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Validade diagnóstica de biomarcadores na doença de Parkinson: revisão sistemática e meta-análise

RESUMO

Objetivo:

Identificar os biomarcadores para a doença de Parkinson, no líquido cefalorraquidiano, sangue, saliva e urina.

Método:

Os estudos foram coletados nas bases de dados Cochrane, LILACS, PubMed, SCOPUS, WEB OF SCIENCE, OpenGrey, ProQuest e Google Scholar, a partir de 3 de maio de 2016 e atualizados em 20 de março de 2017. Foram selecionados 22 estudos, avaliados pelo Quality Assessment Tool for Diagnostic Accuracy Studies e o Review Manager 5.3.

Resultados:

A evidência mostra que os anticorpos séricos podem ser usados como biomarcadores altamente específicos e precisos para o diagnóstico da doença de Parkinson em seu início. Os biomarcadores no líquido cefalorraquidiano estão relacionados ao aumento da severidade motora, à instabilidade postural, ao distúrbio da marcha e ao declínio cognitivo.

Conclusão:

Os anticorpos séricos e cefalorraquidianos podem ser utilizados como biomarcadores de diagnóstico no início da doença.

Descritores:
Revisão; Doença de Parkinson; Diagnóstico; Biomarcadores; Sangue

ABSTRACT

Objective:

To identify biomarkers for Parkinson’s disease, cerebrospinal fluid, blood, saliva, and urine.

Method:

The studies were collected from the Cochrane, LILACS, PubMed, SCOPUS, WEB OF SCIENCE, OpenGrey, ProQuest and Google Scholar databases starting from May 3, 2016 and updated on March 20, 2017. Twenty-two studies were evaluated, by the Quality Assessment Tool for Diagnostic Accuracy Studies and Review Manager 5.3.

Results:

Evidence shows that serum antibodies can be used as highly specific and accurate biomarkers for the diagnosis of Parkinson’s disease at the outset. Biomarkers in the cerebrospinal fluid are related to increased motor severity, postural instability, gait abnormality, and cognitive impairment.

Conclusion:

Serum and cerebrospinal antibodies can be used as diagnostic biomarkers at the onset of the disease.

Descriptors:
Review; Parkinson’s Disease; Diagnostic; Biomarkers; Blood

RESUMEN

Objetivo:

Identificar los biomarcadores para la enfermedad de Parkinson, el líquido cefalorraquídeo, la sangre, la saliva y la orina.

Método:

Los estudios fueron recolectados en las bases de datos Cochrane, LILACS, PubMed, SCOPUS, WEB OF SCIENCE, OpenGrey, ProQuest y Google Scholar, a partir del 3 de mayo de 2016 y actualizados el 20 de marzo de 2017. Se seleccionaron 22 estudios, evaluados por la Quality Assessment Tool for Diagnostic Accuracy Studies y el Review Manager 5.3.

Resultados:

La evidencia muestra que los anticuerpos séricos pueden ser utilizados como biomarcadores altamente específicos y precisos para el diagnóstico de la enfermedad de Parkinson en su inicio. Los biomarcadores en el líquido cefalorraquídeo están relacionados con el aumento de la severidad motora, la inestabilidad postural, el disturbio de la marcha y la declinación cognitiva.

Conclusión:

Los anticuerpos séricos y cefalorraquídeos pueden utilizarse como biomarcadores de diagnóstico al inicio de la enfermedad.

Descriptores:
Revisión; Enfermedad de Parkinson; Diagnóstico; Biomarcadores; Sangre

INTRODUÇÃO

A doença de Parkinson (DP) é uma doença neurodegenerativa comum, caracterizada patologicamente pela presença de corpos de Lewy ricos em α-sinucleína (α-syn)(11 Atik A, Stewart T, Zhang J. Alpha-Synuclein as a Biomarker for Parkinson's Disease. Brain Pathol[Internet]. 2016[cited 2017 May 18];26(3):410-8. Available from: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bpa.12370/pdf
http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.11...
), e considerada uma doença neurológica do movimento que tem afetado mais de seis milhões de pessoas em todo o mundo(22 Foulds PG, Diggle P, Mitchell JD, Parker A, Hasegawa M, Masuda-Suzukake M, et al. A longitudinal study on alpha-synuclein in blood plasma as a biomarker for Parkinson's disease. Sci Rep[Internet]. 2013[cited 2017 May 28];3:2540. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3756331/pdf/srep02540.pdf
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/article...
). O início da neuropatologia molecular e celular da DP provavelmente ocorre décadas antes do início dos sintomas motores característicos da doença. Atualmente, o diagnóstico da DP é clínico e depende das manifestações da Escala Unificada de Avaliação da Doença de Parkinson (UPDRS)(33 Martignoni E, Franchignoni F, Pasetti C, Ferriero G, Picco D. Psychometric properties of the Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale and of the Short Parkinson's Evaluation Scale. Neurol Sci[Internet]. 2003[cited 2017 May 23];24(3):190-1. Available from: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10072-003-0124-0
https://link.springer.com/article/10.100...
) e do estágio da doença encontrado na Escala modificada de Hoehn e Yahr(44 Schenkman ML, Clark K, Xie T, Kuchibhatla M, Shinberg M, Ray L. Spinal movement and performance of a standing reach task in participants with and without Parkinson disease. Phys Ther[Internet]. 2001[cited 2017 May 28];81(8):1400-11. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11509070
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1150...
). Esses critérios são subjetivos e podem ser aplicados somente quando as características motoras aparecem. Entretanto, as manifestações clínicas da DP não aparecem até que 50% e 70% dos neurônios dopaminérgicos tenham sido perdidos, fazendo com que os pacientes não tenham a oportunidade de realizar o tratamento precoce. Portanto, a busca de novos biomarcadores, objetivos e quantificáveis, pode contribuir para o diagnóstico da DP, especialmente nos estágios iniciais do processo da doença(55 Ding H, Huang Z, Chen M, Wang C, Chen X, Chen J, et al. Identification of a panel of five serum miRNAs as a biomarker for Parkinson's disease. Parkinsonism Relat Disord[Internet]. 2016[cited 2017 May 23];22:68-73. Available from: http://www.prd-journal.com/article/S1353-8020 (15)30038-9/pdf
http://www.prd-journal.com/article/S1353...
).

Existe uma necessidade urgente de desenvolver biomarcadores para o diagnóstico precoce com o objetivo de intervir no início da doença e de monitorizar o progresso das intervenções terapêuticas que possam retardar ou interromper o curso da doença(66 Miller DB, O'Callaghan JP. Biomarkers of Parkinson's disease: present and future. Metabolism[Internet]. 2015[cited 2017 May 28];64(3Suppl1):S40-6. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4721253/pdf/nihms-747493.pdf
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/article...
). Portanto, identificar os biomarcadores na doença de Parkinson pode contribuir para a redução de incapacidades da pessoa com a doença.

São necessários estudos que evidenciem biomarcadores para o diagnóstico da DP(77 Santos-Garcia D, Mir P, Cubo E, Vela L, Rodriguez-Oroz MC, Marti MJ, et al. COPPADIS-2015 (Cohort of Patients with Parkinson's Disease in Spain, 2015), a global--clinical evaluations, serum biomarkers, genetic studies and neuroimaging--prospective, multicenter, non-interventional, long-term study on Parkinson's disease progression. BMC Neurol[Internet]. 2016[cited 2017 May 28];16:26. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4766717/pdf/12883_2016_Article_548.pdf
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/article...
). Os biomarcadores podem ser definidos como características medidas objetivamente como indicadores de processos normais e patogênicos ou de respostas orgânicas.

OBJETIVO

Identificar os biomarcadores para a doença de Parkinson, no líquido cefalorraquidiano, sangue, saliva e urina.

MÉTODO

Essa revisão sistemática foi orientada de acordo com a lista de verificação Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA)(88 Moher D, Liberati A, Tetzlaff J, Altman DG. Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: the PRISMA statement. Int J Surg[Internet]. 2010[cited 2017 May 23];8(5):336-41. Available from: http://www.journal-surgery.net/article/S1743-9191(10)00040-3/pdf
http://www.journal-surgery.net/article/S...
), e nos estudos selecionados foram avaliados a qualidade e o risco de viés pelo método QUADAS-2.

Critério de inclusão

Os artigos retidos foram apenas aqueles estudos cujo objetivo foi avaliar a validade diagnóstica de biomarcadores sanguíneos, salivares e líquido cefalorraquidiano para DP, em comparação com o exame clínico.

Critério de exclusão

Foram aplicados os seguintes critérios de exclusão: 1. Comparação entre DP e outras demências; 2. Desenvolvimento de técnicas/métodos para o diagnóstico de DP; 3. Etapas de progressão da DP; e 4. Estudos que não são de diagnóstico.

Fontes de informação

Foram desenvolvidas estratégias detalhadas de busca individual para cada uma das seguintes bases bibliográficas: Cochrane, LILACS, PubMed, Scopus e Web of Science. Uma pesquisa parcial de literatura cinza foi feita usando o OpenGrey, ProQuest e Google Scholar. A data da pesquisa foi 03 de maio de 2016 em todas as bases de dados e atualizada em 20 de março de 2017. As referências citadas nos artigos selecionados também foram verificadas.

Pesquisa

As combinações apropriadas de truncamento e palavras foram selecionadas e adaptadas para cada pesquisa de banco de dados. Todas as referências foram gerenciadas pelo software de referência apropriado (EndNote® Web - Thomson Reuters, Filadélfia, PA) e os duplicados foram removidos.

Seleção de estudos

A seleção foi concluída em 2 fases. Na fase 1, dois revisores (M.F.B.N.A.C, E.R) reviram de forma independente os títulos e resumos de todas as citações de bases de dados eletrônicas identificadas. Os artigos que não preencheram os critérios de inclusão foram descartados. Na fase 2, os mesmos revisores aplicaram os critérios de inclusão no texto completo dos artigos. A lista de referências dos estudos selecionados foi avaliada criticamente por ambos os examinadores (M.F.B.N.A.C, E.R). Foi alcançado um acordo mútuo entre os dois autores.

Processo de coleta de dados e itens de dados

Um autor (M.F.B.N.A.C) coletou as informações necessárias dos artigos selecionados, tais como características do estudo (autor, ano de publicação e país; desenho do estudo e objetivo); características da população (número total, amostra total, número de casos e controle); características da intervenção (biomarcadores, coleta e análise) e resultados (principais conclusões). Qualquer desacordo foi resolvido por meio de discussão e acordo mútuo entre os dois autores. Quando os dois autores não chegaram a um consenso, o terceiro autor (S.S.K) interveio para tomar a decisão final.

Risco de viés em estudos individuais

A metodologia de estudos selecionados foi avaliada utilizando o método de QUADAS-2(99 Whiting PF, Rutjes AW, Westwood ME, Mallett S, Deeks JJ, Reitsma JB, et al. QUADAS-2: a revised tool for the quality assessment of diagnostic accuracy studies. Ann Intern Med[Internet]. 2011[cited 2015 Jul 23];155(8):529-36. Available from: http://annals.org/aim/fullarticle/474994/quadas-2-revised-tool-quality-assessment-diagnostic-accuracy-studies
http://annals.org/aim/fullarticle/474994...
). Essa ferramenta é projetada para avaliar a qualidade dos estudos de precisão diagnóstica primária e consiste em 4 domínios-chave: seleção do paciente; teste de índice; padrão de referência, fluxo e tempo. Cada domínio é avaliado em termos de risco de viés, e em termos de preocupações sobre aplicabilidade. Os artigos foram classificados como “Sim”, “Não”, “Pouco claro” e “Risco”, de acordo com a análise de cada estudo.

Medida sumária

A sensibilidade e especificidade dos testes diagnósticos foram os principais desfechos avaliados. O valor preditivo positivo (PPV), o valor preditivo negativo (NPV), a razão de verossimilhança positiva (LR+), a razão de verossimilhança negativa (LR-) e a relação de probabilidade diagnóstica (DOR) foram resultados secundários.

Síntese dos resultados

Avaliamos a validade diagnóstica de biomarcadores para a DP. Os resultados individuais foram combinados por meio de uma metanálise seguindo as diretrizes Cochrane Collaboration(1010 Margis R, Rieder CR. Identification of blood microRNAs associated to Parkinsonis disease. J Biotechnol[Internet]. 2011[cited 2017 May 28];152(3):96-101. Available from: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0168165611000678?via%3Dihub
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/art...
). Os dados da metanálise foram combinados utilizando o modelo de efeito aleatório, com estimativa de máxima verossimilhança restrita (REML) e o método combinado DerSimonian. Todas as análises estatísticas foram brutas, sem ajuste para potenciais fatores de confusão. Alguns dos dados necessários não foram especificados nos artigos, por isso não foi calculado. As medições de validade descritas em itens de dados foram transformadas para desenhar Receive Operationg Characteristic (ROC), curvas e lote de floresta com o auxílio do Review Manager 5.3 (RevMan 5.3, The Nordic Cochrane Centre, Copenhagen, Dinamarca). A heterogeneidade dentro dos estudos foi avaliada considerando as diferenças clínicas (diferenças entre os participantes, teste de índice e resultados), metodológicas (design e risco de viés) e características estatísticas (efeito de estudos) ou utilizando índices de inconsistência (I2), enquanto um valor maior que 50% foi considerado um indicador de heterogeneidade substancial entre os estudos. O nível de significância foi fixado em 5%(1111 Leeflang MM, Deeks JJ, Takwoingi Y, Macaskill P. Cochrane diagnostic test accuracy reviews. Syst Rev[Internet]. 2013[cited 2017 May 28];2:82. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3851548/pdf/2046-4053-2-82.pdf
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/article...
).

RESULTADOS

Seleção de estudos

Durante a pesquisa inicial (fase 1) foram identificadas 557 citações diferentes em todas as bases de dados eletrônicas. Em seguida, após uma avaliação abrangente dos resumos e a remoção dos duplicados, 175 foram considerados potencialmente úteis e capturados para avaliação da fase 2.

Nessa etapa, 22 foram considerados apropriados para a leitura do texto completo. Após a checagem na lista de referência foram considerados 48 estudos potenciais para inclusão, porém foram excluídos. Foram também consideradas as citações da literatura cinzenta, sendo 45 do Google Scholar, 2 de Open Grey e 1 de ProQuest, e nenhum desses foi selecionado para integrar o estudo. Ao final, 22 estudos integraram a revisão. Um diagrama de fluxo detalhando o processo de identificação, inclusão e exclusão de estudos é mostrado na Figura 1.

Figura 1
Diagrama do fluxo da pesquisa bibliográfica e critérios de seleção1 1 Adaptado do PRISMA.

Características dos estudos

Os estudos foram publicados entre o período de 2008 e 2017, todos em inglês. Além disso, foram realizados em 14 países diferentes: Austrália(1212 Kang JH, Irwin DJ, Chen-Plotkin AS, Siderowf A, Caspell C, Coffey CS, et al. Association of cerebrospinal fluid beta-amyloid 1-42, T-tau, P-tau181, and alpha-synuclein levels with clinical features of drug-naive patients with early Parkinson disease. JAMA Neurol[Internet]. 2013[cited 2015 Jul 23];70(10):1277-87. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4034348/pdf/nihms573438.pdf
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/article...
), Brasil(1010 Margis R, Rieder CR. Identification of blood microRNAs associated to Parkinsonis disease. J Biotechnol[Internet]. 2011[cited 2017 May 28];152(3):96-101. Available from: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0168165611000678?via%3Dihub
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/art...
,1313 Aguiar PMC, Severino P. Biomarkers in Parkinson Disease: global gene expression analysis in peripheral blood from patients with and without mutations in PARK2 and PARK8. Einstein[Internet]. 2010[cited 2017 May 23];8(3 Pt 1):291-7. Available from: http://apps.einstein.br/revista/arquivos/PDF/1674-Einsteinv8n3_pg291-7_eng.pdf
http://apps.einstein.br/revista/arquivos...
), China(55 Ding H, Huang Z, Chen M, Wang C, Chen X, Chen J, et al. Identification of a panel of five serum miRNAs as a biomarker for Parkinson's disease. Parkinsonism Relat Disord[Internet]. 2016[cited 2017 May 23];22:68-73. Available from: http://www.prd-journal.com/article/S1353-8020 (15)30038-9/pdf
http://www.prd-journal.com/article/S1353...
,1414 Gui Y, Liu H, Zhang L, Lv W, Hu X. Altered microRNA profiles in cerebrospinal fluid exosome in Parkinson disease and Alzheimer disease. Oncotarget[Internet]. 2015[cited 2017 May 28];6(35):37043-53. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4741914/pdf/oncotarget-06-37043.pdf
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/article...

15 Wang X, Yu S, Li F, Feng T. Detection of alpha-synuclein oligomers in red blood cells as a potential biomarker of Parkinson's disease. Neurosci Lett[Internet]. 2015[cited 2017 May 23];599:115-9. Available from: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0304394015003870?via%3Dihub
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/art...
-1616 Cao XY, Lu JM, Zhao ZQ, Li MC, Lu T, An XS, Xue LJ. MicroRNA biomarkers of Parkinson's disease in serum exosome-like microvesicles. Neurosci Lett[Internet]. 2017[cited 2017 May 23];644:94-9. Available from: http://europepmc.org/abstract/med/28223160
http://europepmc.org/abstract/med/282231...
), Alemanha(1717 Grunblatt E, Zehetmayer S, Jacob CP, Muller T, Jost WH, Riederer P. Pilot study: peripheral biomarkers for diagnosing sporadic Parkinson's disease. J Neural Transm[Internet]. 2010[cited 2017 May 28];117(12):1387-93. Available from: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs00702-010-0509-1
https://link.springer.com/article/10.100...
), Israel(1818 Molochnikov L, Rabey JM, Dobronevsky E, Bonucelli U, Ceravolo R, Frosini D, et al. A molecular signature in blood identifies early Parkinson's disease. Mol Neurodegener[Internet]. 2012[cited 2017 May 28];7:26. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3424147/pdf/1750-1326-7-26.pdf
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), Itália(1919 Parnetti L, Farotti L, Eusebi P, Chiasserini D, De Carlo C, Giannandrea D, et al. Differential role of CSF alpha-synuclein species, tau, and A beta 42 in Parkinson's Disease. Frontiers Aging Neurosci[Internet]. 2014[cited 2017 May 28];6. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3978246/pdf/fnagi-06-00053.pdf
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), Coreia(2121 Park MJ, Cheon SM, Bae HR, Kim SH, Kim JW. Elevated Levels of a-Synuclein Oligomer in the Cerebrospinal Fluid of Drug-Naïve Patients with Parkinson's Disease. J Clin Neurol[Internet]. 2011[cited 2017 May 23];7(4):215-22. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3259496/pdf/jcn-7-215.pdf
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), México(2222 Boll MC, Alcaraz-Zubeldia M, Montes S, Rios C. Free copper, ferroxidase and SOD1 activities, lipid peroxidation and NO(x) content in the CSF: a different marker profile in four neurodegenerative diseases. Neurochem Res[Internet]. 2008[cited 2017 May 28];33(9):1717-23. Available from: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs11064-008-9610-3
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), Noruega(2323 Aasly JO, Johansen KK, Bronstad G, Waro BJ, Majbour NK, Varghese S, et al. Elevated levels of cerebrospinal fluid alpha-synuclein oligomers in healthy asymptomatic LRRK2 mutation carriers. Frontiers Aging Neurosci[Internet]. 2014[cited 2017 May 23];6:248. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4174885/pdf/fnagi-06-00248.pdf
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), Espanha(2525 Gorostidi A, Bergareche A, Ruiz-Martinez J, Marti-Masso JF, Cruz M, Varghese S, et al. α-synuclein levels in blood plasma from LRRK2 mutation carriers. PLoS One[Internet]. 2012[cited 2017 May 28];7(12):e52312. Available from: http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/file?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0052312&type=printable
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), Suécia(2424 Karlsson MK, Sharma P, Aasly J, Toft M, Skogar O, Saebo S, et al. Found in transcription: accurate Parkinson's disease classification in peripheral blood. J Parkinsons Dis[Internet]. 2013[cited 2017 May 28];3(1):19-29. Available from: https://content.iospress.com/download/journal-of-parkinsons-disease/jpd120159?id=journal-of-parkinsons-disease%2Fjpd120159
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), Emirados Árabes(2626 Tokuda T, Qureshi M, Ardah M, Varghese S, Shehab S, Kasai T, et al. Detection of elevated levels of a-synuclein oligomers in CSF from patients with Parkinson disease. Neurol[Internet]. 2010[cited 2017 May 28];75(20):1766-72. Available from:http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/o/cochrane/clcentral/articles/665/CN-00772665/frame.html.
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), Reino Unido(22 Foulds PG, Diggle P, Mitchell JD, Parker A, Hasegawa M, Masuda-Suzukake M, et al. A longitudinal study on alpha-synuclein in blood plasma as a biomarker for Parkinson's disease. Sci Rep[Internet]. 2013[cited 2017 May 28];3:2540. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3756331/pdf/srep02540.pdf
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/article...
,2727 Foulds PG, Mitchell JD, Parker A, Turner R, Green G, Diggle P, et al. Phosphorylated alpha-synuclein can be detected in blood plasma and is potentially a useful biomarker for Parkinson's disease. Faseb J[Internet]. 2011[cited 2017 May 23];25(12):4127-37. Available from: http://www.fasebj.org/content/25/12/4127.long
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), EUA(2828 Goldknopf IL, Bryson JK, Strelets I, Quintero S, Sheta EA, Mosqueda M, et al. Abnormal serum concentrations of proteins in Parkinson's disease. Biochem Biophys Res Commun[Internet]. 2009[cited 2017 May 28];389(2):321-7. Available from: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0006291X09017392?via%3Dihub
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-2929 Han M, Nagele E, DeMarshall C, Acharya N, Nagele R. Diagnosis of Parkinson's disease based on disease-specific autoantibody profiles in human sera. PLoS One[Internet]. 2012[cited 2017 May 23];7(2):e32383. Available from: http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0032383
http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article...
). Os estudos utilizaram biomarcadores no líquido cefalorraquidiano, sangue e saliva de 2.574 adultos, com o objetivo de investigar o diagnóstico de DP nos estádios iniciais. Os biomarcadores analisados no líquido cefalorraquidiano foram: α-synuclein; o-α- synuclein; t-α-synuclein; LRRK2; Cu/Zn-SOD; Lipid peroxidation assay; NOx; Ceruloplasmin ferroxidase; miR-1; miR-153; miR-409-3p; miR-19b-3p; miR-10ª-5p; miR153/mir-409-3p; Aβ1–42/t-tau ratio; Tau [T-tau]; [P-tau181]; α-synuclein; SKP1A; HSPA8; PSMC4; ALDH1A1; HIP2); no sangue (hsa-miR-195; hsa-miR-15b; hsa-miR-221; hsa-miR-181a; hsa-miR-185; phospho-α-synuclein; α-synuclein; oligo-α-synuclein; oligo- phospho- α-synuclein; A. 57 Biomarkers; B. 21 Biomarkers; LRRK2; α-synuclein; iPD; PSMA2; LAMB2; ALDH1A1; HIST1H3E; NM_001544.2; NM_024754.2; BC051695.1; PHR5001; NM_006790.1; NM_032855.1; BC005858.1; NM_003141.2; BC094687.1; BC027617.1; SNCA/PARK1/4; PRKN/PARK2; L1 (UCHL-1/PARK5); PINK1/PARK6; DJ-1 (DJ1/PARK7); LRRK2/PARK8; VPS35/PARK17; EIF4G1/PARK18; miR-626; miR-505; miR-222; k-TSP1; k- TSP2; k- TSP3; k-TSP4 ; k-TSP5; k-TSP1–5; k-TSP1–4; k-TSP1–3 ; k-TSP1,3,4; miR-1; miR-22; miR-29a; miR-16-2; miR-26a2; miR-30a; SKP1A; HSPA8; PSMC4; ALDH1A1; HIP2, e na saliva (α-synuclein; o- α- synuclein; t-α- synuclein).

Risco de viés nos estudos

Os estudos foram analisados pelo instrumento QUADAS-2, a partir de três domínios: domínio 1 (seleção dos participantes), domínio 2 (teste de indexação), e domínio 3 (padronização das referências). Foram encontrados quatro deles com risco moderado de viés: Goldknopf et al, 2009(2828 Goldknopf IL, Bryson JK, Strelets I, Quintero S, Sheta EA, Mosqueda M, et al. Abnormal serum concentrations of proteins in Parkinson's disease. Biochem Biophys Res Commun[Internet]. 2009[cited 2017 May 28];389(2):321-7. Available from: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0006291X09017392?via%3Dihub
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/art...
); Grünblatt et al, 2010(1717 Grunblatt E, Zehetmayer S, Jacob CP, Muller T, Jost WH, Riederer P. Pilot study: peripheral biomarkers for diagnosing sporadic Parkinson's disease. J Neural Transm[Internet]. 2010[cited 2017 May 28];117(12):1387-93. Available from: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs00702-010-0509-1
https://link.springer.com/article/10.100...
); Kang et al, 2013(1212 Kang JH, Irwin DJ, Chen-Plotkin AS, Siderowf A, Caspell C, Coffey CS, et al. Association of cerebrospinal fluid beta-amyloid 1-42, T-tau, P-tau181, and alpha-synuclein levels with clinical features of drug-naive patients with early Parkinson disease. JAMA Neurol[Internet]. 2013[cited 2015 Jul 23];70(10):1277-87. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4034348/pdf/nihms573438.pdf
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/article...
); Khoo et al, 2012(3030 Khoo SK, Petillo D, Kang UJ, Resau JH, Berryhill B, Linder J, et al. Plasma-based circulating MicroRNA biomarkers for Parkinson's disease. J Parkinsons Dis[Internet];2012[cited 2017 May 23];2(4):321-31. Available from: https://content.iospress.com/articles/journal-of-parkinsons-disease/jpd012144
https://content.iospress.com/articles/jo...
), e dezoito com baixo risco de viés: Aasly et al, 2014(2323 Aasly JO, Johansen KK, Bronstad G, Waro BJ, Majbour NK, Varghese S, et al. Elevated levels of cerebrospinal fluid alpha-synuclein oligomers in healthy asymptomatic LRRK2 mutation carriers. Frontiers Aging Neurosci[Internet]. 2014[cited 2017 May 23];6:248. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4174885/pdf/fnagi-06-00248.pdf
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/article...
), Aguiar et al,(1313 Aguiar PMC, Severino P. Biomarkers in Parkinson Disease: global gene expression analysis in peripheral blood from patients with and without mutations in PARK2 and PARK8. Einstein[Internet]. 2010[cited 2017 May 23];8(3 Pt 1):291-7. Available from: http://apps.einstein.br/revista/arquivos/PDF/1674-Einsteinv8n3_pg291-7_eng.pdf
http://apps.einstein.br/revista/arquivos...
), Boll et al, 2008(2222 Boll MC, Alcaraz-Zubeldia M, Montes S, Rios C. Free copper, ferroxidase and SOD1 activities, lipid peroxidation and NO(x) content in the CSF: a different marker profile in four neurodegenerative diseases. Neurochem Res[Internet]. 2008[cited 2017 May 28];33(9):1717-23. Available from: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs11064-008-9610-3
https://link.springer.com/article/10.100...
), Cao et al,(1616 Cao XY, Lu JM, Zhao ZQ, Li MC, Lu T, An XS, Xue LJ. MicroRNA biomarkers of Parkinson's disease in serum exosome-like microvesicles. Neurosci Lett[Internet]. 2017[cited 2017 May 23];644:94-9. Available from: http://europepmc.org/abstract/med/28223160
http://europepmc.org/abstract/med/282231...
), Ding et al, 2016(55 Ding H, Huang Z, Chen M, Wang C, Chen X, Chen J, et al. Identification of a panel of five serum miRNAs as a biomarker for Parkinson's disease. Parkinsonism Relat Disord[Internet]. 2016[cited 2017 May 23];22:68-73. Available from: http://www.prd-journal.com/article/S1353-8020 (15)30038-9/pdf
http://www.prd-journal.com/article/S1353...
), Foulds et al, 2011(2727 Foulds PG, Mitchell JD, Parker A, Turner R, Green G, Diggle P, et al. Phosphorylated alpha-synuclein can be detected in blood plasma and is potentially a useful biomarker for Parkinson's disease. Faseb J[Internet]. 2011[cited 2017 May 23];25(12):4127-37. Available from: http://www.fasebj.org/content/25/12/4127.long
http://www.fasebj.org/content/25/12/4127...
), Foulds et al, 2013(22 Foulds PG, Diggle P, Mitchell JD, Parker A, Hasegawa M, Masuda-Suzukake M, et al. A longitudinal study on alpha-synuclein in blood plasma as a biomarker for Parkinson's disease. Sci Rep[Internet]. 2013[cited 2017 May 28];3:2540. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3756331/pdf/srep02540.pdf
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/article...
); Gorostidi et al, 2012(2525 Gorostidi A, Bergareche A, Ruiz-Martinez J, Marti-Masso JF, Cruz M, Varghese S, et al. α-synuclein levels in blood plasma from LRRK2 mutation carriers. PLoS One[Internet]. 2012[cited 2017 May 28];7(12):e52312. Available from: http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/file?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0052312&type=printable
http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article...
), Gui et al 2015(1414 Gui Y, Liu H, Zhang L, Lv W, Hu X. Altered microRNA profiles in cerebrospinal fluid exosome in Parkinson disease and Alzheimer disease. Oncotarget[Internet]. 2015[cited 2017 May 28];6(35):37043-53. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4741914/pdf/oncotarget-06-37043.pdf
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/article...
), Han et al 2012(2929 Han M, Nagele E, DeMarshall C, Acharya N, Nagele R. Diagnosis of Parkinson's disease based on disease-specific autoantibody profiles in human sera. PLoS One[Internet]. 2012[cited 2017 May 23];7(2):e32383. Available from: http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0032383
http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article...
), Karlsson et al 2013(2424 Karlsson MK, Sharma P, Aasly J, Toft M, Skogar O, Saebo S, et al. Found in transcription: accurate Parkinson's disease classification in peripheral blood. J Parkinsons Dis[Internet]. 2013[cited 2017 May 28];3(1):19-29. Available from: https://content.iospress.com/download/journal-of-parkinsons-disease/jpd120159?id=journal-of-parkinsons-disease%2Fjpd120159
https://content.iospress.com/download/jo...
), Margis et al 2011(1010 Margis R, Rieder CR. Identification of blood microRNAs associated to Parkinsonis disease. J Biotechnol[Internet]. 2011[cited 2017 May 28];152(3):96-101. Available from: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0168165611000678?via%3Dihub
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/art...
), Molochnikov et al, 2016(1818 Molochnikov L, Rabey JM, Dobronevsky E, Bonucelli U, Ceravolo R, Frosini D, et al. A molecular signature in blood identifies early Parkinson's disease. Mol Neurodegener[Internet]. 2012[cited 2017 May 28];7:26. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3424147/pdf/1750-1326-7-26.pdf
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/article...
), Park et al, 2011(2121 Park MJ, Cheon SM, Bae HR, Kim SH, Kim JW. Elevated Levels of a-Synuclein Oligomer in the Cerebrospinal Fluid of Drug-Naïve Patients with Parkinson's Disease. J Clin Neurol[Internet]. 2011[cited 2017 May 23];7(4):215-22. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3259496/pdf/jcn-7-215.pdf
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/article...
), Parnetti et al, 2014(1919 Parnetti L, Farotti L, Eusebi P, Chiasserini D, De Carlo C, Giannandrea D, et al. Differential role of CSF alpha-synuclein species, tau, and A beta 42 in Parkinson's Disease. Frontiers Aging Neurosci[Internet]. 2014[cited 2017 May 28];6. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3978246/pdf/fnagi-06-00053.pdf
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/article...
), Tokuda et al, 2010(2626 Tokuda T, Qureshi M, Ardah M, Varghese S, Shehab S, Kasai T, et al. Detection of elevated levels of a-synuclein oligomers in CSF from patients with Parkinson disease. Neurol[Internet]. 2010[cited 2017 May 28];75(20):1766-72. Available from:http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/o/cochrane/clcentral/articles/665/CN-00772665/frame.html.
http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/o/cochran...
), Vivacqua et al, 2016(2020 Vivacqua G, Latorre A, Suppa A, Nardi M, Pietracupa S, Mancinelli R, et al. Abnormal Salivary Total and Oligomeric Alpha-Synuclein in Parkinson's Disease. Plos One[Internet]. 2016[cited 2017 May 23];11(3). Available from: http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/file?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0151156&type=printable
http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article...
), Wang, et al, 2015(1515 Wang X, Yu S, Li F, Feng T. Detection of alpha-synuclein oligomers in red blood cells as a potential biomarker of Parkinson's disease. Neurosci Lett[Internet]. 2015[cited 2017 May 23];599:115-9. Available from: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0304394015003870?via%3Dihub
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/art...
).

Resultados de estudos individuais

Oito estudos são do líquido cefalorraquidiano(1212 Kang JH, Irwin DJ, Chen-Plotkin AS, Siderowf A, Caspell C, Coffey CS, et al. Association of cerebrospinal fluid beta-amyloid 1-42, T-tau, P-tau181, and alpha-synuclein levels with clinical features of drug-naive patients with early Parkinson disease. JAMA Neurol[Internet]. 2013[cited 2015 Jul 23];70(10):1277-87. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4034348/pdf/nihms573438.pdf
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/article...

13 Aguiar PMC, Severino P. Biomarkers in Parkinson Disease: global gene expression analysis in peripheral blood from patients with and without mutations in PARK2 and PARK8. Einstein[Internet]. 2010[cited 2017 May 23];8(3 Pt 1):291-7. Available from: http://apps.einstein.br/revista/arquivos/PDF/1674-Einsteinv8n3_pg291-7_eng.pdf
http://apps.einstein.br/revista/arquivos...
-1414 Gui Y, Liu H, Zhang L, Lv W, Hu X. Altered microRNA profiles in cerebrospinal fluid exosome in Parkinson disease and Alzheimer disease. Oncotarget[Internet]. 2015[cited 2017 May 28];6(35):37043-53. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4741914/pdf/oncotarget-06-37043.pdf
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/article...
,1818 Molochnikov L, Rabey JM, Dobronevsky E, Bonucelli U, Ceravolo R, Frosini D, et al. A molecular signature in blood identifies early Parkinson's disease. Mol Neurodegener[Internet]. 2012[cited 2017 May 28];7:26. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3424147/pdf/1750-1326-7-26.pdf
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/article...
-1919 Parnetti L, Farotti L, Eusebi P, Chiasserini D, De Carlo C, Giannandrea D, et al. Differential role of CSF alpha-synuclein species, tau, and A beta 42 in Parkinson's Disease. Frontiers Aging Neurosci[Internet]. 2014[cited 2017 May 28];6. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3978246/pdf/fnagi-06-00053.pdf
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/article...
,2121 Park MJ, Cheon SM, Bae HR, Kim SH, Kim JW. Elevated Levels of a-Synuclein Oligomer in the Cerebrospinal Fluid of Drug-Naïve Patients with Parkinson's Disease. J Clin Neurol[Internet]. 2011[cited 2017 May 23];7(4):215-22. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3259496/pdf/jcn-7-215.pdf
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/article...

22 Boll MC, Alcaraz-Zubeldia M, Montes S, Rios C. Free copper, ferroxidase and SOD1 activities, lipid peroxidation and NO(x) content in the CSF: a different marker profile in four neurodegenerative diseases. Neurochem Res[Internet]. 2008[cited 2017 May 28];33(9):1717-23. Available from: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs11064-008-9610-3
https://link.springer.com/article/10.100...
-2323 Aasly JO, Johansen KK, Bronstad G, Waro BJ, Majbour NK, Varghese S, et al. Elevated levels of cerebrospinal fluid alpha-synuclein oligomers in healthy asymptomatic LRRK2 mutation carriers. Frontiers Aging Neurosci[Internet]. 2014[cited 2017 May 23];6:248. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4174885/pdf/fnagi-06-00248.pdf
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/article...
), e 14 do sangue(22 Foulds PG, Diggle P, Mitchell JD, Parker A, Hasegawa M, Masuda-Suzukake M, et al. A longitudinal study on alpha-synuclein in blood plasma as a biomarker for Parkinson's disease. Sci Rep[Internet]. 2013[cited 2017 May 28];3:2540. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3756331/pdf/srep02540.pdf
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/article...
,55 Ding H, Huang Z, Chen M, Wang C, Chen X, Chen J, et al. Identification of a panel of five serum miRNAs as a biomarker for Parkinson's disease. Parkinsonism Relat Disord[Internet]. 2016[cited 2017 May 23];22:68-73. Available from: http://www.prd-journal.com/article/S1353-8020 (15)30038-9/pdf
http://www.prd-journal.com/article/S1353...
,1010 Margis R, Rieder CR. Identification of blood microRNAs associated to Parkinsonis disease. J Biotechnol[Internet]. 2011[cited 2017 May 28];152(3):96-101. Available from: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0168165611000678?via%3Dihub
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/art...
,1515 Wang X, Yu S, Li F, Feng T. Detection of alpha-synuclein oligomers in red blood cells as a potential biomarker of Parkinson's disease. Neurosci Lett[Internet]. 2015[cited 2017 May 23];599:115-9. Available from: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0304394015003870?via%3Dihub
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/art...

16 Cao XY, Lu JM, Zhao ZQ, Li MC, Lu T, An XS, Xue LJ. MicroRNA biomarkers of Parkinson's disease in serum exosome-like microvesicles. Neurosci Lett[Internet]. 2017[cited 2017 May 23];644:94-9. Available from: http://europepmc.org/abstract/med/28223160
http://europepmc.org/abstract/med/282231...

17 Grunblatt E, Zehetmayer S, Jacob CP, Muller T, Jost WH, Riederer P. Pilot study: peripheral biomarkers for diagnosing sporadic Parkinson's disease. J Neural Transm[Internet]. 2010[cited 2017 May 28];117(12):1387-93. Available from: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs00702-010-0509-1
https://link.springer.com/article/10.100...

18 Molochnikov L, Rabey JM, Dobronevsky E, Bonucelli U, Ceravolo R, Frosini D, et al. A molecular signature in blood identifies early Parkinson's disease. Mol Neurodegener[Internet]. 2012[cited 2017 May 28];7:26. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3424147/pdf/1750-1326-7-26.pdf
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/article...
-1919 Parnetti L, Farotti L, Eusebi P, Chiasserini D, De Carlo C, Giannandrea D, et al. Differential role of CSF alpha-synuclein species, tau, and A beta 42 in Parkinson's Disease. Frontiers Aging Neurosci[Internet]. 2014[cited 2017 May 28];6. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3978246/pdf/fnagi-06-00053.pdf
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/article...
,2121 Park MJ, Cheon SM, Bae HR, Kim SH, Kim JW. Elevated Levels of a-Synuclein Oligomer in the Cerebrospinal Fluid of Drug-Naïve Patients with Parkinson's Disease. J Clin Neurol[Internet]. 2011[cited 2017 May 23];7(4):215-22. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3259496/pdf/jcn-7-215.pdf
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/article...
,2424 Karlsson MK, Sharma P, Aasly J, Toft M, Skogar O, Saebo S, et al. Found in transcription: accurate Parkinson's disease classification in peripheral blood. J Parkinsons Dis[Internet]. 2013[cited 2017 May 28];3(1):19-29. Available from: https://content.iospress.com/download/journal-of-parkinsons-disease/jpd120159?id=journal-of-parkinsons-disease%2Fjpd120159
https://content.iospress.com/download/jo...
-2525 Gorostidi A, Bergareche A, Ruiz-Martinez J, Marti-Masso JF, Cruz M, Varghese S, et al. α-synuclein levels in blood plasma from LRRK2 mutation carriers. PLoS One[Internet]. 2012[cited 2017 May 28];7(12):e52312. Available from: http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/file?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0052312&type=printable
http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article...
,2727 Foulds PG, Mitchell JD, Parker A, Turner R, Green G, Diggle P, et al. Phosphorylated alpha-synuclein can be detected in blood plasma and is potentially a useful biomarker for Parkinson's disease. Faseb J[Internet]. 2011[cited 2017 May 23];25(12):4127-37. Available from: http://www.fasebj.org/content/25/12/4127.long
http://www.fasebj.org/content/25/12/4127...
,3030 Khoo SK, Petillo D, Kang UJ, Resau JH, Berryhill B, Linder J, et al. Plasma-based circulating MicroRNA biomarkers for Parkinson's disease. J Parkinsons Dis[Internet];2012[cited 2017 May 23];2(4):321-31. Available from: https://content.iospress.com/articles/journal-of-parkinsons-disease/jpd012144
https://content.iospress.com/articles/jo...
). Os biomarcadores salivares, α-sinucleína e oligo/total α-sinucleína foram encontrados em apenas um estudo(1818 Molochnikov L, Rabey JM, Dobronevsky E, Bonucelli U, Ceravolo R, Frosini D, et al. A molecular signature in blood identifies early Parkinson's disease. Mol Neurodegener[Internet]. 2012[cited 2017 May 28];7:26. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3424147/pdf/1750-1326-7-26.pdf
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/article...
).

Síntese dos resultados

Os resultados demonstram que os anticorpos séricos podem ser utilizados como biomarcadores altamente específicos e precisos para o diagnóstico de DP no início da doença(55 Ding H, Huang Z, Chen M, Wang C, Chen X, Chen J, et al. Identification of a panel of five serum miRNAs as a biomarker for Parkinson's disease. Parkinsonism Relat Disord[Internet]. 2016[cited 2017 May 23];22:68-73. Available from: http://www.prd-journal.com/article/S1353-8020 (15)30038-9/pdf
http://www.prd-journal.com/article/S1353...
). Em outro estudo foram encontrados dez diferentes anticorpos no sangue (NM_001544.2; NM_024754.2; BC051695.1; PHR5001; NM_006790.1; NM_032855.1; BC005858.1; NM_003141.2; BC094687.1; BC027617.1), que apresentaram sensibilidade de 93,1% e especificidade de 100%(2929 Han M, Nagele E, DeMarshall C, Acharya N, Nagele R. Diagnosis of Parkinson's disease based on disease-specific autoantibody profiles in human sera. PLoS One[Internet]. 2012[cited 2017 May 23];7(2):e32383. Available from: http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0032383
http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article...
).

Uma combinação de um conjunto de anticorpos séricos produziu um painel de biomarcadores para a DP (K-TSP1:miR-1826/miR-450-3p; miR-626 e miR-505) com alto valor preditivo, 91% de sensibilidade, 100% de especificidade, 100% de valor preditivo positivo, e 88% de valor preditivo negativo(3030 Khoo SK, Petillo D, Kang UJ, Resau JH, Berryhill B, Linder J, et al. Plasma-based circulating MicroRNA biomarkers for Parkinson's disease. J Parkinsons Dis[Internet];2012[cited 2017 May 23];2(4):321-31. Available from: https://content.iospress.com/articles/journal-of-parkinsons-disease/jpd012144
https://content.iospress.com/articles/jo...
). Por outro lado, as miR-1; MiR-22 e miR-29a mostraram baixa expressão em amostras de sangue na DP. Essa análise de expressão de miRNAs mostrou uma distinção significativa entre o grupo de indivíduos com a DP não tratados e o grupo controle. As miR-16-2, miR-26a2 e miR-30a permitiram distinguir os pacientes tratados daqueles não tratados(1010 Margis R, Rieder CR. Identification of blood microRNAs associated to Parkinsonis disease. J Biotechnol[Internet]. 2011[cited 2017 May 28];152(3):96-101. Available from: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0168165611000678?via%3Dihub
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/art...
). Apenas um estudo foi encontrado com anticorpos, a partir do líquido cefalorraquidiano e mostrou que as miR-1 e miR-19b-3p apresentaram-se significativamente reduzidas na DP e as miR-10a-5p; miR153/mir-409-3p mais expressivas(1414 Gui Y, Liu H, Zhang L, Lv W, Hu X. Altered microRNA profiles in cerebrospinal fluid exosome in Parkinson disease and Alzheimer disease. Oncotarget[Internet]. 2015[cited 2017 May 28];6(35):37043-53. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4741914/pdf/oncotarget-06-37043.pdf
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/article...
).

Identificar os autoanticorpos por meio do sangue tem baixo custo e pode ser incorporado na rotina dos cuidados em saúde. O teste sanguíneo é confiável para a PD e pode causar grande impacto clínico não só para pacientes, mas também para empresas farmacêuticas que tentam avaliar a eficácia de drogas modificadoras da doença em ensaios clínicos(2929 Han M, Nagele E, DeMarshall C, Acharya N, Nagele R. Diagnosis of Parkinson's disease based on disease-specific autoantibody profiles in human sera. PLoS One[Internet]. 2012[cited 2017 May 23];7(2):e32383. Available from: http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0032383
http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article...
).

Níveis mais baixos de Aß1-42 e P-tau181; CSF T-tau e α-sinucleína foram associados com aumento da gravidade motora; instabilidade postural e distúrbio da marcha fenotípica dominante(1212 Kang JH, Irwin DJ, Chen-Plotkin AS, Siderowf A, Caspell C, Coffey CS, et al. Association of cerebrospinal fluid beta-amyloid 1-42, T-tau, P-tau181, and alpha-synuclein levels with clinical features of drug-naive patients with early Parkinson disease. JAMA Neurol[Internet]. 2013[cited 2015 Jul 23];70(10):1277-87. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4034348/pdf/nihms573438.pdf
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/article...
).

O nível plasmático de α-sinucleína fosforilada tem valor potencial como ferramenta de diagnóstico, enquanto o nível de α-sinucleína total pode atuar como um marcador substituto para a progressão da DP. A análise longitudinal mostra que o nível de “Ser-129 α-sinucleína fosforilada” no plasma sanguíneo permanece elevado e não se altera durante o curso da doença, enquanto o nível de α-sinucleína total (que inclui fosforilado e não fosforilado) tende a aumentar ao longo do tempo por até 20 anos após a aparência(22 Foulds PG, Diggle P, Mitchell JD, Parker A, Hasegawa M, Masuda-Suzukake M, et al. A longitudinal study on alpha-synuclein in blood plasma as a biomarker for Parkinson's disease. Sci Rep[Internet]. 2013[cited 2017 May 28];3:2540. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3756331/pdf/srep02540.pdf
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/article...
).

As medições no líquido cefalorraquidiano de Aβ1-42, T-tau, P-tau181 e α-sinucleína têm potencial para diagnosticar a DP no início. A combinação das relações o / t-α-syn e Aβ42 / tau, no líquido cefalorraquidiano, melhora o diagnóstico da DP. Os pacientes com DP que apresentaram baixos níveis de Lβ42 na linha de base são mais propensos a desenvolver declínio cognitivo(1919 Parnetti L, Farotti L, Eusebi P, Chiasserini D, De Carlo C, Giannandrea D, et al. Differential role of CSF alpha-synuclein species, tau, and A beta 42 in Parkinson's Disease. Frontiers Aging Neurosci[Internet]. 2014[cited 2017 May 28];6. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3978246/pdf/fnagi-06-00053.pdf
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/article...
).

Em apenas um estudo foram encontrados os biomarcadores, no líquido cefalorraquidiano, SKP1A, ALDH1A, PSMC4 e HSPA8 alterados no estágio inicial da doença e não são afetados pela progressão da doença. No entanto, a elevação seletiva de HIP2 foi encontrada apenas em indivíduos com a DP em estádio avançado, podendo refletir uma evolução da doença(1818 Molochnikov L, Rabey JM, Dobronevsky E, Bonucelli U, Ceravolo R, Frosini D, et al. A molecular signature in blood identifies early Parkinson's disease. Mol Neurodegener[Internet]. 2012[cited 2017 May 28];7:26. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3424147/pdf/1750-1326-7-26.pdf
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/article...
). A oligo/α-sinucleína total, no líquido cefalorraquidiano é significativamente menor em pacientes com a DP do que em indivíduos saudáveis, e demonstram que podem ser úteis para o diagnóstico e detecção precoce da DP(2626 Tokuda T, Qureshi M, Ardah M, Varghese S, Shehab S, Kasai T, et al. Detection of elevated levels of a-synuclein oligomers in CSF from patients with Parkinson disease. Neurol[Internet]. 2010[cited 2017 May 28];75(20):1766-72. Available from:http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/o/cochrane/clcentral/articles/665/CN-00772665/frame.html.
http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/o/cochran...
).

A α-sinucleína é uma proteína citoplasmática clássica que existe desdobrada na sua forma nativa. No entanto, numerosas estruturas transitórias podem ser encontradas a partir de monômeros a oligômeros e formas filamentosas, dependendo do ambiente. Embora o papel funcional da α-sinucleína ainda não tenha sido estabelecido, a sua afinidade de ligação à membrana e à localização pré-sináptica da α-sinucleína indicam um papel na transmissão sináptica. Classicamente, ela se encontra no campo citoplasmático, e também as implicações patológicas foram ampliadas com estudos recentes que têm produzido evidência de uma localização extracelular para α-sinucleína nos fluidos corporais de pacientes com a PD(2121 Park MJ, Cheon SM, Bae HR, Kim SH, Kim JW. Elevated Levels of a-Synuclein Oligomer in the Cerebrospinal Fluid of Drug-Naïve Patients with Parkinson's Disease. J Clin Neurol[Internet]. 2011[cited 2017 May 23];7(4):215-22. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3259496/pdf/jcn-7-215.pdf
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/article...
). Estudos têm demonstrado que as pessoas com doença de Parkinson têm alguns biomarcadores alterados no LCR: LRRK25; A-sinucleína, o-a-sinucleína e t-a-sinucleína(1212 Kang JH, Irwin DJ, Chen-Plotkin AS, Siderowf A, Caspell C, Coffey CS, et al. Association of cerebrospinal fluid beta-amyloid 1-42, T-tau, P-tau181, and alpha-synuclein levels with clinical features of drug-naive patients with early Parkinson disease. JAMA Neurol[Internet]. 2013[cited 2015 Jul 23];70(10):1277-87. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4034348/pdf/nihms573438.pdf
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/article...
,1919 Parnetti L, Farotti L, Eusebi P, Chiasserini D, De Carlo C, Giannandrea D, et al. Differential role of CSF alpha-synuclein species, tau, and A beta 42 in Parkinson's Disease. Frontiers Aging Neurosci[Internet]. 2014[cited 2017 May 28];6. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3978246/pdf/fnagi-06-00053.pdf
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/article...
,2121 Park MJ, Cheon SM, Bae HR, Kim SH, Kim JW. Elevated Levels of a-Synuclein Oligomer in the Cerebrospinal Fluid of Drug-Naïve Patients with Parkinson's Disease. J Clin Neurol[Internet]. 2011[cited 2017 May 23];7(4):215-22. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3259496/pdf/jcn-7-215.pdf
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/article...
,2323 Aasly JO, Johansen KK, Bronstad G, Waro BJ, Majbour NK, Varghese S, et al. Elevated levels of cerebrospinal fluid alpha-synuclein oligomers in healthy asymptomatic LRRK2 mutation carriers. Frontiers Aging Neurosci[Internet]. 2014[cited 2017 May 23];6:248. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4174885/pdf/fnagi-06-00248.pdf
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/article...
,2626 Tokuda T, Qureshi M, Ardah M, Varghese S, Shehab S, Kasai T, et al. Detection of elevated levels of a-synuclein oligomers in CSF from patients with Parkinson disease. Neurol[Internet]. 2010[cited 2017 May 28];75(20):1766-72. Available from:http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/o/cochrane/clcentral/articles/665/CN-00772665/frame.html.
http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/o/cochran...
); Cu / Zn-SOD, ensaio de peroxidação lipídica, NOx e celuloplasmina ferroxidase(2222 Boll MC, Alcaraz-Zubeldia M, Montes S, Rios C. Free copper, ferroxidase and SOD1 activities, lipid peroxidation and NO(x) content in the CSF: a different marker profile in four neurodegenerative diseases. Neurochem Res[Internet]. 2008[cited 2017 May 28];33(9):1717-23. Available from: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs11064-008-9610-3
https://link.springer.com/article/10.100...
); Hsa-miR-195, hsa-miR-15b, hsa-miR-221, hsa-miR-181a, hsa-miR-185(1414 Gui Y, Liu H, Zhang L, Lv W, Hu X. Altered microRNA profiles in cerebrospinal fluid exosome in Parkinson disease and Alzheimer disease. Oncotarget[Internet]. 2015[cited 2017 May 28];6(35):37043-53. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4741914/pdf/oncotarget-06-37043.pdf
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/article...
); Aβ1-42, Tau [T-tau] e [P-tau181](1212 Kang JH, Irwin DJ, Chen-Plotkin AS, Siderowf A, Caspell C, Coffey CS, et al. Association of cerebrospinal fluid beta-amyloid 1-42, T-tau, P-tau181, and alpha-synuclein levels with clinical features of drug-naive patients with early Parkinson disease. JAMA Neurol[Internet]. 2013[cited 2015 Jul 23];70(10):1277-87. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4034348/pdf/nihms573438.pdf
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/article...
,1919 Parnetti L, Farotti L, Eusebi P, Chiasserini D, De Carlo C, Giannandrea D, et al. Differential role of CSF alpha-synuclein species, tau, and A beta 42 in Parkinson's Disease. Frontiers Aging Neurosci[Internet]. 2014[cited 2017 May 28];6. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3978246/pdf/fnagi-06-00053.pdf
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/article...
); SKP1A, HSPA8, PSMC4, ALDH1A1 e HIP2(1818 Molochnikov L, Rabey JM, Dobronevsky E, Bonucelli U, Ceravolo R, Frosini D, et al. A molecular signature in blood identifies early Parkinson's disease. Mol Neurodegener[Internet]. 2012[cited 2017 May 28];7:26. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3424147/pdf/1750-1326-7-26.pdf
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/article...
). E outros no sangue, como: hsa-miR-195, hsa-miR-15b, hsa-miR-221, hsa-miR-181a e hsa-miR-185(55 Ding H, Huang Z, Chen M, Wang C, Chen X, Chen J, et al. Identification of a panel of five serum miRNAs as a biomarker for Parkinson's disease. Parkinsonism Relat Disord[Internet]. 2016[cited 2017 May 23];22:68-73. Available from: http://www.prd-journal.com/article/S1353-8020 (15)30038-9/pdf
http://www.prd-journal.com/article/S1353...
,1010 Margis R, Rieder CR. Identification of blood microRNAs associated to Parkinsonis disease. J Biotechnol[Internet]. 2011[cited 2017 May 28];152(3):96-101. Available from: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0168165611000678?via%3Dihub
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/art...
,2727 Foulds PG, Mitchell JD, Parker A, Turner R, Green G, Diggle P, et al. Phosphorylated alpha-synuclein can be detected in blood plasma and is potentially a useful biomarker for Parkinson's disease. Faseb J[Internet]. 2011[cited 2017 May 23];25(12):4127-37. Available from: http://www.fasebj.org/content/25/12/4127.long
http://www.fasebj.org/content/25/12/4127...
,3030 Khoo SK, Petillo D, Kang UJ, Resau JH, Berryhill B, Linder J, et al. Plasma-based circulating MicroRNA biomarkers for Parkinson's disease. J Parkinsons Dis[Internet];2012[cited 2017 May 23];2(4):321-31. Available from: https://content.iospress.com/articles/journal-of-parkinsons-disease/jpd012144
https://content.iospress.com/articles/jo...
); Fosfo-a-sinucleína; Α-sinucleína, oligo-α-sinucleína e oligo-fosfo-α-sinucleína(22 Foulds PG, Diggle P, Mitchell JD, Parker A, Hasegawa M, Masuda-Suzukake M, et al. A longitudinal study on alpha-synuclein in blood plasma as a biomarker for Parkinson's disease. Sci Rep[Internet]. 2013[cited 2017 May 28];3:2540. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3756331/pdf/srep02540.pdf
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/article...
,1414 Gui Y, Liu H, Zhang L, Lv W, Hu X. Altered microRNA profiles in cerebrospinal fluid exosome in Parkinson disease and Alzheimer disease. Oncotarget[Internet]. 2015[cited 2017 May 28];6(35):37043-53. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4741914/pdf/oncotarget-06-37043.pdf
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/article...
,1919 Parnetti L, Farotti L, Eusebi P, Chiasserini D, De Carlo C, Giannandrea D, et al. Differential role of CSF alpha-synuclein species, tau, and A beta 42 in Parkinson's Disease. Frontiers Aging Neurosci[Internet]. 2014[cited 2017 May 28];6. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3978246/pdf/fnagi-06-00053.pdf
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/article...
,2323 Aasly JO, Johansen KK, Bronstad G, Waro BJ, Majbour NK, Varghese S, et al. Elevated levels of cerebrospinal fluid alpha-synuclein oligomers in healthy asymptomatic LRRK2 mutation carriers. Frontiers Aging Neurosci[Internet]. 2014[cited 2017 May 23];6:248. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4174885/pdf/fnagi-06-00248.pdf
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/article...
,2525 Gorostidi A, Bergareche A, Ruiz-Martinez J, Marti-Masso JF, Cruz M, Varghese S, et al. α-synuclein levels in blood plasma from LRRK2 mutation carriers. PLoS One[Internet]. 2012[cited 2017 May 28];7(12):e52312. Available from: http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/file?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0052312&type=printable
http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article...
); A. 57 e B. 21(2626 Tokuda T, Qureshi M, Ardah M, Varghese S, Shehab S, Kasai T, et al. Detection of elevated levels of a-synuclein oligomers in CSF from patients with Parkinson disease. Neurol[Internet]. 2010[cited 2017 May 28];75(20):1766-72. Available from:http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/o/cochrane/clcentral/articles/665/CN-00772665/frame.html.
http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/o/cochran...
); LRRK2 e a-sinucleína(2424 Karlsson MK, Sharma P, Aasly J, Toft M, Skogar O, Saebo S, et al. Found in transcription: accurate Parkinson's disease classification in peripheral blood. J Parkinsons Dis[Internet]. 2013[cited 2017 May 28];3(1):19-29. Available from: https://content.iospress.com/download/journal-of-parkinsons-disease/jpd120159?id=journal-of-parkinsons-disease%2Fjpd120159
https://content.iospress.com/download/jo...
-2525 Gorostidi A, Bergareche A, Ruiz-Martinez J, Marti-Masso JF, Cruz M, Varghese S, et al. α-synuclein levels in blood plasma from LRRK2 mutation carriers. PLoS One[Internet]. 2012[cited 2017 May 28];7(12):e52312. Available from: http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/file?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0052312&type=printable
http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article...
); PSMA2, LAMB2, ALDH1A1 e HIST1H3E(1717 Grunblatt E, Zehetmayer S, Jacob CP, Muller T, Jost WH, Riederer P. Pilot study: peripheral biomarkers for diagnosing sporadic Parkinson's disease. J Neural Transm[Internet]. 2010[cited 2017 May 28];117(12):1387-93. Available from: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs00702-010-0509-1
https://link.springer.com/article/10.100...
-1818 Molochnikov L, Rabey JM, Dobronevsky E, Bonucelli U, Ceravolo R, Frosini D, et al. A molecular signature in blood identifies early Parkinson's disease. Mol Neurodegener[Internet]. 2012[cited 2017 May 28];7:26. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3424147/pdf/1750-1326-7-26.pdf
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/article...
); NM_001544.2, NM_024754.2, BC051695.1, PHR5001, NM_006790.1, NM_032855.1, BC005858.1, NM_003141.2, BC094687.1 e BC027617.1(2929 Han M, Nagele E, DeMarshall C, Acharya N, Nagele R. Diagnosis of Parkinson's disease based on disease-specific autoantibody profiles in human sera. PLoS One[Internet]. 2012[cited 2017 May 23];7(2):e32383. Available from: http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0032383
http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article...
). As informações encontram-se na Tabela 1.

Tabela 1
Teste de Acurácia

A meta-análise identificou que os melhores biomarcadores são anticorpos encontrados no sangue, NM_001544.2, NM_024754.2, BC051695.1, PHR5001, NM_006790.1, NM_032855.1, BC005858.1, NM_003141.2, BC094687.1 e BC027617.1. Sua especificidade situa-se entre 93,1% e 100%(2929 Han M, Nagele E, DeMarshall C, Acharya N, Nagele R. Diagnosis of Parkinson's disease based on disease-specific autoantibody profiles in human sera. PLoS One[Internet]. 2012[cited 2017 May 23];7(2):e32383. Available from: http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0032383
http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article...
). No líquido cefalorraquidiano, os biomarcadores mais expressivos também são anticorpos, miR-1; miR-153; miR-409-3p; e miR-19b-3p; miR-10a-5p; miR153 / miR-409-3p, cuja especificidade está entre 70,5% e 97,0% (1414 Gui Y, Liu H, Zhang L, Lv W, Hu X. Altered microRNA profiles in cerebrospinal fluid exosome in Parkinson disease and Alzheimer disease. Oncotarget[Internet]. 2015[cited 2017 May 28];6(35):37043-53. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4741914/pdf/oncotarget-06-37043.pdf
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/article...
). Os biomarcadores com maior sensibilidade presente no sangue foram k-TSP1; k- TSP3; k-TSP1-5; k-TSP1-4; k-TSP1-3; k-TSP1,3,4, com valores entre 78% e 96%(3030 Khoo SK, Petillo D, Kang UJ, Resau JH, Berryhill B, Linder J, et al. Plasma-based circulating MicroRNA biomarkers for Parkinson's disease. J Parkinsons Dis[Internet];2012[cited 2017 May 23];2(4):321-31. Available from: https://content.iospress.com/articles/journal-of-parkinsons-disease/jpd012144
https://content.iospress.com/articles/jo...
), e no líquido cefalorraquidiano, a proteína oligo/α total de sinucleína foi a mais expressiva (89,3%)(2626 Tokuda T, Qureshi M, Ardah M, Varghese S, Shehab S, Kasai T, et al. Detection of elevated levels of a-synuclein oligomers in CSF from patients with Parkinson disease. Neurol[Internet]. 2010[cited 2017 May 28];75(20):1766-72. Available from:http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/o/cochrane/clcentral/articles/665/CN-00772665/frame.html.
http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/o/cochran...
). A precisão é calculada através da sensibilidade e especificidade; portanto, esses estudos foram aqueles que apresentaram a melhor precisão, entre 70,5% e 100,0%(1414 Gui Y, Liu H, Zhang L, Lv W, Hu X. Altered microRNA profiles in cerebrospinal fluid exosome in Parkinson disease and Alzheimer disease. Oncotarget[Internet]. 2015[cited 2017 May 28];6(35):37043-53. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4741914/pdf/oncotarget-06-37043.pdf
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/article...
,2626 Tokuda T, Qureshi M, Ardah M, Varghese S, Shehab S, Kasai T, et al. Detection of elevated levels of a-synuclein oligomers in CSF from patients with Parkinson disease. Neurol[Internet]. 2010[cited 2017 May 28];75(20):1766-72. Available from:http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/o/cochrane/clcentral/articles/665/CN-00772665/frame.html.
http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/o/cochran...
,2929 Han M, Nagele E, DeMarshall C, Acharya N, Nagele R. Diagnosis of Parkinson's disease based on disease-specific autoantibody profiles in human sera. PLoS One[Internet]. 2012[cited 2017 May 23];7(2):e32383. Available from: http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0032383
http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article...
-3030 Khoo SK, Petillo D, Kang UJ, Resau JH, Berryhill B, Linder J, et al. Plasma-based circulating MicroRNA biomarkers for Parkinson's disease. J Parkinsons Dis[Internet];2012[cited 2017 May 23];2(4):321-31. Available from: https://content.iospress.com/articles/journal-of-parkinsons-disease/jpd012144
https://content.iospress.com/articles/jo...
). Mais informações podem ser encontradas na Figura 2.

Figura 2
Sensibilidade e especificidade

Risco de viés entre os estudos

A principal preocupação sobre os estudos foi a representatividade da amostra. As limitações da metodologia foram relacionadas à má denúncia do domínio 2 (Teste de Índice) a partir da ferramenta QUADAS-2.

DISCUSSÃO

Atualmente, o diagnóstico da DP é baseado principalmente em sintomas clínicos, com incidência na população acima de 65 anos, de 1 a 2% em todo o mundo e prevalência no Brasil de 3%(3131 Peternella FMN, Marcon SS. Diagnosed with Parkinson's Disease: impact on patients and family members. Rev Bras Enferm[Internet]. 2009[cited 2017 May 23];62(1):25-31. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0034-71672009000100004
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0034-71672009...
).

Até a data, nenhum biomarcador de laboratório está disponível para detectar indivíduos com risco para desenvolver a DP antes que a maioria de seus neurônios dopaminérgicos tenha sido perdida . Numerosos estudos sugerem que a morte das células neuronais pode resultar da formação de oligômeros (o-α-sinucleína) no cérebro(55 Ding H, Huang Z, Chen M, Wang C, Chen X, Chen J, et al. Identification of a panel of five serum miRNAs as a biomarker for Parkinson's disease. Parkinsonism Relat Disord[Internet]. 2016[cited 2017 May 23];22:68-73. Available from: http://www.prd-journal.com/article/S1353-8020 (15)30038-9/pdf
http://www.prd-journal.com/article/S1353...
,88 Moher D, Liberati A, Tetzlaff J, Altman DG. Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: the PRISMA statement. Int J Surg[Internet]. 2010[cited 2017 May 23];8(5):336-41. Available from: http://www.journal-surgery.net/article/S1743-9191(10)00040-3/pdf
http://www.journal-surgery.net/article/S...
-99 Whiting PF, Rutjes AW, Westwood ME, Mallett S, Deeks JJ, Reitsma JB, et al. QUADAS-2: a revised tool for the quality assessment of diagnostic accuracy studies. Ann Intern Med[Internet]. 2011[cited 2015 Jul 23];155(8):529-36. Available from: http://annals.org/aim/fullarticle/474994/quadas-2-revised-tool-quality-assessment-diagnostic-accuracy-studies
http://annals.org/aim/fullarticle/474994...
,1111 Leeflang MM, Deeks JJ, Takwoingi Y, Macaskill P. Cochrane diagnostic test accuracy reviews. Syst Rev[Internet]. 2013[cited 2017 May 28];2:82. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3851548/pdf/2046-4053-2-82.pdf
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/article...
,2222 Boll MC, Alcaraz-Zubeldia M, Montes S, Rios C. Free copper, ferroxidase and SOD1 activities, lipid peroxidation and NO(x) content in the CSF: a different marker profile in four neurodegenerative diseases. Neurochem Res[Internet]. 2008[cited 2017 May 28];33(9):1717-23. Available from: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs11064-008-9610-3
https://link.springer.com/article/10.100...
,2525 Gorostidi A, Bergareche A, Ruiz-Martinez J, Marti-Masso JF, Cruz M, Varghese S, et al. α-synuclein levels in blood plasma from LRRK2 mutation carriers. PLoS One[Internet]. 2012[cited 2017 May 28];7(12):e52312. Available from: http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/file?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0052312&type=printable
http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article...

26 Tokuda T, Qureshi M, Ardah M, Varghese S, Shehab S, Kasai T, et al. Detection of elevated levels of a-synuclein oligomers in CSF from patients with Parkinson disease. Neurol[Internet]. 2010[cited 2017 May 28];75(20):1766-72. Available from:http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/o/cochrane/clcentral/articles/665/CN-00772665/frame.html.
http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/o/cochran...
-2727 Foulds PG, Mitchell JD, Parker A, Turner R, Green G, Diggle P, et al. Phosphorylated alpha-synuclein can be detected in blood plasma and is potentially a useful biomarker for Parkinson's disease. Faseb J[Internet]. 2011[cited 2017 May 23];25(12):4127-37. Available from: http://www.fasebj.org/content/25/12/4127.long
http://www.fasebj.org/content/25/12/4127...
).

Nesse estudo, confirmamos que as expressões de 10 anticorpos (NM_001544.2, NM_024754.2, BC051695.1, PHR5001, NM_006790.1, NM_032855.1, BC005858.1, NM_003141.2, BC094687.1, BC027617.1) podem ser usados como biomarcadores para detectar a DP, apresentando grande sensibilidade e especificidade, utilizando uma pequena amostra de sangue. Embora a função de um número de anticorpos seja desconhecida, foi descoberto que a presença de algumas perturbações específicas no seu perfil é útil para a detecção e diagnóstico de várias doenças. O presente estudo demonstra que a DP está também ligada a alterações nos perfis de expressão de anticorpos no soro. Essas alterações permitem a identificação imparcial e a seleção de anticorpos específicos que podem funcionar eficazmente como biomarcadores de diagnóstico. Mostramos aqui que, com apenas 10 biomarcadores de anticorpos, as amostras de soro das pessoas com diagnóstico da PD foram facilmente distinguidas nos soros do grupo controle com uma sensibilidade de 93,1% e uma especificidade de 100%(11 Atik A, Stewart T, Zhang J. Alpha-Synuclein as a Biomarker for Parkinson's Disease. Brain Pathol[Internet]. 2016[cited 2017 May 18];26(3):410-8. Available from: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bpa.12370/pdf
http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.11...
,2929 Han M, Nagele E, DeMarshall C, Acharya N, Nagele R. Diagnosis of Parkinson's disease based on disease-specific autoantibody profiles in human sera. PLoS One[Internet]. 2012[cited 2017 May 23];7(2):e32383. Available from: http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0032383
http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article...
).

Vários estudos começaram a analisar os níveis de anticorpos (miRNA) em fluidos corporais (incluindo soro, plasma e líquido cefalorraquidiano) ou células circulantes nos fluidos dos pacientes com DP. Os primeiros relatórios de estudos mencionados acima examinaram as miRNAs nas células do sangue. Os seguintes estudos foram então realizados com plasma ou amostras de soro de pacientes com DP para verificar os níveis de miRNAs séricos em pacientes com DP idiopática e mutações LRRK2. Outros estudos encontraram que 5 anticorpos (miR-133b(55 Ding H, Huang Z, Chen M, Wang C, Chen X, Chen J, et al. Identification of a panel of five serum miRNAs as a biomarker for Parkinson's disease. Parkinsonism Relat Disord[Internet]. 2016[cited 2017 May 23];22:68-73. Available from: http://www.prd-journal.com/article/S1353-8020 (15)30038-9/pdf
http://www.prd-journal.com/article/S1353...
,1010 Margis R, Rieder CR. Identification of blood microRNAs associated to Parkinsonis disease. J Biotechnol[Internet]. 2011[cited 2017 May 28];152(3):96-101. Available from: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0168165611000678?via%3Dihub
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/art...
,1414 Gui Y, Liu H, Zhang L, Lv W, Hu X. Altered microRNA profiles in cerebrospinal fluid exosome in Parkinson disease and Alzheimer disease. Oncotarget[Internet]. 2015[cited 2017 May 28];6(35):37043-53. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4741914/pdf/oncotarget-06-37043.pdf
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/article...
,2929 Han M, Nagele E, DeMarshall C, Acharya N, Nagele R. Diagnosis of Parkinson's disease based on disease-specific autoantibody profiles in human sera. PLoS One[Internet]. 2012[cited 2017 May 23];7(2):e32383. Available from: http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0032383
http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article...
-3030 Khoo SK, Petillo D, Kang UJ, Resau JH, Berryhill B, Linder J, et al. Plasma-based circulating MicroRNA biomarkers for Parkinson's disease. J Parkinsons Dis[Internet];2012[cited 2017 May 23];2(4):321-31. Available from: https://content.iospress.com/articles/journal-of-parkinsons-disease/jpd012144
https://content.iospress.com/articles/jo...
); miR-195, miR-185, miR-221 e miR-181a) apresentam-se diminuídos no soro. Todas as 5 miRNAs parecem estar intimamente relacionadas ao sistema nervoso e ao processo neurodegenerativo, podendo levar à alternância desses níveis no cérebro e, em última instância, à alteração nas concentrações séricas de miRNAs(55 Ding H, Huang Z, Chen M, Wang C, Chen X, Chen J, et al. Identification of a panel of five serum miRNAs as a biomarker for Parkinson's disease. Parkinsonism Relat Disord[Internet]. 2016[cited 2017 May 23];22:68-73. Available from: http://www.prd-journal.com/article/S1353-8020 (15)30038-9/pdf
http://www.prd-journal.com/article/S1353...
,1010 Margis R, Rieder CR. Identification of blood microRNAs associated to Parkinsonis disease. J Biotechnol[Internet]. 2011[cited 2017 May 28];152(3):96-101. Available from: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0168165611000678?via%3Dihub
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/art...
,1414 Gui Y, Liu H, Zhang L, Lv W, Hu X. Altered microRNA profiles in cerebrospinal fluid exosome in Parkinson disease and Alzheimer disease. Oncotarget[Internet]. 2015[cited 2017 May 28];6(35):37043-53. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4741914/pdf/oncotarget-06-37043.pdf
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/article...
,3030 Khoo SK, Petillo D, Kang UJ, Resau JH, Berryhill B, Linder J, et al. Plasma-based circulating MicroRNA biomarkers for Parkinson's disease. J Parkinsons Dis[Internet];2012[cited 2017 May 23];2(4):321-31. Available from: https://content.iospress.com/articles/journal-of-parkinsons-disease/jpd012144
https://content.iospress.com/articles/jo...
).

Em outro estudo foram identificados 9 pares de preditores para a DP usando a análise da classificação k-TSP e mais 13 miRNAs. Uma combinação de ambos os conjuntos de dados produziu um painel de biomarcadores preditores: k-TSP1 (miR-1826 / miR-450b-3p), miR-626, miR-505, obtendo-se 91% de sensibilidade, 100% de especificidade, 100% de valor preditivo positivo, e 88% de valor preditivo negativo no conjunto de replicação(3030 Khoo SK, Petillo D, Kang UJ, Resau JH, Berryhill B, Linder J, et al. Plasma-based circulating MicroRNA biomarkers for Parkinson's disease. J Parkinsons Dis[Internet];2012[cited 2017 May 23];2(4):321-31. Available from: https://content.iospress.com/articles/journal-of-parkinsons-disease/jpd012144
https://content.iospress.com/articles/jo...
).

Um conjunto de 6 microRNAs formaram dois grupos: as miR-1, miR-22 e miR-29 permitiram distinguir a DP em indivíduos não tratados, de indivíduos saudáveis; as miR-16-2, miR-26a2 e miR30a permitiram distinguir os pacientes tratados de pacientes não tratados. Esse estudo é inovador na contribuição para o desenvolvimento de biomarcadores eficazes para a DP(1010 Margis R, Rieder CR. Identification of blood microRNAs associated to Parkinsonis disease. J Biotechnol[Internet]. 2011[cited 2017 May 28];152(3):96-101. Available from: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0168165611000678?via%3Dihub
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/art...
). Outro estudo, no sangue, encontrou 57 proteínas específicas com níveis anormais na DP. Destas, 21 foram associadas a pacientes com leve sintoma da DP, e 14 de moderado à grave. Quando aplicado o mesmo estudo no segundo local da pesquisa, as 21 proteínas apresentaram sensibilidade de 93,3%, especificidade de 92,9%.

Um estudo piloto realizado em sangue periférico encontrou quatro genes: proteasoma (prosome, macropaina) subunidade alfa tipo 2 (PSMA2, p = 0,0002, OR = 1,15 IC 95% 1,07-1,24), laminina, beta-2 (laminina S) (LAMB2, P = 0,0078, OR = 2,26, IC 95% 1,24-4,14), aldeído desidrogenase 1 membro da família A1 (ALDH1A1, p = 0,016, OR = 1,05 IC 95% 1,01-1,1) e histona cluster-1 H3e (HIST1H3E, p = 0,03, OR = 0,975, IC 95% 0,953-0,998) alterados na DP. Esses quatro biomarcadores também são utilizados no diagnóstico de DP, com sensibilidade e especificidade para mais de 80%(1717 Grunblatt E, Zehetmayer S, Jacob CP, Muller T, Jost WH, Riederer P. Pilot study: peripheral biomarkers for diagnosing sporadic Parkinson's disease. J Neural Transm[Internet]. 2010[cited 2017 May 28];117(12):1387-93. Available from: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs00702-010-0509-1
https://link.springer.com/article/10.100...
-1818 Molochnikov L, Rabey JM, Dobronevsky E, Bonucelli U, Ceravolo R, Frosini D, et al. A molecular signature in blood identifies early Parkinson's disease. Mol Neurodegener[Internet]. 2012[cited 2017 May 28];7:26. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3424147/pdf/1750-1326-7-26.pdf
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/article...
). Outros estudos avaliaram que, no sangue e líquido cefalorraquidiano, os níveis de o-α-sinucleína estão elevados em portadores de mutação LRRK2 sintomáticos e assintomáticos na DP e começam vários anos antes de experimentarem quaisquer sintomas motores(22 Foulds PG, Diggle P, Mitchell JD, Parker A, Hasegawa M, Masuda-Suzukake M, et al. A longitudinal study on alpha-synuclein in blood plasma as a biomarker for Parkinson's disease. Sci Rep[Internet]. 2013[cited 2017 May 28];3:2540. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3756331/pdf/srep02540.pdf
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/article...
,2323 Aasly JO, Johansen KK, Bronstad G, Waro BJ, Majbour NK, Varghese S, et al. Elevated levels of cerebrospinal fluid alpha-synuclein oligomers in healthy asymptomatic LRRK2 mutation carriers. Frontiers Aging Neurosci[Internet]. 2014[cited 2017 May 23];6:248. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4174885/pdf/fnagi-06-00248.pdf
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/article...

24 Karlsson MK, Sharma P, Aasly J, Toft M, Skogar O, Saebo S, et al. Found in transcription: accurate Parkinson's disease classification in peripheral blood. J Parkinsons Dis[Internet]. 2013[cited 2017 May 28];3(1):19-29. Available from: https://content.iospress.com/download/journal-of-parkinsons-disease/jpd120159?id=journal-of-parkinsons-disease%2Fjpd120159
https://content.iospress.com/download/jo...
-2525 Gorostidi A, Bergareche A, Ruiz-Martinez J, Marti-Masso JF, Cruz M, Varghese S, et al. α-synuclein levels in blood plasma from LRRK2 mutation carriers. PLoS One[Internet]. 2012[cited 2017 May 28];7(12):e52312. Available from: http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/file?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0052312&type=printable
http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article...
,2727 Foulds PG, Mitchell JD, Parker A, Turner R, Green G, Diggle P, et al. Phosphorylated alpha-synuclein can be detected in blood plasma and is potentially a useful biomarker for Parkinson's disease. Faseb J[Internet]. 2011[cited 2017 May 23];25(12):4127-37. Available from: http://www.fasebj.org/content/25/12/4127.long
http://www.fasebj.org/content/25/12/4127...
-2828 Goldknopf IL, Bryson JK, Strelets I, Quintero S, Sheta EA, Mosqueda M, et al. Abnormal serum concentrations of proteins in Parkinson's disease. Biochem Biophys Res Commun[Internet]. 2009[cited 2017 May 28];389(2):321-7. Available from: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0006291X09017392?via%3Dihub
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/art...
).

Alguns estudos destacaram a utilidade dos biomarcadores do líquido cefalorraquidiano no diagnóstico precoce. Por exemplo, a tau (t-tau) total e a tau fosforilada (p-tau) são marcadores conhecidos da doença PD, pelo facto de refletirem fielmente a patologia. A α-sinucleína induz agregação e polimerização da tau, o que promove a formação de abundantes inclusões intracelulares de amilóide-tau. Além disso, a presença da α-sinucleíca foi detectada nos neurônios dos pacientes com DP, e a medição no líquido cefalorraquidiano de DJ1/PARK7 (proteína multifuncional decorrente de estresse oxidativo) foi diminuída na DP. No entanto, a sensibilidade e a especificidade parecem ser apenas moderadas e não foi observada correlação com a gravidade ou progressão da DP(1212 Kang JH, Irwin DJ, Chen-Plotkin AS, Siderowf A, Caspell C, Coffey CS, et al. Association of cerebrospinal fluid beta-amyloid 1-42, T-tau, P-tau181, and alpha-synuclein levels with clinical features of drug-naive patients with early Parkinson disease. JAMA Neurol[Internet]. 2013[cited 2015 Jul 23];70(10):1277-87. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4034348/pdf/nihms573438.pdf
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/article...
-1313 Aguiar PMC, Severino P. Biomarkers in Parkinson Disease: global gene expression analysis in peripheral blood from patients with and without mutations in PARK2 and PARK8. Einstein[Internet]. 2010[cited 2017 May 23];8(3 Pt 1):291-7. Available from: http://apps.einstein.br/revista/arquivos/PDF/1674-Einsteinv8n3_pg291-7_eng.pdf
http://apps.einstein.br/revista/arquivos...
,1717 Grunblatt E, Zehetmayer S, Jacob CP, Muller T, Jost WH, Riederer P. Pilot study: peripheral biomarkers for diagnosing sporadic Parkinson's disease. J Neural Transm[Internet]. 2010[cited 2017 May 28];117(12):1387-93. Available from: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs00702-010-0509-1
https://link.springer.com/article/10.100...
). O presente estudo é o primeiro relatório sobre os biomarcadores no líquido cefalorraquidiano (Aβ1-42, T-tau, P-tau181 e α-sinucleína). Foram encontradas várias características dos biomarcadores relacionadas aos aspectos clínicos na DP. Os níveis de Aβ1-42, T-tau, Ptau181, T-tau/Aβ1-42 e α-sinucleína foram significativamente menores, e as concentrações de T-tau e α-sinucleína associadas à gravidade da disfunção motora na DP. Verificou-se que os níveis de α-sinucleína tinham uma forte correlação com os níveis de proteínas tau (T-tau e P-tau181) em pacientes com DP. Os fenótipos motores L-Aβ1-42 e P-tau181 apresentaram menores concentrações quando associados ao fenótipo de instabilidade postural-perturbação da marcha. Finalmente, encontramos uma correlação significativa entre os níveis de α-sinucleína e os níveis de T-tau e P-tau(1212 Kang JH, Irwin DJ, Chen-Plotkin AS, Siderowf A, Caspell C, Coffey CS, et al. Association of cerebrospinal fluid beta-amyloid 1-42, T-tau, P-tau181, and alpha-synuclein levels with clinical features of drug-naive patients with early Parkinson disease. JAMA Neurol[Internet]. 2013[cited 2015 Jul 23];70(10):1277-87. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4034348/pdf/nihms573438.pdf
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/article...

13 Aguiar PMC, Severino P. Biomarkers in Parkinson Disease: global gene expression analysis in peripheral blood from patients with and without mutations in PARK2 and PARK8. Einstein[Internet]. 2010[cited 2017 May 23];8(3 Pt 1):291-7. Available from: http://apps.einstein.br/revista/arquivos/PDF/1674-Einsteinv8n3_pg291-7_eng.pdf
http://apps.einstein.br/revista/arquivos...
-1414 Gui Y, Liu H, Zhang L, Lv W, Hu X. Altered microRNA profiles in cerebrospinal fluid exosome in Parkinson disease and Alzheimer disease. Oncotarget[Internet]. 2015[cited 2017 May 28];6(35):37043-53. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4741914/pdf/oncotarget-06-37043.pdf
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/article...
,1919 Parnetti L, Farotti L, Eusebi P, Chiasserini D, De Carlo C, Giannandrea D, et al. Differential role of CSF alpha-synuclein species, tau, and A beta 42 in Parkinson's Disease. Frontiers Aging Neurosci[Internet]. 2014[cited 2017 May 28];6. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3978246/pdf/fnagi-06-00053.pdf
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/article...
).

Estudos recentes têm demonstrado que α-sinucleína e a proteína DJ-1 no líquido cefalorraquidiano são biomarcadores utilizados para o diagnóstico e detecção precoce da DP. A α-sinucleína e DJ-1 têm um forte valor preditivo para o diagnóstico de DP e possivelmente podem ajudar a identificar indivíduos em estádios pré-sintomáticos (pacientes com depressão, distúrbios do sono) e tratamento neuroprotetor(1818 Molochnikov L, Rabey JM, Dobronevsky E, Bonucelli U, Ceravolo R, Frosini D, et al. A molecular signature in blood identifies early Parkinson's disease. Mol Neurodegener[Internet]. 2012[cited 2017 May 28];7:26. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3424147/pdf/1750-1326-7-26.pdf
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/article...
).

Os níveis de α-sinucleína e a razão entre o-α-sinucleína e total (t-α-sinucleína) são maiores no líquido cefalorraquidiano em pacientes com DP, diferentemente da saliva. Estudos anteriores mostraram pequena concentração t-α-sinucleína na saliva de pacientes com DP, e nenhum estudo examinou previamente a concentração de o-α-sinucleína salivar ou avaliou a correlação entre a concentração de o-α-sinucleína e t-α-sinucleína(22 Foulds PG, Diggle P, Mitchell JD, Parker A, Hasegawa M, Masuda-Suzukake M, et al. A longitudinal study on alpha-synuclein in blood plasma as a biomarker for Parkinson's disease. Sci Rep[Internet]. 2013[cited 2017 May 28];3:2540. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3756331/pdf/srep02540.pdf
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/article...
,1515 Wang X, Yu S, Li F, Feng T. Detection of alpha-synuclein oligomers in red blood cells as a potential biomarker of Parkinson's disease. Neurosci Lett[Internet]. 2015[cited 2017 May 23];599:115-9. Available from: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0304394015003870?via%3Dihub
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/art...
,2020 Vivacqua G, Latorre A, Suppa A, Nardi M, Pietracupa S, Mancinelli R, et al. Abnormal Salivary Total and Oligomeric Alpha-Synuclein in Parkinson's Disease. Plos One[Internet]. 2016[cited 2017 May 23];11(3). Available from: http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/file?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0151156&type=printable
http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article...
-2121 Park MJ, Cheon SM, Bae HR, Kim SH, Kim JW. Elevated Levels of a-Synuclein Oligomer in the Cerebrospinal Fluid of Drug-Naïve Patients with Parkinson's Disease. J Clin Neurol[Internet]. 2011[cited 2017 May 23];7(4):215-22. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3259496/pdf/jcn-7-215.pdf
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/article...
,2323 Aasly JO, Johansen KK, Bronstad G, Waro BJ, Majbour NK, Varghese S, et al. Elevated levels of cerebrospinal fluid alpha-synuclein oligomers in healthy asymptomatic LRRK2 mutation carriers. Frontiers Aging Neurosci[Internet]. 2014[cited 2017 May 23];6:248. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4174885/pdf/fnagi-06-00248.pdf
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/article...
,2525 Gorostidi A, Bergareche A, Ruiz-Martinez J, Marti-Masso JF, Cruz M, Varghese S, et al. α-synuclein levels in blood plasma from LRRK2 mutation carriers. PLoS One[Internet]. 2012[cited 2017 May 28];7(12):e52312. Available from: http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/file?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0052312&type=printable
http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article...

26 Tokuda T, Qureshi M, Ardah M, Varghese S, Shehab S, Kasai T, et al. Detection of elevated levels of a-synuclein oligomers in CSF from patients with Parkinson disease. Neurol[Internet]. 2010[cited 2017 May 28];75(20):1766-72. Available from:http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/o/cochrane/clcentral/articles/665/CN-00772665/frame.html.
http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/o/cochran...
-2727 Foulds PG, Mitchell JD, Parker A, Turner R, Green G, Diggle P, et al. Phosphorylated alpha-synuclein can be detected in blood plasma and is potentially a useful biomarker for Parkinson's disease. Faseb J[Internet]. 2011[cited 2017 May 23];25(12):4127-37. Available from: http://www.fasebj.org/content/25/12/4127.long
http://www.fasebj.org/content/25/12/4127...
).

No líquido cefalorraquidiano, o aumento do cobre livre, ferroxidase, peroxidação lipídica e NOx (nitritos e nitratos) está presente na DP. A diminuição da atividade da ferroxidase foi uma característica comum relacionada ao incremento da deposição de ferro em áreas degeneradas. Na PD, o cobre livre também está significativamente relacionado com o estágio clínico e com a duração das manifestações clínicas(2222 Boll MC, Alcaraz-Zubeldia M, Montes S, Rios C. Free copper, ferroxidase and SOD1 activities, lipid peroxidation and NO(x) content in the CSF: a different marker profile in four neurodegenerative diseases. Neurochem Res[Internet]. 2008[cited 2017 May 28];33(9):1717-23. Available from: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs11064-008-9610-3
https://link.springer.com/article/10.100...
).

No presente estudo, verificamos que a α-synuclein total salivar é significativamente menor em pacientes com DP do que em indivíduos saudáveis. Por outro lado, os níveis de oligo-α-synucleína salivar são mais elevados em doentes com DP do que em indivíduos saudáveis. Consequentemente, a razão α-synucleína total/oligo α-synucleína é significativamente mais elevada em pacientes com DP do que em indivíduos saudáveis. Estudos neuropatológicos demonstraram que nos estágios iniciais da DP a agregação intracelular de α-sinucleína ocorre em vários núcleos do tronco cerebral, incluindo o núcleo motor dorsal do vago e provavelmente os núcleos salivares superior e inferior e os gânglios salivares parassimpáticos. Sugere que a α-sinucleína pode se espalhar a partir de corpos de células neuronais de neurônios salivares, ao longo de axônios, até os terminais sinápticos ao redor das células epiteliais das glândulas salivares, onde também se acumula na saliva. Portanto, é possível que a concentração reduzida de α-synucleína total detectada na saliva de pacientes com DP seja devido a uma agregação intracelular e axonal de α-sinucleína nos neurônios dos núcleos salivares ou dos gânglios salivares(1515 Wang X, Yu S, Li F, Feng T. Detection of alpha-synuclein oligomers in red blood cells as a potential biomarker of Parkinson's disease. Neurosci Lett[Internet]. 2015[cited 2017 May 23];599:115-9. Available from: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0304394015003870?via%3Dihub
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/art...
).

Limitações do estudo

Nesse estudo, utilizaram-se apenas biomarcadores de sangue, líquido cefalorraquidiano e saliva na DP. Não foi considerada toda a gama de fluidos corporais (bile, cerúmen, líquido peritoneal, lágrima, leite materno, líquido amniótico, muco, sebo, sêmen, suco gástrico, suor, vômito). Infelizmente, os estudos foram excluídos porque tinham informações e lacunas insuficientes para os valores preditivos de sensibilidade e especificidade e podiam causar viés nas descobertas.

Contribuições para a área da Enfermagem, Saúde ou Políticas Públicas

A assistência à pessoa com a DP deve ser direcionada com o objetivo de melhorar sua qualidade de vida. O tratamento farmacológico da doença de DP é extremamente complexo e envolve a intervenção de uma equipe multidisciplinar, e deve estar associado ao tratamento não farmacológico, como Fisioterapia, Fonoaudiologia, Nutrição, e outros para atenuar os sintomas e promover qualidade de vida.

O enfermeiro é o profissional capacitado para compreender as particularidades de cada indivíduo, realizar o cuidado e educar a pessoa com a DP e seus familiares. Sua atuação ocorre, principalmente na Atenção Primária à Saúde, como ponto de entrada na rede de atenção. É nesse contexto que o enfermeiro desenvolve grupos de educação em saúde e realiza o cuidado, para além do tratamento farmacológico e multiprofissional. O cuidado realizado pelo enfermeiro inclui o acolhimento, a avaliação clínica e as orientações sobre a prevenção da doença e promoção da saúde, tanto para a pessoa com a doença, como também para seus familiares e/ou cuidadores.

CONCLUSÃO

Observamos que os países que desenvolveram um número maior de pesquisas foram a China (3) e os EUA (2), seguido pela Itália (2) com grupos de anticorpos e de proteínas presentes no sangue e no líquido cefalorraquidiano. A maioria apresentou baixo risco de viés e foi realizado no sangue. As evidências demonstram que os anticorpos séricos podem ser utilizados como biomarcadores altamente específicos e precisos para o diagnóstico da DP no início da doença. Os biomarcadores identificados no líquido cefalorraquidiano também têm potencial para diagnosticar a DP no início e estão relacionados ao aumento da gravidade motora, à instabilidade postural, ao distúrbio da marcha, e ao declínio cognitivo, e não são afetados pela progressão da doença. Esperamos que métodos de rastreio precoce, até mesmo pré-sintomáticos, possam ser estabelecidos. Consideramos os anticorpos séricos como uma nova classe de moléculas patologicamente relevantes que podem ser exploradas para melhor compreensão dos mecanismos da doença e de potenciais terapias.

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    Adaptado do PRISMA.

Datas de Publicação

  • Publicação nesta coleção
    Nov-Dec 2018

Histórico

  • Recebido
    07 Dez 2017
  • Aceito
    16 Abr 2018
Associação Brasileira de Enfermagem SGA Norte Quadra 603 Conj. "B" - Av. L2 Norte 70830-102 Brasília, DF, Brasil, Tel.: (55 61) 3226-0653, Fax: (55 61) 3225-4473 - Brasília - DF - Brazil
E-mail: reben@abennacional.org.br