-33. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23808643
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2380...
). Dentre os prognósticos, predominou a terminalidade(2424 Gomes GC, Xavier DM, Mota MS, Salvador MS, Silveira RS, Barlem ELD. Dando notícias difíceis à família da criança em situação grave ou em processo de terminalidade. Rev Enferm UERJ [Internet]. 2014 [cited 2017 Jun 26];22(3):347-52. Available from: https://pesquisa.bvsalud.org/portal/resource/pt/bde-27990
https://pesquisa.bvsalud.org/portal/reso...
-2525 Nzota MS, Matovu JKB, Draper HR, Kisa R, Kiwanuka SN. Determinats and processo f HIV status disclosure to HIV-infected children aged 4 to 17 years receiving HIV care services at Baylor College of Medicine Children’s Foundation Tanzania, Centre of Excellence (COE) in Mbeya: cross-sectional study. BMC Pediatrics [Internet]. 2015 [cited 2018 Jan 13];15:81. Available from: https://www.springermedizin.de/determinants-and-processes-of-hiv-status-disclosure-to-hiv-infec/9746990
https://www.springermedizin.de/determina...
,3939 Muñoz Sastre MT, Sorum PC, Mullet E. Lay people’s and health professionals’views about breaking bad news to children. Child Care Health Dev [Internet]. 2014 [cited 2018 Jan 26];40(1):106-14. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22928950
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2292...
,4848 Meert KL, Eggly S, Pollack M, Anand KJS, Zimmerman J, Carcillo J, et al. Parents’s perspectives on physician-parent communication near the time of a child’s death in the pediatric intensive care unit. Pediatr Crit Care Med [Internet]. 2008 [cited 2018 Jun 25];9(1):2-7. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18477906
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1847...
). A comunicação deve ser honesta, o que foi evidenciado como considerar as particularidades da criança e sua família e dizer de maneira clara aos familiares o estado de saúde da criança, sem mentir ou omitir informações acerca do diagnóstico(1111 Afonso SBC, Minayo MCS. Relações entre oncohematopediatras, mães e crianças na comunicação de notícias difíceis. Ciên Saúde Coletiva [Internet]. 2017 [cited 2018 Jun 28];22(1):53-62. Available from: www.scielo.br/pdf/csc/v22n1/1413-8123-csc-22-01-0053.pdf
www.scielo.br/pdf/csc/v22n1/1413-8123-cs...
,1717 Aein F, Delaram M. Giving bad news: a qualitative research exploration. Iran Red Crescent Med J [Internet]. 2014 [cited 2018 Jun 16];16(6):e8197. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4102999/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/article...
,3434 Jalmsell L, Lövgren M, Kreicbergs U, Henter JI, Frost BM. Children with cancer share their views: tell the truth but leave room for hope. Acta Paediatr [Internet]. 2016 [cited 2018 Jan 16];105(9):1094-9. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27272911
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2727...
,4343 Harnett A, Tierney E, Guerin S. Convention of hope-communicating positive, realistic messages to families at the time of a child’s diagnosis with disabilities. British J Learn Disabil. 2009;37:257-64. doi: 10.1111/j.1468-3156.2009.00580.x
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-3156.2009...
,4747 Young B, Ward J, Salmon P, Gravenhorst K, Hill J, Eden T. Parents’ experiences of their children’s presence in discussions with physicians about leukemia. Pediatr [Internet]. 2011 [cited 2018 Jun 25];127(5):1230-8. Available from: pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/127/5/e1230
pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/1...
-4848 Meert KL, Eggly S, Pollack M, Anand KJS, Zimmerman J, Carcillo J, et al. Parents’s perspectives on physician-parent communication near the time of a child’s death in the pediatric intensive care unit. Pediatr Crit Care Med [Internet]. 2008 [cited 2018 Jun 25];9(1):2-7. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18477906
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1847...
,5050 Bartolo PA. Communicating a diagnosis of developmental disability to parents: multiprofessional negotiation frameworks. Child Care Health Dev [Internet]. 2002 [cited 2017 Jan 15];28(1):65-71. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11856189
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1185...
). A mensagem comunicada de maneira objetiva ou direta deve conter todas as informações para compreensão do diagnóstico da criança, utilizando-se de uma linguagem clara e evitando terminologia científica(1111 Afonso SBC, Minayo MCS. Relações entre oncohematopediatras, mães e crianças na comunicação de notícias difíceis. Ciên Saúde Coletiva [Internet]. 2017 [cited 2018 Jun 28];22(1):53-62. Available from: www.scielo.br/pdf/csc/v22n1/1413-8123-csc-22-01-0053.pdf
www.scielo.br/pdf/csc/v22n1/1413-8123-cs...
,2525 Nzota MS, Matovu JKB, Draper HR, Kisa R, Kiwanuka SN. Determinats and processo f HIV status disclosure to HIV-infected children aged 4 to 17 years receiving HIV care services at Baylor College of Medicine Children’s Foundation Tanzania, Centre of Excellence (COE) in Mbeya: cross-sectional study. BMC Pediatrics [Internet]. 2015 [cited 2018 Jan 13];15:81. Available from: https://www.springermedizin.de/determinants-and-processes-of-hiv-status-disclosure-to-hiv-infec/9746990
https://www.springermedizin.de/determina...
,3232 Afonso SBC, Mitre RMA. Noticias difíceis: sentidos atribuídos por familiares de crianças com fibrose cística. Ciên Saúde Coletiva [Internet]. 2013 [cited 2018 Jan 13];18(9):2605-13. Available from: www.scielo.br/pdf/csc/v18n9/v18n9a15.pdf
www.scielo.br/pdf/csc/v18n9/v18n9a15.pdf...
,4242 Abbott M, Bernard P, Forge J. Communicating a diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder-a qualitative study of parents’ experiences. Clin Child Psychol Psychiatr [Internet]. 2012 [cited 2018 Jan 26];18(3):370-82. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22904114
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2290...
,4646 Abdelmoktader AM, Abd Elhamed KA. Egyptian mothers’ preferences regarding how physicians break bad news about their child’s disability: A structured verbal questionnaire. BMC Med Ethics [Internet]. 2012 [cited 2018 Jan 16];13:14. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22747832
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2274...
,4949 Hsiao JL, Evan EE, Zeltzer LK. Parent and child perspectives on physician communication in pediatric palliative care. Palliat Support Care [Internet]. 2007 [cited 2017 Jan 13];5(4):355-65. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18044413
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1804...
).

Destaca-se que a empatia inclui estar preparado para ouvir, abordar o assunto com calma, ter sensibilidade ao comunicar a má notícia, proporcionar conforto, consolo e confiança, desenvolver vínculo e considerar os sentimentos, preocupações e consequências(1313 Gilbey P. Qualitative analysis of parents’ experience with receiving the news of the detection of their child’s hearing loss. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol [Internet]. 2010 [cited 2017 Jul 16];74(3):265-70. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20042242
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2004...
,1515 Stenmarker M, Hallberg U, Palmérus K, Márky I. Being a messenger of life-threatening conditions: experiences of pediatric oncologists. Pediatr Blood Cancer [Internet]. 2010 [cited 2017 Jun 18];55(3):478-84. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20658619
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2065...
,1717 Aein F, Delaram M. Giving bad news: a qualitative research exploration. Iran Red Crescent Med J [Internet]. 2014 [cited 2018 Jun 16];16(6):e8197. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4102999/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/article...
,2323 Phuma-Ngaiyaye EE, Dartey AF. Experiences of children living with HIV and AIDS following their diagnosis disclosure in Mzuzu, Malawi. Vulnerable Child Youth Stud. 2015;10(4):357-65. doi: 10.1080/17450128.2015.1083639
https://doi.org/10.1080/17450128.2015.10...
,3232 Afonso SBC, Mitre RMA. Noticias difíceis: sentidos atribuídos por familiares de crianças com fibrose cística. Ciên Saúde Coletiva [Internet]. 2013 [cited 2018 Jan 13];18(9):2605-13. Available from: www.scielo.br/pdf/csc/v18n9/v18n9a15.pdf
www.scielo.br/pdf/csc/v18n9/v18n9a15.pdf...
,4141 Orioles A, Miller VA, Kersun LS, Ingram M, Morrison WE. “To be a phenomenal doctor you have to be the whole package”: physicians’ interpersonal behaviors during difficult conversations in pediatrics. J Palliat Med [Internet]. 2013 [cited 2018 Jun 12];16(8):929-33. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23808643
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2380...
,4444 Mack JW, Wolfe J, Grier HE, Cleary PD, Weeks JC. Communication about prognosis between parents and physicians of children with cancer: parents preferences and the impact of prognostic information. J Clin Oncol [Internet]. 2006 [cited 2017 Jun 26];24(33):5265-70. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17114660
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1711...

45 Havermans T, Tack J, Vertommen A, Proesmans M, de Boeck K. Breaking bad news, the diagnosis of cystic fibrosis in childhood. J Cyst Fibros [Internet]. 2015 [cited 2018 Jun 16];14(4):540-6. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25563520
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2556...
-4646 Abdelmoktader AM, Abd Elhamed KA. Egyptian mothers’ preferences regarding how physicians break bad news about their child’s disability: A structured verbal questionnaire. BMC Med Ethics [Internet]. 2012 [cited 2018 Jan 16];13:14. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22747832
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2274...
,4949 Hsiao JL, Evan EE, Zeltzer LK. Parent and child perspectives on physician communication in pediatric palliative care. Palliat Support Care [Internet]. 2007 [cited 2017 Jan 13];5(4):355-65. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18044413
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1804...
-5050 Bartolo PA. Communicating a diagnosis of developmental disability to parents: multiprofessional negotiation frameworks. Child Care Health Dev [Internet]. 2002 [cited 2017 Jan 15];28(1):65-71. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11856189
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1185...
). Os familiares valorizam a linguagem não verbal e a associam com a confiança no profissional, manifestada por contato visual, tom de voz e expressões faciais(4141 Orioles A, Miller VA, Kersun LS, Ingram M, Morrison WE. “To be a phenomenal doctor you have to be the whole package”: physicians’ interpersonal behaviors during difficult conversations in pediatrics. J Palliat Med [Internet]. 2013 [cited 2018 Jun 12];16(8):929-33. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23808643
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2380...
,4848 Meert KL, Eggly S, Pollack M, Anand KJS, Zimmerman J, Carcillo J, et al. Parents’s perspectives on physician-parent communication near the time of a child’s death in the pediatric intensive care unit. Pediatr Crit Care Med [Internet]. 2008 [cited 2018 Jun 25];9(1):2-7. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18477906
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1847...
).

Os pais(4444 Mack JW, Wolfe J, Grier HE, Cleary PD, Weeks JC. Communication about prognosis between parents and physicians of children with cancer: parents preferences and the impact of prognostic information. J Clin Oncol [Internet]. 2006 [cited 2017 Jun 26];24(33):5265-70. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17114660
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1711...
,5050 Bartolo PA. Communicating a diagnosis of developmental disability to parents: multiprofessional negotiation frameworks. Child Care Health Dev [Internet]. 2002 [cited 2017 Jan 15];28(1):65-71. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11856189
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1185...
) e as crianças(3434 Jalmsell L, Lövgren M, Kreicbergs U, Henter JI, Frost BM. Children with cancer share their views: tell the truth but leave room for hope. Acta Paediatr [Internet]. 2016 [cited 2018 Jan 16];105(9):1094-9. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27272911
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2727...
) valorizam conhecer o prognóstico com uma perspectiva de esperança, desde que verdadeira(4343 Harnett A, Tierney E, Guerin S. Convention of hope-communicating positive, realistic messages to families at the time of a child’s diagnosis with disabilities. British J Learn Disabil. 2009;37:257-64. doi: 10.1111/j.1468-3156.2009.00580.x
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-3156.2009...
). Uma perspectiva pessimista, com informações e fatos dos piores casos, gera insatisfação(2222 Ablon J. Parents’ responses to their child’s diagnosis of neurofibromatosis 1. Am J Med Genet [Internet]. 2000 [cited 2018 Jan 23];93(2):136-42. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10869117
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1086...
,4343 Harnett A, Tierney E, Guerin S. Convention of hope-communicating positive, realistic messages to families at the time of a child’s diagnosis with disabilities. British J Learn Disabil. 2009;37:257-64. doi: 10.1111/j.1468-3156.2009.00580.x
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-3156.2009...
). Entretanto, a equipe considera difícil não demonstrar uma perspectiva pessimista quando se trata de recidiva(1111 Afonso SBC, Minayo MCS. Relações entre oncohematopediatras, mães e crianças na comunicação de notícias difíceis. Ciên Saúde Coletiva [Internet]. 2017 [cited 2018 Jun 28];22(1):53-62. Available from: www.scielo.br/pdf/csc/v22n1/1413-8123-csc-22-01-0053.pdf
www.scielo.br/pdf/csc/v22n1/1413-8123-cs...
).

Os pais indicam a importância de ter o profissional de saúde disponível para conversar com a família, com mais detalhes e calma(1717 Aein F, Delaram M. Giving bad news: a qualitative research exploration. Iran Red Crescent Med J [Internet]. 2014 [cited 2018 Jun 16];16(6):e8197. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4102999/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/article...
,2121 Eden OB, Black I, MacKinlay GA, Emery AE. Communication with parents of children with cancer. Palliat Med [Internet]. 1994 [cited 2018 Jul 22];8(2):105-14. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8081551
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8081...
,4141 Orioles A, Miller VA, Kersun LS, Ingram M, Morrison WE. “To be a phenomenal doctor you have to be the whole package”: physicians’ interpersonal behaviors during difficult conversations in pediatrics. J Palliat Med [Internet]. 2013 [cited 2018 Jun 12];16(8):929-33. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23808643
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2380...
,4848 Meert KL, Eggly S, Pollack M, Anand KJS, Zimmerman J, Carcillo J, et al. Parents’s perspectives on physician-parent communication near the time of a child’s death in the pediatric intensive care unit. Pediatr Crit Care Med [Internet]. 2008 [cited 2018 Jun 25];9(1):2-7. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18477906
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1847...
-4949 Hsiao JL, Evan EE, Zeltzer LK. Parent and child perspectives on physician communication in pediatric palliative care. Palliat Support Care [Internet]. 2007 [cited 2017 Jan 13];5(4):355-65. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18044413
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1804...
), porque suas necessidades podem mudar ao longo do tempo(1414 Hill V, Sahhar M, Aitken M, Savarirayan R, Metcalfe S. Experiences at the time of diagnosis of parents who have a child with a bone dysplasia resulting in short stature. Am J Med Genet A [Internet]. 2003 [cited 2018 Jun 15];122A(2):100-7. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12955760
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1295...
). Em um estudo, os profissionais ficavam disponíveis por meio de contato telefônico(1111 Afonso SBC, Minayo MCS. Relações entre oncohematopediatras, mães e crianças na comunicação de notícias difíceis. Ciên Saúde Coletiva [Internet]. 2017 [cited 2018 Jun 28];22(1):53-62. Available from: www.scielo.br/pdf/csc/v22n1/1413-8123-csc-22-01-0053.pdf
www.scielo.br/pdf/csc/v22n1/1413-8123-cs...
). Os profissionais consideram importante acompanhar as repercussões, uma vez que as crianças podem não se expressar em sua totalidade no momento em que recebem a notícia(2020 Rujumba J1, Mbasaalaki-Mwaka CL, Ndeezi G. Challenges faced by health workers in providing counselling services to HIV-positive children in Uganda: a descriptive study. J Int AIDS Soc [Internet]. 2010 [cited 2017 Jan 22];13:9. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20205937
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2020...
).

Canal

Os pais têm expectativa de que os profissionais utilizem material informativo para comunicar a má notícia(3030 Arabiat DH, Alqaissi NM, Hamdan-Mansour AM. Children’s knowledge of cancer diagnosis and treatment: jordanian mothers’ perceptions and satisfaction with the process. Int Nurs Rev [Internet]. 2011 [cited 2018 Jun 13];58(4):443-9. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22092322
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2209...
), e valorizam ter recebido tais materiais, como folhetos de organizações de apoio locais e nacionais, como um incentivo para buscar novas informações(1616 Finan C, Nasr SZ, Rothwell E, Tarini BA. Primary care providers’experiences notifying parents of cystic fibrosis newborn screening results. Clin Pediatr (Phila) [Internet]. 2014 [cited 2018 Jan 16];54(1):67-75. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25104730
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2510...
,3737 Waxler JL, Cherniske EM, Dieter K, Herd P, Pober BR. Hearing from parents: the impacto f receiving the diagnosis of Williams syndrome in their child. Am J Med Genet A [Internet]. 2013 [cited 2018 Jan 19];161A(3):534-41. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23401422
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2340...
,4545 Havermans T, Tack J, Vertommen A, Proesmans M, de Boeck K. Breaking bad news, the diagnosis of cystic fibrosis in childhood. J Cyst Fibros [Internet]. 2015 [cited 2018 Jun 16];14(4):540-6. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25563520
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2556...
). Entretanto, quando recebem material assustador, consideram inadequados e não conseguem concluir a leitura(2222 Ablon J. Parents’ responses to their child’s diagnosis of neurofibromatosis 1. Am J Med Genet [Internet]. 2000 [cited 2018 Jan 23];93(2):136-42. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10869117
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1086...
). Os familiares buscam por fontes para compreender aspectos clínicos e sociais da doença, e utilizam biblioteca, revistas, jornais, internet e grupos de apoio(1414 Hill V, Sahhar M, Aitken M, Savarirayan R, Metcalfe S. Experiences at the time of diagnosis of parents who have a child with a bone dysplasia resulting in short stature. Am J Med Genet A [Internet]. 2003 [cited 2018 Jun 15];122A(2):100-7. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12955760
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1295...
,1616 Finan C, Nasr SZ, Rothwell E, Tarini BA. Primary care providers’experiences notifying parents of cystic fibrosis newborn screening results. Clin Pediatr (Phila) [Internet]. 2014 [cited 2018 Jan 16];54(1):67-75. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25104730
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2510...
,4545 Havermans T, Tack J, Vertommen A, Proesmans M, de Boeck K. Breaking bad news, the diagnosis of cystic fibrosis in childhood. J Cyst Fibros [Internet]. 2015 [cited 2018 Jun 16];14(4):540-6. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25563520
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2556...
).

Para as crianças, desenhos(2525 Nzota MS, Matovu JKB, Draper HR, Kisa R, Kiwanuka SN. Determinats and processo f HIV status disclosure to HIV-infected children aged 4 to 17 years receiving HIV care services at Baylor College of Medicine Children’s Foundation Tanzania, Centre of Excellence (COE) in Mbeya: cross-sectional study. BMC Pediatrics [Internet]. 2015 [cited 2018 Jan 13];15:81. Available from: https://www.springermedizin.de/determinants-and-processes-of-hiv-status-disclosure-to-hiv-infec/9746990
https://www.springermedizin.de/determina...
), programas específicos(2626 Heeren GA, Jemmott JB 3rd, Sidloyi L, Ngwane Z. Disclosure of HIV diagnosis to HIV-infected children is South Africa: focus groups for intervention development. Vulnerable Child Youth Stud [Internet]. 2012 [cited 2017 Dec 12];7(1):47-54. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22468145
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2246...
) ou livros foram utilizados como metáforas da situação vivida pela criança(3030 Arabiat DH, Alqaissi NM, Hamdan-Mansour AM. Children’s knowledge of cancer diagnosis and treatment: jordanian mothers’ perceptions and satisfaction with the process. Int Nurs Rev [Internet]. 2011 [cited 2018 Jun 13];58(4):443-9. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22092322
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2209...
). Os pais expressaram incipiência e desatualização da literatura para a faixa etária dos filhos(2121 Eden OB, Black I, MacKinlay GA, Emery AE. Communication with parents of children with cancer. Palliat Med [Internet]. 1994 [cited 2018 Jul 22];8(2):105-14. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8081551
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8081...
,3737 Waxler JL, Cherniske EM, Dieter K, Herd P, Pober BR. Hearing from parents: the impacto f receiving the diagnosis of Williams syndrome in their child. Am J Med Genet A [Internet]. 2013 [cited 2018 Jan 19];161A(3):534-41. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23401422
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2340...
). Por outro lado, a convivência com outras crianças que apresentam o mesmo diagnóstico pode gerar insegurança(1111 Afonso SBC, Minayo MCS. Relações entre oncohematopediatras, mães e crianças na comunicação de notícias difíceis. Ciên Saúde Coletiva [Internet]. 2017 [cited 2018 Jun 28];22(1):53-62. Available from: www.scielo.br/pdf/csc/v22n1/1413-8123-csc-22-01-0053.pdf
www.scielo.br/pdf/csc/v22n1/1413-8123-cs...
,2222 Ablon J. Parents’ responses to their child’s diagnosis of neurofibromatosis 1. Am J Med Genet [Internet]. 2000 [cited 2018 Jan 23];93(2):136-42. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10869117
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1086...
).

A quantidade e qualidade das informações fornecidas pelos pais às crianças aumentam conforme a idade(3636 Last BF, van Veldhuizen AMH. Information about diagnosis and prognosis related to anxiety and depression in children with cancer aged 8-16 years. EJC. 1996;32(2):290-4. Available from: doi: 10.1016/0959-8049(95)00576-5
https://doi.org/10.1016/0959-8049(95)005...
). Os pais esperam que a divulgação comece sendo parcial na tentativa de proteger as crianças de associação com a morte, mas reconhecem que não podem proteger as crianças de informações angustiantes(2828 Badarau DO, De Clercq E, Wangmo T, Dragomir M, Miron I, Kühne T, et al. Cancer care in Romania: challenges and pitfalls of children’s and a adolescent’s multifaceted involvement. J Med Ethics [Internet]. 2016 [cited 2018 Jan 13];42(12):757-61. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27697792
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2769...
). A família tem expectativa de que os profissionais deem informações na velocidade para qual está preparada, cada uma no seu tempo e com a quantidade de informação adequada(1414 Hill V, Sahhar M, Aitken M, Savarirayan R, Metcalfe S. Experiences at the time of diagnosis of parents who have a child with a bone dysplasia resulting in short stature. Am J Med Genet A [Internet]. 2003 [cited 2018 Jun 15];122A(2):100-7. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12955760
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1295...
,4848 Meert KL, Eggly S, Pollack M, Anand KJS, Zimmerman J, Carcillo J, et al. Parents’s perspectives on physician-parent communication near the time of a child’s death in the pediatric intensive care unit. Pediatr Crit Care Med [Internet]. 2008 [cited 2018 Jun 25];9(1):2-7. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18477906
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1847...
), respeitando o conhecimento dos pais(1818 Hasnat MJ, Graves P. Disclosure of developmental disability: a study of parent satisfaction and the determinants of satisfaction. J Paediatr Child Health [Internet]. 2000 [cited 2018 Jan16];36(1):32-5. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10723688
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1072...
,4141 Orioles A, Miller VA, Kersun LS, Ingram M, Morrison WE. “To be a phenomenal doctor you have to be the whole package”: physicians’ interpersonal behaviors during difficult conversations in pediatrics. J Palliat Med [Internet]. 2013 [cited 2018 Jun 12];16(8):929-33. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23808643
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2380...
). Em alguns estudos, pais relataram receber informações insuficientes, e por isso precisaram fazer questionamentos para compreender melhor(2121 Eden OB, Black I, MacKinlay GA, Emery AE. Communication with parents of children with cancer. Palliat Med [Internet]. 1994 [cited 2018 Jul 22];8(2):105-14. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8081551
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8081...
,3737 Waxler JL, Cherniske EM, Dieter K, Herd P, Pober BR. Hearing from parents: the impacto f receiving the diagnosis of Williams syndrome in their child. Am J Med Genet A [Internet]. 2013 [cited 2018 Jan 19];161A(3):534-41. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23401422
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2340...
). Os familiares também valorizaram ter um foco de discussão em cada encontro, falar as coisas conforme vão acontecendo, de maneira detalhada(1919 Parker TM, Johnston DL. Parental perceptions of being told their child has cancer. Pediatr Blood Cancer [Internet]. 2008 [cited 2017 Jan 26];51(4):531-4. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18623217
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1862...
,3131 Al-Abdi SY, Al-Ali EA, Daheer MH, Al-Saleh YM, Al-Qurashi KH, Al-Aamri MA. Saudi mothers’ preferences about breaking bad news concerning newborns: a structured verbal questionnaire. BMC Medical Ethics [Internet]. 2011 [cited 2018 Dec 13];12:15. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21861876
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2186...
,4242 Abbott M, Bernard P, Forge J. Communicating a diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder-a qualitative study of parents’ experiences. Clin Child Psychol Psychiatr [Internet]. 2012 [cited 2018 Jan 26];18(3):370-82. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22904114
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2290...
,4545 Havermans T, Tack J, Vertommen A, Proesmans M, de Boeck K. Breaking bad news, the diagnosis of cystic fibrosis in childhood. J Cyst Fibros [Internet]. 2015 [cited 2018 Jun 16];14(4):540-6. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25563520
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2556...
).

Os profissionais dizem que, para avaliar a quantidade de informações fornecida, é preciso considerar que as crianças são mais sensíveis e que precisam de adultos com paciência(2020 Rujumba J1, Mbasaalaki-Mwaka CL, Ndeezi G. Challenges faced by health workers in providing counselling services to HIV-positive children in Uganda: a descriptive study. J Int AIDS Soc [Internet]. 2010 [cited 2017 Jan 22];13:9. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20205937
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2020...
). Por vezes, profissionais centram as orientações para a família, por considerarem que as crianças são pequenas demais para compreender(1111 Afonso SBC, Minayo MCS. Relações entre oncohematopediatras, mães e crianças na comunicação de notícias difíceis. Ciên Saúde Coletiva [Internet]. 2017 [cited 2018 Jun 28];22(1):53-62. Available from: www.scielo.br/pdf/csc/v22n1/1413-8123-csc-22-01-0053.pdf
www.scielo.br/pdf/csc/v22n1/1413-8123-cs...
). Consideram um desafio determinar a quantidade de informações que devem oferecer, pois isto depende da história familiar, da saúde atual e curiosidade da criança, e da educação e nível emocional dos pais(1616 Finan C, Nasr SZ, Rothwell E, Tarini BA. Primary care providers’experiences notifying parents of cystic fibrosis newborn screening results. Clin Pediatr (Phila) [Internet]. 2014 [cited 2018 Jan 16];54(1):67-75. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25104730
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2510...
,4040 Vaz LM, Eng E, Maman S, Tshikandu T, Behets F. Telling children they have HIV: lessons learned from findings of a qualitative study in Sub-Saharan Africa. AIDS Patients Care STDS [Internet]. 2010 [cited 2018 Jun 12];24(4):247-56. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20397899
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2039...
).

Efeitos

Os efeitos relacionados com os profissionais perpassam pelo emissor recebendo a carga de reação(2222 Ablon J. Parents’ responses to their child’s diagnosis of neurofibromatosis 1. Am J Med Genet [Internet]. 2000 [cited 2018 Jan 23];93(2):136-42. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10869117
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1086...
,3232 Afonso SBC, Mitre RMA. Noticias difíceis: sentidos atribuídos por familiares de crianças com fibrose cística. Ciên Saúde Coletiva [Internet]. 2013 [cited 2018 Jan 13];18(9):2605-13. Available from: www.scielo.br/pdf/csc/v18n9/v18n9a15.pdf
www.scielo.br/pdf/csc/v18n9/v18n9a15.pdf...
). Os profissionais reconhecem o fardo e preferem não estar sozinhos nesse momento(1515 Stenmarker M, Hallberg U, Palmérus K, Márky I. Being a messenger of life-threatening conditions: experiences of pediatric oncologists. Pediatr Blood Cancer [Internet]. 2010 [cited 2017 Jun 18];55(3):478-84. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20658619
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2065...
). Outro efeito é a necessidade de encaminhamentos dos pais para conversar com outro profissional(1313 Gilbey P. Qualitative analysis of parents’ experience with receiving the news of the detection of their child’s hearing loss. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol [Internet]. 2010 [cited 2017 Jul 16];74(3):265-70. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20042242
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2004...
,2222 Ablon J. Parents’ responses to their child’s diagnosis of neurofibromatosis 1. Am J Med Genet [Internet]. 2000 [cited 2018 Jan 23];93(2):136-42. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10869117
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1086...
,4040 Vaz LM, Eng E, Maman S, Tshikandu T, Behets F. Telling children they have HIV: lessons learned from findings of a qualitative study in Sub-Saharan Africa. AIDS Patients Care STDS [Internet]. 2010 [cited 2018 Jun 12];24(4):247-56. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20397899
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2039...
).

Em relação aos familiares, há evidências de diferentes sentimentos: insegurança(1111 Afonso SBC, Minayo MCS. Relações entre oncohematopediatras, mães e crianças na comunicação de notícias difíceis. Ciên Saúde Coletiva [Internet]. 2017 [cited 2018 Jun 28];22(1):53-62. Available from: www.scielo.br/pdf/csc/v22n1/1413-8123-csc-22-01-0053.pdf
www.scielo.br/pdf/csc/v22n1/1413-8123-cs...
,2222 Ablon J. Parents’ responses to their child’s diagnosis of neurofibromatosis 1. Am J Med Genet [Internet]. 2000 [cited 2018 Jan 23];93(2):136-42. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10869117
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1086...
), sofrimento(1111 Afonso SBC, Minayo MCS. Relações entre oncohematopediatras, mães e crianças na comunicação de notícias difíceis. Ciên Saúde Coletiva [Internet]. 2017 [cited 2018 Jun 28];22(1):53-62. Available from: www.scielo.br/pdf/csc/v22n1/1413-8123-csc-22-01-0053.pdf
www.scielo.br/pdf/csc/v22n1/1413-8123-cs...
,1414 Hill V, Sahhar M, Aitken M, Savarirayan R, Metcalfe S. Experiences at the time of diagnosis of parents who have a child with a bone dysplasia resulting in short stature. Am J Med Genet A [Internet]. 2003 [cited 2018 Jun 15];122A(2):100-7. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12955760
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1295...
,1818 Hasnat MJ, Graves P. Disclosure of developmental disability: a study of parent satisfaction and the determinants of satisfaction. J Paediatr Child Health [Internet]. 2000 [cited 2018 Jan16];36(1):32-5. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10723688
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1072...
,2121 Eden OB, Black I, MacKinlay GA, Emery AE. Communication with parents of children with cancer. Palliat Med [Internet]. 1994 [cited 2018 Jul 22];8(2):105-14. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8081551
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8081...
,3737 Waxler JL, Cherniske EM, Dieter K, Herd P, Pober BR. Hearing from parents: the impacto f receiving the diagnosis of Williams syndrome in their child. Am J Med Genet A [Internet]. 2013 [cited 2018 Jan 19];161A(3):534-41. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23401422
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2340...
,4242 Abbott M, Bernard P, Forge J. Communicating a diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder-a qualitative study of parents’ experiences. Clin Child Psychol Psychiatr [Internet]. 2012 [cited 2018 Jan 26];18(3):370-82. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22904114
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2290...
,4949 Hsiao JL, Evan EE, Zeltzer LK. Parent and child perspectives on physician communication in pediatric palliative care. Palliat Support Care [Internet]. 2007 [cited 2017 Jan 13];5(4):355-65. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18044413
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1804...
), alívio(2121 Eden OB, Black I, MacKinlay GA, Emery AE. Communication with parents of children with cancer. Palliat Med [Internet]. 1994 [cited 2018 Jul 22];8(2):105-14. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8081551
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8081...
,4242 Abbott M, Bernard P, Forge J. Communicating a diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder-a qualitative study of parents’ experiences. Clin Child Psychol Psychiatr [Internet]. 2012 [cited 2018 Jan 26];18(3):370-82. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22904114
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2290...
), dificuldade de aceitação(2020 Rujumba J1, Mbasaalaki-Mwaka CL, Ndeezi G. Challenges faced by health workers in providing counselling services to HIV-positive children in Uganda: a descriptive study. J Int AIDS Soc [Internet]. 2010 [cited 2017 Jan 22];13:9. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20205937
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2020...
). O sofrimento(1111 Afonso SBC, Minayo MCS. Relações entre oncohematopediatras, mães e crianças na comunicação de notícias difíceis. Ciên Saúde Coletiva [Internet]. 2017 [cited 2018 Jun 28];22(1):53-62. Available from: www.scielo.br/pdf/csc/v22n1/1413-8123-csc-22-01-0053.pdf
www.scielo.br/pdf/csc/v22n1/1413-8123-cs...
,1414 Hill V, Sahhar M, Aitken M, Savarirayan R, Metcalfe S. Experiences at the time of diagnosis of parents who have a child with a bone dysplasia resulting in short stature. Am J Med Genet A [Internet]. 2003 [cited 2018 Jun 15];122A(2):100-7. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12955760
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1295...
,1818 Hasnat MJ, Graves P. Disclosure of developmental disability: a study of parent satisfaction and the determinants of satisfaction. J Paediatr Child Health [Internet]. 2000 [cited 2018 Jan16];36(1):32-5. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10723688
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1072...
,2121 Eden OB, Black I, MacKinlay GA, Emery AE. Communication with parents of children with cancer. Palliat Med [Internet]. 1994 [cited 2018 Jul 22];8(2):105-14. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8081551
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8081...
,3737 Waxler JL, Cherniske EM, Dieter K, Herd P, Pober BR. Hearing from parents: the impacto f receiving the diagnosis of Williams syndrome in their child. Am J Med Genet A [Internet]. 2013 [cited 2018 Jan 19];161A(3):534-41. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23401422
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2340...
,4242 Abbott M, Bernard P, Forge J. Communicating a diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder-a qualitative study of parents’ experiences. Clin Child Psychol Psychiatr [Internet]. 2012 [cited 2018 Jan 26];18(3):370-82. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22904114
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2290...
,4949 Hsiao JL, Evan EE, Zeltzer LK. Parent and child perspectives on physician communication in pediatric palliative care. Palliat Support Care [Internet]. 2007 [cited 2017 Jan 13];5(4):355-65. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18044413
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1804...
) está relacionado a culpabilização, raiva, tristeza, angústia, devastação, choque, rejeição, negação, preocupação, incerteza e injustiça. Os sentimentos se estendem para além do momento, sendo que os pais se sentem perdidos e sem apoio(1313 Gilbey P. Qualitative analysis of parents’ experience with receiving the news of the detection of their child’s hearing loss. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol [Internet]. 2010 [cited 2017 Jul 16];74(3):265-70. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20042242
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2004...
,2222 Ablon J. Parents’ responses to their child’s diagnosis of neurofibromatosis 1. Am J Med Genet [Internet]. 2000 [cited 2018 Jan 23];93(2):136-42. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10869117
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1086...
,4242 Abbott M, Bernard P, Forge J. Communicating a diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder-a qualitative study of parents’ experiences. Clin Child Psychol Psychiatr [Internet]. 2012 [cited 2018 Jan 26];18(3):370-82. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22904114
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2290...
). Necessitam de privacidade(1717 Aein F, Delaram M. Giving bad news: a qualitative research exploration. Iran Red Crescent Med J [Internet]. 2014 [cited 2018 Jun 16];16(6):e8197. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4102999/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/article...
) e de apoio da rede(1111 Afonso SBC, Minayo MCS. Relações entre oncohematopediatras, mães e crianças na comunicação de notícias difíceis. Ciên Saúde Coletiva [Internet]. 2017 [cited 2018 Jun 28];22(1):53-62. Available from: www.scielo.br/pdf/csc/v22n1/1413-8123-csc-22-01-0053.pdf
www.scielo.br/pdf/csc/v22n1/1413-8123-cs...
,2121 Eden OB, Black I, MacKinlay GA, Emery AE. Communication with parents of children with cancer. Palliat Med [Internet]. 1994 [cited 2018 Jul 22];8(2):105-14. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8081551
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8081...
), especialmente de outros membros da família(1717 Aein F, Delaram M. Giving bad news: a qualitative research exploration. Iran Red Crescent Med J [Internet]. 2014 [cited 2018 Jun 16];16(6):e8197. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4102999/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/article...
,2323 Phuma-Ngaiyaye EE, Dartey AF. Experiences of children living with HIV and AIDS following their diagnosis disclosure in Mzuzu, Malawi. Vulnerable Child Youth Stud. 2015;10(4):357-65. doi: 10.1080/17450128.2015.1083639
https://doi.org/10.1080/17450128.2015.10...
,4242 Abbott M, Bernard P, Forge J. Communicating a diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder-a qualitative study of parents’ experiences. Clin Child Psychol Psychiatr [Internet]. 2012 [cited 2018 Jan 26];18(3):370-82. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22904114
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2290...
,4545 Havermans T, Tack J, Vertommen A, Proesmans M, de Boeck K. Breaking bad news, the diagnosis of cystic fibrosis in childhood. J Cyst Fibros [Internet]. 2015 [cited 2018 Jun 16];14(4):540-6. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25563520
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2556...
) e apoio especializado(1313 Gilbey P. Qualitative analysis of parents’ experience with receiving the news of the detection of their child’s hearing loss. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol [Internet]. 2010 [cited 2017 Jul 16];74(3):265-70. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20042242
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2004...
-1414 Hill V, Sahhar M, Aitken M, Savarirayan R, Metcalfe S. Experiences at the time of diagnosis of parents who have a child with a bone dysplasia resulting in short stature. Am J Med Genet A [Internet]. 2003 [cited 2018 Jun 15];122A(2):100-7. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12955760
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1295...
,2323 Phuma-Ngaiyaye EE, Dartey AF. Experiences of children living with HIV and AIDS following their diagnosis disclosure in Mzuzu, Malawi. Vulnerable Child Youth Stud. 2015;10(4):357-65. doi: 10.1080/17450128.2015.1083639
https://doi.org/10.1080/17450128.2015.10...
,3232 Afonso SBC, Mitre RMA. Noticias difíceis: sentidos atribuídos por familiares de crianças com fibrose cística. Ciên Saúde Coletiva [Internet]. 2013 [cited 2018 Jan 13];18(9):2605-13. Available from: www.scielo.br/pdf/csc/v18n9/v18n9a15.pdf
www.scielo.br/pdf/csc/v18n9/v18n9a15.pdf...
). Valorizam o apoio da equipe multidisciplinar, com médico, fonoaudiólogo, assistente social, enfermeira e psicólogo, o que transmite a sensação de mais pessoas envolvidas e unidas com o mesmo compromisso(1313 Gilbey P. Qualitative analysis of parents’ experience with receiving the news of the detection of their child’s hearing loss. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol [Internet]. 2010 [cited 2017 Jul 16];74(3):265-70. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20042242
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2004...
-1414 Hill V, Sahhar M, Aitken M, Savarirayan R, Metcalfe S. Experiences at the time of diagnosis of parents who have a child with a bone dysplasia resulting in short stature. Am J Med Genet A [Internet]. 2003 [cited 2018 Jun 15];122A(2):100-7. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12955760
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1295...
,2323 Phuma-Ngaiyaye EE, Dartey AF. Experiences of children living with HIV and AIDS following their diagnosis disclosure in Mzuzu, Malawi. Vulnerable Child Youth Stud. 2015;10(4):357-65. doi: 10.1080/17450128.2015.1083639
https://doi.org/10.1080/17450128.2015.10...
,3232 Afonso SBC, Mitre RMA. Noticias difíceis: sentidos atribuídos por familiares de crianças com fibrose cística. Ciên Saúde Coletiva [Internet]. 2013 [cited 2018 Jan 13];18(9):2605-13. Available from: www.scielo.br/pdf/csc/v18n9/v18n9a15.pdf
www.scielo.br/pdf/csc/v18n9/v18n9a15.pdf...
). A informação do prognóstico provoca maior sofrimento quando fornecida por profissionais não especializados e que não acompanham a criança(1313 Gilbey P. Qualitative analysis of parents’ experience with receiving the news of the detection of their child’s hearing loss. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol [Internet]. 2010 [cited 2017 Jul 16];74(3):265-70. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20042242
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2004...
,3232 Afonso SBC, Mitre RMA. Noticias difíceis: sentidos atribuídos por familiares de crianças com fibrose cística. Ciên Saúde Coletiva [Internet]. 2013 [cited 2018 Jan 13];18(9):2605-13. Available from: www.scielo.br/pdf/csc/v18n9/v18n9a15.pdf
www.scielo.br/pdf/csc/v18n9/v18n9a15.pdf...
). Para comunicar a má notícia aos demais membros da família, os pais têm a expectativa de auxílio dos profissionais(1717 Aein F, Delaram M. Giving bad news: a qualitative research exploration. Iran Red Crescent Med J [Internet]. 2014 [cited 2018 Jun 16];16(6):e8197. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4102999/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/article...
) e valorizam receber materiais para auxiliar na explicação(4242 Abbott M, Bernard P, Forge J. Communicating a diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder-a qualitative study of parents’ experiences. Clin Child Psychol Psychiatr [Internet]. 2012 [cited 2018 Jan 26];18(3):370-82. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22904114
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2290...
,4545 Havermans T, Tack J, Vertommen A, Proesmans M, de Boeck K. Breaking bad news, the diagnosis of cystic fibrosis in childhood. J Cyst Fibros [Internet]. 2015 [cited 2018 Jun 16];14(4):540-6. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25563520
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2556...
). Os pais buscam outras fontes de informação(1414 Hill V, Sahhar M, Aitken M, Savarirayan R, Metcalfe S. Experiences at the time of diagnosis of parents who have a child with a bone dysplasia resulting in short stature. Am J Med Genet A [Internet]. 2003 [cited 2018 Jun 15];122A(2):100-7. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12955760
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1295...
,1616 Finan C, Nasr SZ, Rothwell E, Tarini BA. Primary care providers’experiences notifying parents of cystic fibrosis newborn screening results. Clin Pediatr (Phila) [Internet]. 2014 [cited 2018 Jan 16];54(1):67-75. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25104730
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2510...
,2222 Ablon J. Parents’ responses to their child’s diagnosis of neurofibromatosis 1. Am J Med Genet [Internet]. 2000 [cited 2018 Jan 23];93(2):136-42. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10869117
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1086...
,2828 Badarau DO, De Clercq E, Wangmo T, Dragomir M, Miron I, Kühne T, et al. Cancer care in Romania: challenges and pitfalls of children’s and a adolescent’s multifaceted involvement. J Med Ethics [Internet]. 2016 [cited 2018 Jan 13];42(12):757-61. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27697792
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2769...
,4545 Havermans T, Tack J, Vertommen A, Proesmans M, de Boeck K. Breaking bad news, the diagnosis of cystic fibrosis in childhood. J Cyst Fibros [Internet]. 2015 [cited 2018 Jun 16];14(4):540-6. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25563520
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2556...
) e incentivam a criança a buscar conhecimento, questionar(2828 Badarau DO, De Clercq E, Wangmo T, Dragomir M, Miron I, Kühne T, et al. Cancer care in Romania: challenges and pitfalls of children’s and a adolescent’s multifaceted involvement. J Med Ethics [Internet]. 2016 [cited 2018 Jan 13];42(12):757-61. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27697792
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2769...
) e ter maior consciência para o tratamento(1111 Afonso SBC, Minayo MCS. Relações entre oncohematopediatras, mães e crianças na comunicação de notícias difíceis. Ciên Saúde Coletiva [Internet]. 2017 [cited 2018 Jun 28];22(1):53-62. Available from: www.scielo.br/pdf/csc/v22n1/1413-8123-csc-22-01-0053.pdf
www.scielo.br/pdf/csc/v22n1/1413-8123-cs...
,2020 Rujumba J1, Mbasaalaki-Mwaka CL, Ndeezi G. Challenges faced by health workers in providing counselling services to HIV-positive children in Uganda: a descriptive study. J Int AIDS Soc [Internet]. 2010 [cited 2017 Jan 22];13:9. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20205937
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2020...
-2121 Eden OB, Black I, MacKinlay GA, Emery AE. Communication with parents of children with cancer. Palliat Med [Internet]. 1994 [cited 2018 Jul 22];8(2):105-14. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8081551
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8081...
,2323 Phuma-Ngaiyaye EE, Dartey AF. Experiences of children living with HIV and AIDS following their diagnosis disclosure in Mzuzu, Malawi. Vulnerable Child Youth Stud. 2015;10(4):357-65. doi: 10.1080/17450128.2015.1083639
https://doi.org/10.1080/17450128.2015.10...
,2828 Badarau DO, De Clercq E, Wangmo T, Dragomir M, Miron I, Kühne T, et al. Cancer care in Romania: challenges and pitfalls of children’s and a adolescent’s multifaceted involvement. J Med Ethics [Internet]. 2016 [cited 2018 Jan 13];42(12):757-61. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27697792
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2769...
,3434 Jalmsell L, Lövgren M, Kreicbergs U, Henter JI, Frost BM. Children with cancer share their views: tell the truth but leave room for hope. Acta Paediatr [Internet]. 2016 [cited 2018 Jan 16];105(9):1094-9. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27272911
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2727...
).

Quanto às próprias crianças, há evidências de efeitos como: sofrimento(1111 Afonso SBC, Minayo MCS. Relações entre oncohematopediatras, mães e crianças na comunicação de notícias difíceis. Ciên Saúde Coletiva [Internet]. 2017 [cited 2018 Jun 28];22(1):53-62. Available from: www.scielo.br/pdf/csc/v22n1/1413-8123-csc-22-01-0053.pdf
www.scielo.br/pdf/csc/v22n1/1413-8123-cs...
,2020 Rujumba J1, Mbasaalaki-Mwaka CL, Ndeezi G. Challenges faced by health workers in providing counselling services to HIV-positive children in Uganda: a descriptive study. J Int AIDS Soc [Internet]. 2010 [cited 2017 Jan 22];13:9. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20205937
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2020...
,2323 Phuma-Ngaiyaye EE, Dartey AF. Experiences of children living with HIV and AIDS following their diagnosis disclosure in Mzuzu, Malawi. Vulnerable Child Youth Stud. 2015;10(4):357-65. doi: 10.1080/17450128.2015.1083639
https://doi.org/10.1080/17450128.2015.10...
,3030 Arabiat DH, Alqaissi NM, Hamdan-Mansour AM. Children’s knowledge of cancer diagnosis and treatment: jordanian mothers’ perceptions and satisfaction with the process. Int Nurs Rev [Internet]. 2011 [cited 2018 Jun 13];58(4):443-9. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22092322
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2209...
), silêncio(2323 Phuma-Ngaiyaye EE, Dartey AF. Experiences of children living with HIV and AIDS following their diagnosis disclosure in Mzuzu, Malawi. Vulnerable Child Youth Stud. 2015;10(4):357-65. doi: 10.1080/17450128.2015.1083639
https://doi.org/10.1080/17450128.2015.10...
,4040 Vaz LM, Eng E, Maman S, Tshikandu T, Behets F. Telling children they have HIV: lessons learned from findings of a qualitative study in Sub-Saharan Africa. AIDS Patients Care STDS [Internet]. 2010 [cited 2018 Jun 12];24(4):247-56. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20397899
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2039...
), aumento de sua participação(2626 Heeren GA, Jemmott JB 3rd, Sidloyi L, Ngwane Z. Disclosure of HIV diagnosis to HIV-infected children is South Africa: focus groups for intervention development. Vulnerable Child Youth Stud [Internet]. 2012 [cited 2017 Dec 12];7(1):47-54. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22468145
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2246...
,3333 Boon-Yasidhi V, Kottapat U, Durier Y, Plipat N, Phongsamart W, Chokephaibulkit K, et al. Diagnosis disclosure in HIV-infected Thai children. J Med Assoc Thai [Internet]. 2005 [cited 2018 Jan 26];88(8):S100-5. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16858851
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1685...
,3434 Jalmsell L, Lövgren M, Kreicbergs U, Henter JI, Frost BM. Children with cancer share their views: tell the truth but leave room for hope. Acta Paediatr [Internet]. 2016 [cited 2018 Jan 16];105(9):1094-9. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27272911
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2727...
,4040 Vaz LM, Eng E, Maman S, Tshikandu T, Behets F. Telling children they have HIV: lessons learned from findings of a qualitative study in Sub-Saharan Africa. AIDS Patients Care STDS [Internet]. 2010 [cited 2018 Jun 12];24(4):247-56. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20397899
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2039...
,4949 Hsiao JL, Evan EE, Zeltzer LK. Parent and child perspectives on physician communication in pediatric palliative care. Palliat Support Care [Internet]. 2007 [cited 2017 Jan 13];5(4):355-65. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18044413
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1804...
) no cuidado, curiosidade para novos questionamentos(2828 Badarau DO, De Clercq E, Wangmo T, Dragomir M, Miron I, Kühne T, et al. Cancer care in Romania: challenges and pitfalls of children’s and a adolescent’s multifaceted involvement. J Med Ethics [Internet]. 2016 [cited 2018 Jan 13];42(12):757-61. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27697792
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2769...
,4040 Vaz LM, Eng E, Maman S, Tshikandu T, Behets F. Telling children they have HIV: lessons learned from findings of a qualitative study in Sub-Saharan Africa. AIDS Patients Care STDS [Internet]. 2010 [cited 2018 Jun 12];24(4):247-56. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20397899
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2039...
) e planos para o futuro(1313 Gilbey P. Qualitative analysis of parents’ experience with receiving the news of the detection of their child’s hearing loss. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol [Internet]. 2010 [cited 2017 Jul 16];74(3):265-70. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20042242
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2004...
,1717 Aein F, Delaram M. Giving bad news: a qualitative research exploration. Iran Red Crescent Med J [Internet]. 2014 [cited 2018 Jun 16];16(6):e8197. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4102999/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/article...
,2323 Phuma-Ngaiyaye EE, Dartey AF. Experiences of children living with HIV and AIDS following their diagnosis disclosure in Mzuzu, Malawi. Vulnerable Child Youth Stud. 2015;10(4):357-65. doi: 10.1080/17450128.2015.1083639
https://doi.org/10.1080/17450128.2015.10...
). Sofrem pelos cuidadores não terem contado seu diagnóstico antes, por medo de serem estigmatizados e por terem de manter segredo(2323 Phuma-Ngaiyaye EE, Dartey AF. Experiences of children living with HIV and AIDS following their diagnosis disclosure in Mzuzu, Malawi. Vulnerable Child Youth Stud. 2015;10(4):357-65. doi: 10.1080/17450128.2015.1083639
https://doi.org/10.1080/17450128.2015.10...
), pelas consequências psicológicas e sociais(1111 Afonso SBC, Minayo MCS. Relações entre oncohematopediatras, mães e crianças na comunicação de notícias difíceis. Ciên Saúde Coletiva [Internet]. 2017 [cited 2018 Jun 28];22(1):53-62. Available from: www.scielo.br/pdf/csc/v22n1/1413-8123-csc-22-01-0053.pdf
www.scielo.br/pdf/csc/v22n1/1413-8123-cs...
), pelo futuro incerto e a possibilidade de morrer(2020 Rujumba J1, Mbasaalaki-Mwaka CL, Ndeezi G. Challenges faced by health workers in providing counselling services to HIV-positive children in Uganda: a descriptive study. J Int AIDS Soc [Internet]. 2010 [cited 2017 Jan 22];13:9. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20205937
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2020...
).

Ruídos e falhas

O processo de comunicação pode acontecer com ruídos, dentre os quais foram evidenciadas as classificações psicológica e semântica. A psicológica foi identificada no momento em que o emissor profissional precisa ter habilidade de lidar com seus sentimentos e com a reação emocional do receptor(1313 Gilbey P. Qualitative analysis of parents’ experience with receiving the news of the detection of their child’s hearing loss. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol [Internet]. 2010 [cited 2017 Jul 16];74(3):265-70. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20042242
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2004...
,1616 Finan C, Nasr SZ, Rothwell E, Tarini BA. Primary care providers’experiences notifying parents of cystic fibrosis newborn screening results. Clin Pediatr (Phila) [Internet]. 2014 [cited 2018 Jan 16];54(1):67-75. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25104730
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2510...
-1717 Aein F, Delaram M. Giving bad news: a qualitative research exploration. Iran Red Crescent Med J [Internet]. 2014 [cited 2018 Jun 16];16(6):e8197. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4102999/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/article...
,2424 Gomes GC, Xavier DM, Mota MS, Salvador MS, Silveira RS, Barlem ELD. Dando notícias difíceis à família da criança em situação grave ou em processo de terminalidade. Rev Enferm UERJ [Internet]. 2014 [cited 2017 Jun 26];22(3):347-52. Available from: https://pesquisa.bvsalud.org/portal/resource/pt/bde-27990
https://pesquisa.bvsalud.org/portal/reso...
,2626 Heeren GA, Jemmott JB 3rd, Sidloyi L, Ngwane Z. Disclosure of HIV diagnosis to HIV-infected children is South Africa: focus groups for intervention development. Vulnerable Child Youth Stud [Internet]. 2012 [cited 2017 Dec 12];7(1):47-54. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22468145
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2246...
,3232 Afonso SBC, Mitre RMA. Noticias difíceis: sentidos atribuídos por familiares de crianças com fibrose cística. Ciên Saúde Coletiva [Internet]. 2013 [cited 2018 Jan 13];18(9):2605-13. Available from: www.scielo.br/pdf/csc/v18n9/v18n9a15.pdf
www.scielo.br/pdf/csc/v18n9/v18n9a15.pdf...
,4040 Vaz LM, Eng E, Maman S, Tshikandu T, Behets F. Telling children they have HIV: lessons learned from findings of a qualitative study in Sub-Saharan Africa. AIDS Patients Care STDS [Internet]. 2010 [cited 2018 Jun 12];24(4):247-56. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20397899
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2039...
,4747 Young B, Ward J, Salmon P, Gravenhorst K, Hill J, Eden T. Parents’ experiences of their children’s presence in discussions with physicians about leukemia. Pediatr [Internet]. 2011 [cited 2018 Jun 25];127(5):1230-8. Available from: pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/127/5/e1230
pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/1...
). As crianças podem ficar assustadas ou confusas quando escutam os profissionais sobre a possibilidade de morrer, havendo necessidade de, por vezes, os familiares reconfortarem-nas(4747 Young B, Ward J, Salmon P, Gravenhorst K, Hill J, Eden T. Parents’ experiences of their children’s presence in discussions with physicians about leukemia. Pediatr [Internet]. 2011 [cited 2018 Jun 25];127(5):1230-8. Available from: pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/127/5/e1230
pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/1...
). Os pais sofrem e as crianças também, questionando-se, então, quem vai ajudar quem(4040 Vaz LM, Eng E, Maman S, Tshikandu T, Behets F. Telling children they have HIV: lessons learned from findings of a qualitative study in Sub-Saharan Africa. AIDS Patients Care STDS [Internet]. 2010 [cited 2018 Jun 12];24(4):247-56. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20397899
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2039...
).

A racionalidade dos profissionais dificulta observar as emoções do receptor(1717 Aein F, Delaram M. Giving bad news: a qualitative research exploration. Iran Red Crescent Med J [Internet]. 2014 [cited 2018 Jun 16];16(6):e8197. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4102999/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/article...
,3232 Afonso SBC, Mitre RMA. Noticias difíceis: sentidos atribuídos por familiares de crianças com fibrose cística. Ciên Saúde Coletiva [Internet]. 2013 [cited 2018 Jan 13];18(9):2605-13. Available from: www.scielo.br/pdf/csc/v18n9/v18n9a15.pdf
www.scielo.br/pdf/csc/v18n9/v18n9a15.pdf...
,4545 Havermans T, Tack J, Vertommen A, Proesmans M, de Boeck K. Breaking bad news, the diagnosis of cystic fibrosis in childhood. J Cyst Fibros [Internet]. 2015 [cited 2018 Jun 16];14(4):540-6. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25563520
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2556...
,4949 Hsiao JL, Evan EE, Zeltzer LK. Parent and child perspectives on physician communication in pediatric palliative care. Palliat Support Care [Internet]. 2007 [cited 2017 Jan 13];5(4):355-65. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18044413
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1804...
). A forma como transmitem as informações demonstra o grau de interesse do profissional à criança e a si próprios(1616 Finan C, Nasr SZ, Rothwell E, Tarini BA. Primary care providers’experiences notifying parents of cystic fibrosis newborn screening results. Clin Pediatr (Phila) [Internet]. 2014 [cited 2018 Jan 16];54(1):67-75. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25104730
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2510...
,4545 Havermans T, Tack J, Vertommen A, Proesmans M, de Boeck K. Breaking bad news, the diagnosis of cystic fibrosis in childhood. J Cyst Fibros [Internet]. 2015 [cited 2018 Jun 16];14(4):540-6. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25563520
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2556...
). Os familiares esperam que suas emoções sejam consideradas pelos profissionais diante de repercussões como choro incontrolável e desorientação, que impossibilitam a continuidade da consulta(3232 Afonso SBC, Mitre RMA. Noticias difíceis: sentidos atribuídos por familiares de crianças com fibrose cística. Ciên Saúde Coletiva [Internet]. 2013 [cited 2018 Jan 13];18(9):2605-13. Available from: www.scielo.br/pdf/csc/v18n9/v18n9a15.pdf
www.scielo.br/pdf/csc/v18n9/v18n9a15.pdf...
) e inibem a capacidade de processar as informações(1616 Finan C, Nasr SZ, Rothwell E, Tarini BA. Primary care providers’experiences notifying parents of cystic fibrosis newborn screening results. Clin Pediatr (Phila) [Internet]. 2014 [cited 2018 Jan 16];54(1):67-75. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25104730
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2510...
).

Nos ruídos semânticos, foram identificados termos usados pelos profissionais que não fazem sentido aos familiares(1313 Gilbey P. Qualitative analysis of parents’ experience with receiving the news of the detection of their child’s hearing loss. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol [Internet]. 2010 [cited 2017 Jul 16];74(3):265-70. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20042242
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2004...
-1414 Hill V, Sahhar M, Aitken M, Savarirayan R, Metcalfe S. Experiences at the time of diagnosis of parents who have a child with a bone dysplasia resulting in short stature. Am J Med Genet A [Internet]. 2003 [cited 2018 Jun 15];122A(2):100-7. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12955760
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1295...
,1616 Finan C, Nasr SZ, Rothwell E, Tarini BA. Primary care providers’experiences notifying parents of cystic fibrosis newborn screening results. Clin Pediatr (Phila) [Internet]. 2014 [cited 2018 Jan 16];54(1):67-75. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25104730
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2510...
,2121 Eden OB, Black I, MacKinlay GA, Emery AE. Communication with parents of children with cancer. Palliat Med [Internet]. 1994 [cited 2018 Jul 22];8(2):105-14. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8081551
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8081...
,2727 Clarke SA, Davies H, Jenney M, Glaser A, Eiser C. Parental communication and children’s behaviour following diagnosis of childhood leukaemia. Psycho-Oncol [Internet]. 2005 [cited 2018 Jul 13]14(4):274-81. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15386768
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1538...
,3232 Afonso SBC, Mitre RMA. Noticias difíceis: sentidos atribuídos por familiares de crianças com fibrose cística. Ciên Saúde Coletiva [Internet]. 2013 [cited 2018 Jan 13];18(9):2605-13. Available from: www.scielo.br/pdf/csc/v18n9/v18n9a15.pdf
www.scielo.br/pdf/csc/v18n9/v18n9a15.pdf...
,4242 Abbott M, Bernard P, Forge J. Communicating a diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder-a qualitative study of parents’ experiences. Clin Child Psychol Psychiatr [Internet]. 2012 [cited 2018 Jan 26];18(3):370-82. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22904114
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2290...
,4545 Havermans T, Tack J, Vertommen A, Proesmans M, de Boeck K. Breaking bad news, the diagnosis of cystic fibrosis in childhood. J Cyst Fibros [Internet]. 2015 [cited 2018 Jun 16];14(4):540-6. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25563520
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2556...
,4848 Meert KL, Eggly S, Pollack M, Anand KJS, Zimmerman J, Carcillo J, et al. Parents’s perspectives on physician-parent communication near the time of a child’s death in the pediatric intensive care unit. Pediatr Crit Care Med [Internet]. 2008 [cited 2018 Jun 25];9(1):2-7. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18477906
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1847...
-4949 Hsiao JL, Evan EE, Zeltzer LK. Parent and child perspectives on physician communication in pediatric palliative care. Palliat Support Care [Internet]. 2007 [cited 2017 Jan 13];5(4):355-65. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18044413
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1804...
). Tratam-se de algumas informações conflitantes e confusas, quando fornecidas por mais de uma pessoa(2121 Eden OB, Black I, MacKinlay GA, Emery AE. Communication with parents of children with cancer. Palliat Med [Internet]. 1994 [cited 2018 Jul 22];8(2):105-14. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8081551
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8081...
) ou quando o diagnóstico ou prognóstico era conclusivo(2727 Clarke SA, Davies H, Jenney M, Glaser A, Eiser C. Parental communication and children’s behaviour following diagnosis of childhood leukaemia. Psycho-Oncol [Internet]. 2005 [cited 2018 Jul 13]14(4):274-81. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15386768
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1538...
,4848 Meert KL, Eggly S, Pollack M, Anand KJS, Zimmerman J, Carcillo J, et al. Parents’s perspectives on physician-parent communication near the time of a child’s death in the pediatric intensive care unit. Pediatr Crit Care Med [Internet]. 2008 [cited 2018 Jun 25];9(1):2-7. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18477906
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1847...
-4949 Hsiao JL, Evan EE, Zeltzer LK. Parent and child perspectives on physician communication in pediatric palliative care. Palliat Support Care [Internet]. 2007 [cited 2017 Jan 13];5(4):355-65. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18044413
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1804...
). Evitar o nome da doença, especialmente na comunicação com a criança, também gera ruído, como quando os pais utilizam apelidos ou sinônimos na tentativa de facilitar a compreensão ou proteger a criança de sofrimento pela doença ou prognóstico(1717 Aein F, Delaram M. Giving bad news: a qualitative research exploration. Iran Red Crescent Med J [Internet]. 2014 [cited 2018 Jun 16];16(6):e8197. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4102999/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/article...
,2727 Clarke SA, Davies H, Jenney M, Glaser A, Eiser C. Parental communication and children’s behaviour following diagnosis of childhood leukaemia. Psycho-Oncol [Internet]. 2005 [cited 2018 Jul 13]14(4):274-81. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15386768
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1538...
,3030 Arabiat DH, Alqaissi NM, Hamdan-Mansour AM. Children’s knowledge of cancer diagnosis and treatment: jordanian mothers’ perceptions and satisfaction with the process. Int Nurs Rev [Internet]. 2011 [cited 2018 Jun 13];58(4):443-9. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22092322
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2209...
).

Além disso, a comunicação pode ser falha quando estabelecida por profissionais não especializados(1111 Afonso SBC, Minayo MCS. Relações entre oncohematopediatras, mães e crianças na comunicação de notícias difíceis. Ciên Saúde Coletiva [Internet]. 2017 [cited 2018 Jun 28];22(1):53-62. Available from: www.scielo.br/pdf/csc/v22n1/1413-8123-csc-22-01-0053.pdf
www.scielo.br/pdf/csc/v22n1/1413-8123-cs...
,1313 Gilbey P. Qualitative analysis of parents’ experience with receiving the news of the detection of their child’s hearing loss. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol [Internet]. 2010 [cited 2017 Jul 16];74(3):265-70. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20042242
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2004...
,1616 Finan C, Nasr SZ, Rothwell E, Tarini BA. Primary care providers’experiences notifying parents of cystic fibrosis newborn screening results. Clin Pediatr (Phila) [Internet]. 2014 [cited 2018 Jan 16];54(1):67-75. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25104730
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2510...
,2020 Rujumba J1, Mbasaalaki-Mwaka CL, Ndeezi G. Challenges faced by health workers in providing counselling services to HIV-positive children in Uganda: a descriptive study. J Int AIDS Soc [Internet]. 2010 [cited 2017 Jan 22];13:9. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20205937
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2020...
,3232 Afonso SBC, Mitre RMA. Noticias difíceis: sentidos atribuídos por familiares de crianças com fibrose cística. Ciên Saúde Coletiva [Internet]. 2013 [cited 2018 Jan 13];18(9):2605-13. Available from: www.scielo.br/pdf/csc/v18n9/v18n9a15.pdf
www.scielo.br/pdf/csc/v18n9/v18n9a15.pdf...
) e quando a abordagem não é multiprofissional. Por ser atribuída ao médico, a comunicação contempla apenas os resultados de exames e o perfil clínico da criança(2424 Gomes GC, Xavier DM, Mota MS, Salvador MS, Silveira RS, Barlem ELD. Dando notícias difíceis à família da criança em situação grave ou em processo de terminalidade. Rev Enferm UERJ [Internet]. 2014 [cited 2017 Jun 26];22(3):347-52. Available from: https://pesquisa.bvsalud.org/portal/resource/pt/bde-27990
https://pesquisa.bvsalud.org/portal/reso...
). A falta de confiança do profissional em si mesmo pode causar problema na comunicação, pois os profissionais precisam combinar afeto e capacidade técnica de transmitir confiança, conforto e segurança(1111 Afonso SBC, Minayo MCS. Relações entre oncohematopediatras, mães e crianças na comunicação de notícias difíceis. Ciên Saúde Coletiva [Internet]. 2017 [cited 2018 Jun 28];22(1):53-62. Available from: www.scielo.br/pdf/csc/v22n1/1413-8123-csc-22-01-0053.pdf
www.scielo.br/pdf/csc/v22n1/1413-8123-cs...
). Alguns profissionais preferem suavizar a verdade para não causar desesperança nos familiares(2424 Gomes GC, Xavier DM, Mota MS, Salvador MS, Silveira RS, Barlem ELD. Dando notícias difíceis à família da criança em situação grave ou em processo de terminalidade. Rev Enferm UERJ [Internet]. 2014 [cited 2017 Jun 26];22(3):347-52. Available from: https://pesquisa.bvsalud.org/portal/resource/pt/bde-27990
https://pesquisa.bvsalud.org/portal/reso...
), enquanto outros se afastam da criança e do seu familiar diante de seus sentimentos e dificuldade da comunicação de más notícias(1111 Afonso SBC, Minayo MCS. Relações entre oncohematopediatras, mães e crianças na comunicação de notícias difíceis. Ciên Saúde Coletiva [Internet]. 2017 [cited 2018 Jun 28];22(1):53-62. Available from: www.scielo.br/pdf/csc/v22n1/1413-8123-csc-22-01-0053.pdf
www.scielo.br/pdf/csc/v22n1/1413-8123-cs...
,2424 Gomes GC, Xavier DM, Mota MS, Salvador MS, Silveira RS, Barlem ELD. Dando notícias difíceis à família da criança em situação grave ou em processo de terminalidade. Rev Enferm UERJ [Internet]. 2014 [cited 2017 Jun 26];22(3):347-52. Available from: https://pesquisa.bvsalud.org/portal/resource/pt/bde-27990
https://pesquisa.bvsalud.org/portal/reso...
,2828 Badarau DO, De Clercq E, Wangmo T, Dragomir M, Miron I, Kühne T, et al. Cancer care in Romania: challenges and pitfalls of children’s and a adolescent’s multifaceted involvement. J Med Ethics [Internet]. 2016 [cited 2018 Jan 13];42(12):757-61. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27697792
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2769...
).

O fato dos pais não desejarem que a criança saiba de seu diagnóstico gera falha na comunicação(1717 Aein F, Delaram M. Giving bad news: a qualitative research exploration. Iran Red Crescent Med J [Internet]. 2014 [cited 2018 Jun 16];16(6):e8197. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4102999/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/article...
,2020 Rujumba J1, Mbasaalaki-Mwaka CL, Ndeezi G. Challenges faced by health workers in providing counselling services to HIV-positive children in Uganda: a descriptive study. J Int AIDS Soc [Internet]. 2010 [cited 2017 Jan 22];13:9. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20205937
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2020...
,2323 Phuma-Ngaiyaye EE, Dartey AF. Experiences of children living with HIV and AIDS following their diagnosis disclosure in Mzuzu, Malawi. Vulnerable Child Youth Stud. 2015;10(4):357-65. doi: 10.1080/17450128.2015.1083639
https://doi.org/10.1080/17450128.2015.10...
,2626 Heeren GA, Jemmott JB 3rd, Sidloyi L, Ngwane Z. Disclosure of HIV diagnosis to HIV-infected children is South Africa: focus groups for intervention development. Vulnerable Child Youth Stud [Internet]. 2012 [cited 2017 Dec 12];7(1):47-54. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22468145
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2246...
,2828 Badarau DO, De Clercq E, Wangmo T, Dragomir M, Miron I, Kühne T, et al. Cancer care in Romania: challenges and pitfalls of children’s and a adolescent’s multifaceted involvement. J Med Ethics [Internet]. 2016 [cited 2018 Jan 13];42(12):757-61. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27697792
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2769...
,3030 Arabiat DH, Alqaissi NM, Hamdan-Mansour AM. Children’s knowledge of cancer diagnosis and treatment: jordanian mothers’ perceptions and satisfaction with the process. Int Nurs Rev [Internet]. 2011 [cited 2018 Jun 13];58(4):443-9. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22092322
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2209...
), já que eles minimizam, silenciam(2424 Gomes GC, Xavier DM, Mota MS, Salvador MS, Silveira RS, Barlem ELD. Dando notícias difíceis à família da criança em situação grave ou em processo de terminalidade. Rev Enferm UERJ [Internet]. 2014 [cited 2017 Jun 26];22(3):347-52. Available from: https://pesquisa.bvsalud.org/portal/resource/pt/bde-27990
https://pesquisa.bvsalud.org/portal/reso...
,3939 Muñoz Sastre MT, Sorum PC, Mullet E. Lay people’s and health professionals’views about breaking bad news to children. Child Care Health Dev [Internet]. 2014 [cited 2018 Jan 26];40(1):106-14. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22928950
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2292...
-4040 Vaz LM, Eng E, Maman S, Tshikandu T, Behets F. Telling children they have HIV: lessons learned from findings of a qualitative study in Sub-Saharan Africa. AIDS Patients Care STDS [Internet]. 2010 [cited 2018 Jun 12];24(4):247-56. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20397899
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2039...
) ou fornecem informação enganosa(1414 Hill V, Sahhar M, Aitken M, Savarirayan R, Metcalfe S. Experiences at the time of diagnosis of parents who have a child with a bone dysplasia resulting in short stature. Am J Med Genet A [Internet]. 2003 [cited 2018 Jun 15];122A(2):100-7. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12955760
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1295...
,3030 Arabiat DH, Alqaissi NM, Hamdan-Mansour AM. Children’s knowledge of cancer diagnosis and treatment: jordanian mothers’ perceptions and satisfaction with the process. Int Nurs Rev [Internet]. 2011 [cited 2018 Jun 13];58(4):443-9. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22092322
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2209...
,3333 Boon-Yasidhi V, Kottapat U, Durier Y, Plipat N, Phongsamart W, Chokephaibulkit K, et al. Diagnosis disclosure in HIV-infected Thai children. J Med Assoc Thai [Internet]. 2005 [cited 2018 Jan 26];88(8):S100-5. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16858851
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1685...
,4040 Vaz LM, Eng E, Maman S, Tshikandu T, Behets F. Telling children they have HIV: lessons learned from findings of a qualitative study in Sub-Saharan Africa. AIDS Patients Care STDS [Internet]. 2010 [cited 2018 Jun 12];24(4):247-56. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20397899
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2039...
,4242 Abbott M, Bernard P, Forge J. Communicating a diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder-a qualitative study of parents’ experiences. Clin Child Psychol Psychiatr [Internet]. 2012 [cited 2018 Jan 26];18(3):370-82. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22904114
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2290...
,4848 Meert KL, Eggly S, Pollack M, Anand KJS, Zimmerman J, Carcillo J, et al. Parents’s perspectives on physician-parent communication near the time of a child’s death in the pediatric intensive care unit. Pediatr Crit Care Med [Internet]. 2008 [cited 2018 Jun 25];9(1):2-7. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18477906
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1847...
). Os médicos relatam se abster de comunicar para criança, devido à incerteza sobre a concordância dos pais ou sua solicitação(2020 Rujumba J1, Mbasaalaki-Mwaka CL, Ndeezi G. Challenges faced by health workers in providing counselling services to HIV-positive children in Uganda: a descriptive study. J Int AIDS Soc [Internet]. 2010 [cited 2017 Jan 22];13:9. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20205937
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2020...
,2828 Badarau DO, De Clercq E, Wangmo T, Dragomir M, Miron I, Kühne T, et al. Cancer care in Romania: challenges and pitfalls of children’s and a adolescent’s multifaceted involvement. J Med Ethics [Internet]. 2016 [cited 2018 Jan 13];42(12):757-61. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27697792
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2769...
). Dentre os motivos de não querer contar, estão estigma(1414 Hill V, Sahhar M, Aitken M, Savarirayan R, Metcalfe S. Experiences at the time of diagnosis of parents who have a child with a bone dysplasia resulting in short stature. Am J Med Genet A [Internet]. 2003 [cited 2018 Jun 15];122A(2):100-7. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12955760
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1295...
,2020 Rujumba J1, Mbasaalaki-Mwaka CL, Ndeezi G. Challenges faced by health workers in providing counselling services to HIV-positive children in Uganda: a descriptive study. J Int AIDS Soc [Internet]. 2010 [cited 2017 Jan 22];13:9. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20205937
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2020...
,2323 Phuma-Ngaiyaye EE, Dartey AF. Experiences of children living with HIV and AIDS following their diagnosis disclosure in Mzuzu, Malawi. Vulnerable Child Youth Stud. 2015;10(4):357-65. doi: 10.1080/17450128.2015.1083639
https://doi.org/10.1080/17450128.2015.10...
,2626 Heeren GA, Jemmott JB 3rd, Sidloyi L, Ngwane Z. Disclosure of HIV diagnosis to HIV-infected children is South Africa: focus groups for intervention development. Vulnerable Child Youth Stud [Internet]. 2012 [cited 2017 Dec 12];7(1):47-54. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22468145
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2246...
), medo do isolamento(1414 Hill V, Sahhar M, Aitken M, Savarirayan R, Metcalfe S. Experiences at the time of diagnosis of parents who have a child with a bone dysplasia resulting in short stature. Am J Med Genet A [Internet]. 2003 [cited 2018 Jun 15];122A(2):100-7. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12955760
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1295...
,2020 Rujumba J1, Mbasaalaki-Mwaka CL, Ndeezi G. Challenges faced by health workers in providing counselling services to HIV-positive children in Uganda: a descriptive study. J Int AIDS Soc [Internet]. 2010 [cited 2017 Jan 22];13:9. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20205937
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2020...
,2323 Phuma-Ngaiyaye EE, Dartey AF. Experiences of children living with HIV and AIDS following their diagnosis disclosure in Mzuzu, Malawi. Vulnerable Child Youth Stud. 2015;10(4):357-65. doi: 10.1080/17450128.2015.1083639
https://doi.org/10.1080/17450128.2015.10...
,2626 Heeren GA, Jemmott JB 3rd, Sidloyi L, Ngwane Z. Disclosure of HIV diagnosis to HIV-infected children is South Africa: focus groups for intervention development. Vulnerable Child Youth Stud [Internet]. 2012 [cited 2017 Dec 12];7(1):47-54. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22468145
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2246...
), medo de causar sofrimento à criança(2323 Phuma-Ngaiyaye EE, Dartey AF. Experiences of children living with HIV and AIDS following their diagnosis disclosure in Mzuzu, Malawi. Vulnerable Child Youth Stud. 2015;10(4):357-65. doi: 10.1080/17450128.2015.1083639
https://doi.org/10.1080/17450128.2015.10...
,2626 Heeren GA, Jemmott JB 3rd, Sidloyi L, Ngwane Z. Disclosure of HIV diagnosis to HIV-infected children is South Africa: focus groups for intervention development. Vulnerable Child Youth Stud [Internet]. 2012 [cited 2017 Dec 12];7(1):47-54. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22468145
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2246...
,3333 Boon-Yasidhi V, Kottapat U, Durier Y, Plipat N, Phongsamart W, Chokephaibulkit K, et al. Diagnosis disclosure in HIV-infected Thai children. J Med Assoc Thai [Internet]. 2005 [cited 2018 Jan 26];88(8):S100-5. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16858851
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1685...
), querer prepará-las(1717 Aein F, Delaram M. Giving bad news: a qualitative research exploration. Iran Red Crescent Med J [Internet]. 2014 [cited 2018 Jun 16];16(6):e8197. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4102999/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/article...
,3030 Arabiat DH, Alqaissi NM, Hamdan-Mansour AM. Children’s knowledge of cancer diagnosis and treatment: jordanian mothers’ perceptions and satisfaction with the process. Int Nurs Rev [Internet]. 2011 [cited 2018 Jun 13];58(4):443-9. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22092322
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2209...
), preocupação de a criança não guardar o segredo(3333 Boon-Yasidhi V, Kottapat U, Durier Y, Plipat N, Phongsamart W, Chokephaibulkit K, et al. Diagnosis disclosure in HIV-infected Thai children. J Med Assoc Thai [Internet]. 2005 [cited 2018 Jan 26];88(8):S100-5. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16858851
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1685...
), não reconhecer o direito da criança de saber o diagnóstico(3333 Boon-Yasidhi V, Kottapat U, Durier Y, Plipat N, Phongsamart W, Chokephaibulkit K, et al. Diagnosis disclosure in HIV-infected Thai children. J Med Assoc Thai [Internet]. 2005 [cited 2018 Jan 26];88(8):S100-5. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16858851
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1685...
) e sentimento de culpa(2020 Rujumba J1, Mbasaalaki-Mwaka CL, Ndeezi G. Challenges faced by health workers in providing counselling services to HIV-positive children in Uganda: a descriptive study. J Int AIDS Soc [Internet]. 2010 [cited 2017 Jan 22];13:9. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20205937
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2020...
,3333 Boon-Yasidhi V, Kottapat U, Durier Y, Plipat N, Phongsamart W, Chokephaibulkit K, et al. Diagnosis disclosure in HIV-infected Thai children. J Med Assoc Thai [Internet]. 2005 [cited 2018 Jan 26];88(8):S100-5. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16858851
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1685...
). Pais sem informações suficientes da doença tentam esconder os fatos da criança(2626 Heeren GA, Jemmott JB 3rd, Sidloyi L, Ngwane Z. Disclosure of HIV diagnosis to HIV-infected children is South Africa: focus groups for intervention development. Vulnerable Child Youth Stud [Internet]. 2012 [cited 2017 Dec 12];7(1):47-54. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22468145
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2246...
).

Dentre as falhas, foram evidenciadas barreiras organizacionais, como o serviço não permitir que os pais permanecessem no hospital com a criança, então, só as mães acompanhavam os filhos no hospital(1717 Aein F, Delaram M. Giving bad news: a qualitative research exploration. Iran Red Crescent Med J [Internet]. 2014 [cited 2018 Jun 16];16(6):e8197. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4102999/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/article...
). Destaca-se situações em que a comunicação falhou por acontecer indiretamente, por exemplo, quando pais descobriram o diagnóstico ao ouvir conversas entre os médicos(1717 Aein F, Delaram M. Giving bad news: a qualitative research exploration. Iran Red Crescent Med J [Internet]. 2014 [cited 2018 Jun 16];16(6):e8197. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4102999/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/article...
), e quando crianças descobriram ao ler ou ouvir comentários da doença no ambiente em que estavam(2525 Nzota MS, Matovu JKB, Draper HR, Kisa R, Kiwanuka SN. Determinats and processo f HIV status disclosure to HIV-infected children aged 4 to 17 years receiving HIV care services at Baylor College of Medicine Children’s Foundation Tanzania, Centre of Excellence (COE) in Mbeya: cross-sectional study. BMC Pediatrics [Internet]. 2015 [cited 2018 Jan 13];15:81. Available from: https://www.springermedizin.de/determinants-and-processes-of-hiv-status-disclosure-to-hiv-infec/9746990
https://www.springermedizin.de/determina...
,3030 Arabiat DH, Alqaissi NM, Hamdan-Mansour AM. Children’s knowledge of cancer diagnosis and treatment: jordanian mothers’ perceptions and satisfaction with the process. Int Nurs Rev [Internet]. 2011 [cited 2018 Jun 13];58(4):443-9. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22092322
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2209...
,4141 Orioles A, Miller VA, Kersun LS, Ingram M, Morrison WE. “To be a phenomenal doctor you have to be the whole package”: physicians’ interpersonal behaviors during difficult conversations in pediatrics. J Palliat Med [Internet]. 2013 [cited 2018 Jun 12];16(8):929-33. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23808643
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2380...
) ou por terceiros(2525 Nzota MS, Matovu JKB, Draper HR, Kisa R, Kiwanuka SN. Determinats and processo f HIV status disclosure to HIV-infected children aged 4 to 17 years receiving HIV care services at Baylor College of Medicine Children’s Foundation Tanzania, Centre of Excellence (COE) in Mbeya: cross-sectional study. BMC Pediatrics [Internet]. 2015 [cited 2018 Jan 13];15:81. Available from: https://www.springermedizin.de/determinants-and-processes-of-hiv-status-disclosure-to-hiv-infec/9746990
https://www.springermedizin.de/determina...
,4141 Orioles A, Miller VA, Kersun LS, Ingram M, Morrison WE. “To be a phenomenal doctor you have to be the whole package”: physicians’ interpersonal behaviors during difficult conversations in pediatrics. J Palliat Med [Internet]. 2013 [cited 2018 Jun 12];16(8):929-33. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23808643
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2380...
).

Limites do estudo

Embora a questão de revisão tenha sido respondida, entendemos que outros estudos primários poderiam ser identificados pela busca em outras bases de dados, ainda que as principais bases da saúde tenham sido acessadas. Compreendemos que a opção de não consultar literaturas cinzentas, como teses e dissertações, pode ter implicado a não inclusão de resultados não publicados na forma de artigo. Outra limitação desta revisão foi aplicar um referencial na síntese das evidências que permitiu uma análise linear dos elementos da comunicação. Reconhecemos que há outros referenciais que expandem a interação entre estes elementos e que poderão aprofundar a discussão em futuros estudos.

Contribuições para a área da enfermagem, saúde ou política pública

A síntese dos elementos da comunicação aponta contribuições para os profissionais de saúde comunicarem más notícias. Recomenda-se uma equipe interdisciplinar que inclua, especialmente, aquele profissional com vínculo com a família e a criança, que muitas vezes é o enfermeiro.

Os resultados reforçam a necessidade de investimentos na comunicação de más notícias, considerando as necessidades do profissional, da família e da criança de modo a obter melhores efeitos. Para os profissionais, indica-se a oferta de capacitação (mensagem e maneira) e de um ambiente que garanta privacidade. Para a família, as evidências apontam a necessidade de estratégias de preparação antes da comunicação e da presença de um acompanhante no momento da comunicação, o que deve ser preconizado pelas diretrizes políticas e assistenciais, inclusive o reconhecimento do direito da criança de saber de sua condição de saúde e a avaliação de sua maturidade para receber as informações. Isso demanda o compromisso da instância política, assistencial e de ensino, para contemplar a temática na formação e na qualificação profissional.

CONCLUSÕES

As evidências descritas indicaram que a comunicação de má notícia em pediatria envolve todos os elementos do modelo tradicional de Lasswell(66 Martino LMS. Teoria da Comunicação: ideias, conceitos e métodos. Ed vozes, p.288, 2017.) adotado para extração e discussão dos dados desta revisão. O contexto da notícia indicou a necessidade de preparação tanto da equipe quanto da família e da criança. Os diagnósticos de câncer e HIV e o prognóstico de terminalidade foram considerados notícias ruins, más ou difíceis. A maneira de comunicar deve ser honesta, empática e objetiva, visando potencializar melhores efeitos na criança, família e profissionais. Para minimizar os ruídos, é necessário a utilização da linguagem e técnica para comunicar de acordo com o nível de instrução da família e a maturidade da criança. Para evitar falhas, é imprescindível que os profissionais e familiares reconheçam o direito da criança de saber de sua condição, rompendo com o silenciamento, as informações enganosas e a descoberta por terceiros. É urgente promover a corresponsabilização das instituições e participantes nesse processo, tendo em vista minimizar os ruídos e evitar falhas. Reconhecemos que para a aplicação desta síntese do conhecimento na prática de comunicação de má notícia em pediatria é possível considerar outras proposições de comunicação, em resposta ao modelo tradicional, que reconheçam que comunicação é, sobretudo, interação sem limites estabelecidos para começo ou fim da relação interpessoal.

  • FOMENTO
    Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior, Brasil - Código de Financiamento 001.

AGRADECIMENTO

Os autores agradecem o apoio do Núcleo de Tecnologia Educacional (NTE) da Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM/RS) na criação da figura 2 - Elementos da comunicação do modelo teórico aplicado na síntese de evidências científicas de más notícias em pediatria, em especial ao Designer Carlo de Moraes.

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Editado por

EDITOR CHEFE: Dulce Aparecida Barbosa
EDITOR ASSOCIADO: Priscilla Valladares Broca

Datas de Publicação

  • Publicação nesta coleção
    05 Ago 2020
  • Data do Fascículo
    2020

Histórico

  • Recebido
    13 Mar 2019
  • Aceito
    30 Jul 2019
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