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Articles • J. Braz. Chem. Soc. 32 (8) • Aug 2021 • https://doi.org/10.21577/0103-5053.20210049   copy

Complexes with Furyl-Substituted 3-Hydroxychromone: Synthesis, Characterization and Fluorescence Studies

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Abstract

2-(2-Furyl)-3-hydroxychromone (HL) reacts with MII ions in the formation of quadratic [Cu(L)2] (3), octahedral [M(L)2(OH2)2] (M = Co (1), Ni (2), Zn (4), Mn (5)) and seesaw [M(L)2] (M = Sn (6), Pb (7)) complexes. Recrystallization of complexes 1-3 in presence of pyridine lead to [M(L)2(py)2] (1a-3a) aducts. All compounds were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Complexes 1-7 were analyzed by UV-Vis and diffuse reflectance spectroscopies. The estimated band gap energies range from 2.90-3.15 eV. The crystal structure of complexes 6 and 7 revealed the influence of the stereochemically active lone pair due to their electronic configuration ns2. An intense fluorescence emission band centered at approximately 600 nm (λexc centered at 340 nm) has been observed for complex 6 in the solid state. In N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) solution, complex 6 showed two emission bands (468 and 538 nm) when excited from 300 to 380 nm, and only one emission band (468 nm) when excited from 385 to 420 nm.

Keywords:
chromone; fluorescence; molecular structure; coordination compounds

Introduction

Chromones comprehend an important class of naturally occurring compounds whose carbon skeleton exist in wide range of structural diversity.11 Panhekar, D. Y.; Satpute, S.; Deharkar, P.; Kalambe, A. B.; Renalson, K. S.; Chem. Sci. Trans. 2018, 7, 408. Chemical and biological aspects of chromones (also known as 4H-chromen-4-ones) have been studied in detail because of their usefulness as biologically active agents. Some pharmacological properties attributed to molecules containing the chromone skeleton include antifungal, antiallergenic, antiviral, antihypertensive, antioxidant and anticancer activities.22 Sharma, S. K.; Kumar, S.; Chand, K.; Kathuria, A.; Gupta, A.; Jain, R.; Curr. Med. Chem. 2011, 18, 3825.,33 Reis, J.; Gaspar, A.; Milhazes, N.; Borges, F.; J. Med. Chem. 2017, 60, 7941. Important chromone derivatives are flavone, flavonol and isoflavone (Figure 1).44 Ram, V. J.; Sethi, A.; Nath, M.; Pratap, R.; The Chemistry of Heterocycles: Chemistry of Six to Eight Membered N, O, S, P and Se Heterocycles; Elsevier Ltd.: Amsterdam/Oxford/Cambridge, 2019.

Figure 1
Chemical structure of flavone, flavonol and isoflavone. The chromone skeletal is highlighted.

Flavonoids are the 2-phenyl chromone derivatives. They are found in fruits, vegetables, grains, bark, roots, stems, flowers, tea and wine. Flavonols represent a specific class of flavonoids, and are widely present in leaves, flowers and fruits as glucosides.55 Panche, A. N.; Diwan, A. D.; Chandra, S. R.; J. Nutr. Sci. 2016, 5, e47. In flavonols a hydroxy group is present (Figure 1) being so-called as 3-hydroxyflavone (3HF). However, different substituents can be present in the 2-position of the chromone skeleton, such as a furyl group (Figure 2). We will represent the resulting 3-hydroxychromone-furyl-substituted molecule as 3HC-F (an alternatively as HL when its deprotonation is intended to be noted). An electron donating furyl group will affect the chemical and pharmacological properties of the molecule when compared with 3HF. Special attention arouses also for studies of its interaction with metal ions.

Figure 2
Chemical structure of 2-(2-furyl)-3-hydroxychromone, the HL ligand of this work.

The spectroscopic properties of 3-hydroxyflavones (3HFs) allowed their application as prospective sensors of polarity, ions and electric fields, as well as probes to study polymers, reverse micelles, lipid membranes and proteins.66 Klymchenko, A. S.; Demchenko, A. P.; New J. Chem. 2004, 28, 687. Their strong electron conjugation provides them fluorescent property, which make them used as imaging agents for therapeutic purpose.77 Butun, B.; Topcu, G.; Ozturk, T.; Mini-Rev. Med. Chem. 2018, 18, 98. It is well known that 3HF undergoes excited-state intramolecular proton transfer (ESIPT). Dual fluorescence emission can be observed: the normal form of the excited state (N*) and the excitedstate tautomeric form (T*), which emit in the blue and green, respectively. The dynamics of the ESIPT and BPT (ground-state back proton transfer) processes in 3HF using Shpol’skii spectroscopy has been performed and compared with 2-(2-furyl)-3-hydroxychromone (3HC-F). The furyl substituent has shown a strong influence on the proton tunneling rates in n-octane.88 Bader, A. N.; Pivovarenko, V. G.; Demchenko, A. P.; Ariese, F.; Gooijer, C.; J. Phys. Chem. B 2004, 108, 10589. Studies on the steric effects on the fluorescence quantum yields of substituted 3-hydroxychromones (3HCs) have shown that the furanand benzofuran-substituted 3HCs are advantageous with respect to 3HFs for the development of prospective fluorescence probes.99 Bader, A. N.; Pivovarenko, V.; Demchenko, A. P.; Ariese, F.; Gooijer, C.; Spectrochim. Acta, Part A 2003, 59, 1593. Antioxidant activity of 3HC-F and their derivatives has been evaluated using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH). The DPPH radical reacts with electron donating molecules (antioxidants).1010 Kaur, R.; Kaur, K.; Bansal, M.; Asian J. Chem. 2016, 28, 1921.

Chelates can be formed by interactions of 3HFs with metal ions. It can be crucial in the prevention of free radical generation, which damage target biomolecules, protecting them against oxidative stress. Metal complexes have been more effective in free radicals scavenging than the free flavonoids.1111 Symonowicz, M.; Kolanek, M.; Biotechnol. Food Sci. 2012, 76, 35.,1212 Grazul, M.; Budzisz, E.; Coord. Chem. Rev. 2009, 253, 2588. A furan substituent in the 2-position of the chromone may affect the acidity of the 3-hydroxy group and the bond order of the 4-carbonyl group and, therefore, the basicity of its oxygen atom.88 Bader, A. N.; Pivovarenko, V. G.; Demchenko, A. P.; Ariese, F.; Gooijer, C.; J. Phys. Chem. B 2004, 108, 10589. According to our knowledge, there is only one reported 2-(2-furyl)-3-hydroxychromone metallic complex, which has the suggested formula [VO(L)2].1313 Graphure, M.; Chaudhary, R. G.; Juneja, H.; Ingle, V.; Gandhare, N.; J. Chin. Adv. Mater. Soc. 2013, 1, 257.

In order to contribute with the coordination chemistry of 3HC-F, the present work presents the obtention of MII complexes with 2-(2-furyl)-3-hydroxychromone (3HC-F) acting as ligand (Figure 2). The MnII, CoII, NiII, CuII, ZnII, SnII and PbII complexes were characterized by spectroscopic techniques and elemental analysis. The complexes have formula [M(L)2(OH2)2] (M = Co, Ni, Zn and Mn) and [M(L)2] (M = Cu, Sn, Pb). Fluorescent properties were evaluated for the SnII complex. Complexes [M(L)2(py)2] (M = Co, Ni and Cu) were also formed in recrystallization processes using mixtures with pyridine. X-ray diffractometry was used for analysis of the molecular structures of the ligand (a new polymorph) and six complexes.

Experimental

Chemicals and apparatus

Chemicals 2’-hydroxyacetophenone and furan-2-carboxaldehyde (Sigma-Aldrich, Saint Louis, USA) were used without purification for preparation of the corresponding furyl-substituted chalcone. Solvents ethanol (Dinâmica, Indaiatuba, Brazil) and methanol (Vetec, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil) were used as received. The metal salts for the synthesis of the complexes were obtained from commercial sources (Sigma-Aldrich, Saint Louis, USA and Dinâmica, Indaiatuba, Brazil). The elemental analyses were performed on a PerkinElmer 2400 series II. UV-Vis spectra in N,N-dimethylformamide were collected on a Shimadzu UV-2600 spectrophotometer. Solid state UV-Vis and diffuse reflectance spectra were obtained on a Shimadzu UV-2600 spectrophotometer equipped with an integrating sphere ISR 2600 Plus (barium sulfate plate was used as white reference material). Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra (attenuated total reflectance (ATR) mode) were recorded on a Bruker Vertex 70 spectrophotometer in the 4000-200 cm-1 range (4 cm-1 of resolution). Electrospray ionization (ESI) high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) was used for acquisition of mass spectra for the ligand on an Agilent 6210 spectrometer (positive mode) in methanol. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectra were recorded on a Bruker BioSpin GmbH spectrometer, operating at 600 MHz for 1H nuclei, using CDCl3 or dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO-d6) as solvent. Solid state fluorescence excitation/emission maps were obtained in a Varian Cary Eclipse fluorimeter operating at 3D mode, monitoring the emission intensity from 390 to 750 nm (solid state) and 300 to 700 nm (N,N-dimethylformamide solutions, 3 × 10–5 mol L–1), both with excitation wavelength between 280 and 420 nm (slit of 5 nm). Antistatic gloves were used in some manipulations with the samples.

Powder X-ray diffraction data of 2-(2-furyl)-3-hydroxychromone (HL) was obtained in a Bruker D8 Advance diffractometer (Cu Kα1 λ 1.5406 Å) from 5 to 60º in a 2θ angle, using slit of 0.2º, 0.5 s per step and step size of 0.01º. The single crystal X-ray diffraction data collection were performed on a Bruker D8 Venture Photon 100 diffractometer with graphite monochromated Ag Kα radiation (λ 0.56086 Å) (PbII complex) or Mo Kα radiation (λ 0.71073 Å) (CuII and ZnII complex). The single crystal data collection for the chromone ligand and the CoII, NiII and SnII complexes were performed on a Bruker D8 Quest diffractometer with Cu Kα radiation (λ 1.54178 Å). The structures were solved by Intrinsic Phasing method, and least-squares refinement of the structures was performed by the SHELXL-2018 program.1414 Sheldrick, G.; SHELXTL version 2018/3; Program for Crystal Structure Refinement, University of Göttingen, 2018. All the non-hydrogen atoms were refined anisotropically. The hydrogen atoms were placed in calculated positions and refined isotropically. Data collection and structure refinement parameters and crystallographic data for HL and complexes 1a, 2a, 3a, 4, 6 and 7 are given in Table 1. Anisotropic thermal ellipsoid plots can be found in the Supplementary Information (SI) section (Figures S1 to S7).

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Table 1
Crystal structure and refinement data for HL and complexes 1a, 2a, 3a, 4, 6 and 7

Synthesis

The 2-(2-furyl)-3-hydroxychromone ligand (HL) was prepared by condensation reaction of 2’-hydroxyacetophenone with furan-2-carboxaldehyde in presence of sodium hydroxide. The chalcone thus obtained was subjected to reaction conditions with hydrogen peroxide, according to the literature.1515 Bansal, M.; Kaur, R.; J. Chem. Sci. 2015, 127, 405.,1616 Kaur, K.; Kaur, R.; Tomar, J.; Bansal, M.; Photochem. Photobiol. Sci. 2017, 16, 1311.

HL

Yellow solid; yield: 65%; 1H NMR (600.1 MHz, CDCl3) δ 6.65 (dd, 1H, J 3.5, 1.7 Hz), 7.35 (d, 1H, J 3.5 Hz), 7.40 (t, 1H, J 7.5 Hz), 7.60 (d, 1H, J 8.5 Hz), 7.73-7.64 (m, 2H), 8.24 (dd, 1H, J 8.0, 1.5 Hz); 13C NMR (150.9 MHz, CDCl3) δ 112.8, 115.7, 118.5, 121.5, 124.7, 125.6, 133.6, 136.8, 139.1, 144.7, 144.8, 155.3, 172.7; HRMS (ESI) m/z, calcd. for C13H9O4 [M + H]+: 229.0501, found: 229.0489; calcd. for C13H8O4Na [M + Na]+: 251.0320, found: 251.0315; calcd. for C26H16O8Na [M2 + Na]+: 479.0743, found: 479.0723.

Synthesis of the metal complexes

The HL ligand (91 mg, 0.40 mmol) was dissolved in 15 mL of methanol under mild heating (60 ºC). Then, the corresponding metal acetate (0.20 mmol), dissolved in 3 mL of methanol, was added. Immediately, a precipitate started to be formed. After 1 h of stirring at 60 ºC, the solid was isolated by simple filtration, washed with methanol and dried.

[Co(L)2(OH2)2]·½H2O (1)

Brown solid; yield: 87 mg (79%); anal. calcd. for C26H19O10.5Co (558.36 g mol–1): C 55.93, H 3.43%, found: C 55.95, H 3.29%.

[Ni(L)2(OH2)2] (2)

Orange solid; yield: 80 mg (73%); anal. calcd. for C26H18O10Ni (549.11 g mol–1): C 56.87, H 3.30%, found: C 56.33, H 3.32%.

[Cu(L)2] (3)

Green solid; yield: 86 mg (83%); anal. calcd. for C26H14O8Cu (517.93 g mol–1): C 60.29; H 2.72%, found: C 59.77; H 2.70%.

[Zn(L)2(OH2)2]·½H2O (4)

Yellow solid; yield: 67 mg (60%); anal. calcd. for C26H19O10.5Zn (564.81 g mol–1): C 55.29, H 3.39%, found: C 54.95, H 3.27%; 1H NMR (600.1 MHz, DMSO-d6) d 6.78 (s, 1H), 7.46 (t, 1H, J 6.0 Hz), 7.61 (d, 1H, J 2.0 Hz), 7.84-7.69 (m, 2H), 7.96 (s, 1H), 8.18 (d, 1H, J 7.9 Hz).

Yellow crystals of complex 4 were obtained by dissolution of the solid in N,N-dimethylformamide and analyzed by single crystal X-ray diffraction.

[Mn(L)2(OH2)2]·H2O (5)

Yellow solid; yield: 69 mg (63%); anal. calcd. for C26H20O11Mn (563.37 g mol–1): C 55.43, H 3.58%, found: C 55.88, H 3.24%.

Greenish-yellow crystals of complex 5 were obtained in a methanol/pyridine solution which were analyzed by single crystal X-ray diffraction. However, the crystals lose the crystallinity in all attempts of measurements at room temperature, not allowing the completeness of the data.

[Sn(L)2] (6)

SnCl2·2H2O (45 mg, 0.20 mmol) was used; yellow solid; yield: 86 mg (75%); anal. calcd. for C26H14O8Sn (573.09 g mol–1): C 54.49, H 2.46%, found: C 54.15, H 2.37%.

Yellow crystals of complex 6 were obtained in the methanolic mother solution and analyzed by single crystal X-ray diffraction.

[Pb(L)2] (7)

Yellow solid; yield: 108 mg (82%); anal. calcd. for C26H14O8Pb (661.58 g mol–1): C 47.20, H 2.13%, found: C 46.55, H 1.80%.

Yellow crystals of complex 7 were obtained by dissolution in a pyridine/methanol mixture and analyzed by single crystal X-ray diffraction.

[M(L)2(py)2] (M = Co (1a); Ni (2a); Cu (3a))

Complexes 1-3 were dissolved in a pyridine/methanol or pyridine/dimethyl sulfoxide mixture and stirred for about 10 min. After few days, rectangular yellow to orange crystals of complexes 1a-3a were observed and collected for analysis. Complexes 1a-3a were suitable for single crystal X-ray diffraction analysis.

Results and Discussion

Synthesis and structural analysis

The preparation of the 2-(2-furyl)-3-hydroxychromone molecule followed the literature,1515 Bansal, M.; Kaur, R.; J. Chem. Sci. 2015, 127, 405.,1616 Kaur, K.; Kaur, R.; Tomar, J.; Bansal, M.; Photochem. Photobiol. Sci. 2017, 16, 1311. in a two-step synthesis: (i) preparation of the chalcone; (ii) preparation of the corresponding chromone. An overview about the already published nonconsensual reaction mechanisms for the formation of 2-aryl-3-hydroxychromones from the chalcone can be found in the SI section.

The HL ligand reacts with the first row transition MII metals giving complexes with ML2 composition (Scheme 1). Complexes with CoII (1), NiII (2), ZnII (4) and MnII (5) are suggested to have two coordinated water molecules, leading the metal centers in the complexes to an octahedral MO6 environment. The CuII complex (3) has probably a quadratic CuO4 geometry. Complexes 6 (SnII) and 7 (PbII) shall present the effect of the ns2 lone pair of electrons in the coordination geometry, leading to hemidirected structures. This type of structure energetically minimizes, for example, antibonding PbII np (6s-np) interactions.17 The absence of coordinated water molecules in complexes 3, 6 and 7 was confirmed by the FTIR spectra. On the other hand, O–H stretching and bending vibrations bands were observed in the spectra of complexes 1, 2, 4 and 5.

Scheme 1
Synthesis of 2:2 MII complexes. Conditions: methanol, 1 h, 60 ºC.

In a tentative reaction of HL with zinc(II) chloride without heating or addition of base, yellow crystals of a new polymorph of HL were formed in the mother solution. An alternate packing of the compound lead to a distinct unit cell identification. In our case, HL crystallized in the monoclinic crystal system with formula unit per unit cell (Z) = 2. The molecule was solved in P21 space group. A close analysis of the packing and hydrogen bonds in the solid state differs from the greenish-yellow polymorph described by Wera et al.1818 Wera, M.; Pivovarenko, V. G.; Sikorski, A.; Lis, T.; Blazejowski, J.; Acta Crystallogr., Sect. E: Crystallogr. Commun. 2011, E67, o266. in which the inversely oriented molecules form dimers through a pair of O–H···O interactions. The C–O and C–C bond lengths in the 3-hydroxy-4-pyrone fragment are similar in both polymorphs (Table 2).

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Table 2
Selected bond lengths in HL in comparison with the previous related polymorph

The yellow HL polymorph of this work shows interand intramolecular O–H···O hydrogen bonds interactions in the solid state (Figure 3 and Table 3). The molecules are associated by hydrogen bonds and π-stacking interactions in the [0 1 0] crystallographic direction. The π-stacking arrangement occurs between the aromatic C3–C8 ring and the pyrone ring (which contains the O4 atom). The centroid-centroid distance is 3.5842(16) Å.

Figure 3
Solid state arrangement of HL (yellow polymorph). Aromatic hydrogen atoms were omitted for clarity. Symmetry code: ’ –x + 2, y – 1/2, –z + 2.

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Table 3
Hydrogen bonds for HL and complex 4

In the FTIR spectrum of HL, the O–H stretching vibration band appeared at 3243 cm–1. The band at 1610 cm–1 is assigned to the C=O (main contribution) and C=C stretching vibrations.19 Comparisons of some vibration modes of HL with those found in the coordination compounds will be presented further in the text.

The reaction of zinc(II) acetate with HL in methanol under heating yielded complex [Zn(L)2(OH2)2]·½H2O (4). Yellow rectangular block shaped crystals were obtained in the mother solution or in recrystallization process using N,N-dimethylformamide. The monoanionic chromonate ligands coordinate in the equatorial positions being the axial positions occupied by water molecules (Figure 4). The coordinated water molecules establish intermolecular O–H···O hydrogen bonds (Table 3) with neighboring molecules. They are reinforced by π-stacking interactions (centroid-centroid distances of 3.4077(11) Å). π-Stacking, in this complex, occurs between the furyl (which contains the O3 atom) and pyrone (which contains the O4 atom) rings.

Figure 4
Solid state interactions of complex 4. Aromatic hydrogen atoms and solvate water molecule were omitted for clarity. Symmetry codes: ’–x, –y, –z; ” x, y – 1, z; ”’ –x, –y – 1, ‒z.

The reactions of SnII and PbII salts lead to formation of isostructural [M(L)2] complexes. Figure 5 shows the pseudo-polymeric structure of the SnII complex (6). No additional figure is presented for the PbII complex (7) since it is virtually identical to the SnII complex. In both complexes the lone pair is stereochemically active, leading to M···O interactions in the solid state. The Sn···O and Pb···O distances are 3.809(2) and 3.543(4) Å, respectively. These distances are within the sum of the van der Waals radii of the corresponding atoms.2121 Batsanov, S. S.; Inorg. Mater. 2001, 37, 871. The intermolecular M···O interactions produces pseudo-polymeric arrangements in the [0 1 0] crystallographic direction.

Figure 5
Solid state interactions of complex 6. Aromatic hydrogen atoms were omitted for clarity. Symmetry codes: ’ –x + 1, y, –z + 3/2; ” x, y + 1, z; ”’ –x + 1, y + 1, –z + 3/2.

Complex 6 represents the first structurally characterized SnII-chromone complex. We could find only one SnIV complex with 3-hydroxyflavone (HL). In the [Ph2SnIVCl(L)] complex, the Sn–O bond lengths are 2.06 and 2.24 Å.2222 Villamil-Ramos, R.; Barbab, V.; Yatsimirsky, A. K.; Analyst 2012, 137, 5229. In complex 6, the Sn–O bond lengths are 2.1210(18) and 2.373(2) Å (Table 4). The Pb–O bond lengths in complex 7 are 2.250(3) and 2.481(3) Å, which are close to the distances found in a mixed PbII complex with 3-hydroxyflavone (2.23 and 2.60 Å). This six-coordinated PbII complex has also shown hemidirected geometry (in which there is an open site in the coordination sphere).1717 Grubel, K.; Saraf, S.; Anderson, S. N.; Laughlin, B. J.; Smith, R. C.; Arif, A. M.; Berreau, L. M.; Inorg. Chim. Acta 2013, 407, 91. There are no chromonecontaining SnII complexes structurally characterized for comparison of the hemidirected coordination geometry.

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Table 4
Selected bond lengths in complexes 1a, 2a, 3a, 4, 6 and 7

Complexes 1-3 were soluble in pyridine. Crystals were obtained in solvent mixtures with pyridine, such as MeOH/py and DMSO/py. Octahedral [M(L)2(py)2] (1a-3a) complexes were formed (Scheme 2). Ligand substitution reactions are suggested for complexes 1a and 2a formation. Water molecules are replaced by pyridine molecules in the axial positions. In case of complex 3a formation, pyridine molecules probably coordinate in axial positions of the quadratic complex 3.

Scheme 2
Preparation of the pyridine adducts 1a, 2a and 3a.

Complex 5 was also soluble in pyridine, and crystals in MeOH/py were obtained. However, the crystals were not stable for enough time for collection of the full X-ray diffraction data at room temperature. The reason of it is probably the volatile methanol molecules in the crystals of complex [Mn(L)2(OH2)2]·MeOH. It is remarkable that, in this case, the ligand substitution did not occur. Thus, all the observations with complexes 1, 2, 3 and 5 led us to conclude that the MnII ion, as a harder Lewis acid when compared with CoII and CuII ions, prefers the coordination with water (a hard base) rather than the coordination of pyridine (a soft base when compared with water).

The structural analysis by single crystal X-ray diffraction could be realized for complexes 1a-3a. These isostructural trans-[M(L)2(py)2] complexes are structurally similar to 3-hydroxyflavone complexes with NiII,2323 Farina, Y.; Yamin, B. M.; Fun, H.-K.; Yip, B.-C.; Teoh, S.-G.; Acta Crystallogr., Sect. C: Struct. Chem. 1995, C51, 1537. CuII2424 Okabe, N.; Yamamoto, E.; Yasunori, M.; Acta Crystallogr., Sect. E: Crystallogr. Commun. 2003, E59, m715. and MnII.2525 Kaizer, J.; Baráth, G.; Pap, J.; Speier, G.; Giorgi, M.; Réglier, M.; Chem. Commun. 2007, 5235. By analysis of the crystal packing, intermolecular π-stacking interactions between the furyl group and the chromone rings of the adjacent molecule can be found. In complex 1a, the centroid-centroid distances are 3.6532(16) and 3.7074(15) Å. Figure 6 presents one of the π-stacking possibilities (furyl group containing O3 atom and the C3–C8 ring) for complex 1a.

Figure 6
Solid state interactions of complex 1a. Hydrogen atoms were omitted for clarity. Symmetry codes: ’ –x + 1, –y + 1, –z + 1; ” x, y – 1, z.

The M–O bond lengths of 1.95-2.35 Å (Table 4) in complexes 1a-3a are between those reported for NiII, CuII and MnII complexes with 3-hydroxyflavone.2323 Farina, Y.; Yamin, B. M.; Fun, H.-K.; Yip, B.-C.; Teoh, S.-G.; Acta Crystallogr., Sect. C: Struct. Chem. 1995, C51, 1537.

24 Okabe, N.; Yamamoto, E.; Yasunori, M.; Acta Crystallogr., Sect. E: Crystallogr. Commun. 2003, E59, m715.-2525 Kaizer, J.; Baráth, G.; Pap, J.; Speier, G.; Giorgi, M.; Réglier, M.; Chem. Commun. 2007, 5235. The M–N(py) bond lengths of 2.07-2.18 Å are between the distances of the mentioned complexes (1.93-2.18 Å). Bond angles O(1)–M(1)–O(1)’, O(2)–M(1)–O(2)’ and N(1)–M(1)–N(1)’ (symmetry code: ’–x + 1, –y + 1, –z + 1) are 180º. A detailed table with bond angles for the complexes can be found in Table S1 (SI section).

FTIR and UV-Vis characterization

The most prominent feature in the FTIR spectra of the complexes, compared to the spectra of the HL ligand, is the absence of the O–H stretching vibration band at around 3200 cm–1. In the spectra of complexes 1, 2, 4 and 5 the band at 3400-3500 cm–1 is due to the O–H stretching vibration of the coordinated water molecules. The weak and well-defined bands at around 1680 cm–1 in these spectra are attributed to the water O–H bending vibration. A significant shift of the C=O stretching vibration band to lower wavenumbers has been observed in the complexes, from 1610 to ca. 1545 cm–1. Additionally, the bands at 1347-1356 cm–1, related to ν(C–O) vibration, shifted to higher wavenumbers in the spectra of the complexes when compared to the free ligand (1328 cm–1). These shifts arise as a result of the formation of a five-membered ring with the chelation of [L]– to the metal centres.2222 Villamil-Ramos, R.; Barbab, V.; Yatsimirsky, A. K.; Analyst 2012, 137, 5229.,2525 Kaizer, J.; Baráth, G.; Pap, J.; Speier, G.; Giorgi, M.; Réglier, M.; Chem. Commun. 2007, 5235.

26 Kahrović, E.; Zahirović, A.; Višnjevac, A.; Osmanković, I.; Turkušić, E.; Kurtagić, H.; Croat. Chem. Acta 2018, 91, 195.-2727 Balogh-Hergovich, É.; Speier, G.; Argayb, G.; J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun. 1991, 551. The presence of pyridine in complexes 1a, 2a and 3a could be evidenced by the medium intensity band at around 700 cm–1 (δ(C–H)). The relevant FTIR spectral data are compiled in Table 5. The spectra can be found in Figures S13 to S23 (SI section). Information about calculated vibrations of the chromone skeletal have been described in the literature.1919 Erdogdu, Y.; Yurdakul, S.; Badoglu, S.; Güllüoglu, M. T.; J. Mol. Struct. 2019, 1184, 364.,2828 Machado, N. F. L.; Valero, R.; Domingos, H. S.; Tomkinson, J.; Carvalho, L. A. E. B.; Vib. Spectrosc. 2012, 63, 325.

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Table 5
Selected FTIR spectral data of HL and the metal complexes

Electronic UV-Vis characterization was performed in the solid state and in solution for HL and complexes 1-7. In the solid state HL spectrum, broad bands centered at approximately 250, 315 and 390 nm were observed (Figure 7). Additionally, there is a shoulder at around 455 nm. For comparison, in solution (cyclohexane, acetonitrile and methanol), two sets of main bands were described: from 270 to 370 nm (set I) and around 250 nm (set II).1515 Bansal, M.; Kaur, R.; J. Chem. Sci. 2015, 127, 405.

Figure 7
Solid state UV-Vis spectra of HL and its complexes 1-7.

In the HL molecule, there are four oxygen atoms which have non-bonding electrons. Among these, oxygen belonging to furan ring show absorption band in the higher energy UV region (> 220 nm).1515 Bansal, M.; Kaur, R.; J. Chem. Sci. 2015, 127, 405. In the solid state, the broad band at 315 nm probably refers to the π-π* transition while the band at 390 nm, to the n-π* transitions. The most easily available non-bonding electrons should be those of the O atom at 4-carbonyl group. The band at 250 nm can be assigned to the benzoylic moiety of the molecule, as has been observed in solution.1515 Bansal, M.; Kaur, R.; J. Chem. Sci. 2015, 127, 405. About the shoulder in the visible region of the spectrum (around 455 nm) we could not find any reference in the literature. One suggestion is an intramolecular charge transfer situation due to the conjugation of the molecule. For this reason, we decided to record the UV-Vis absorption spectrum of HL in N,N-dimethylformamide solution (Figure S12, SI section). We could identify a clear weak absorption band centered at around 430 nm. It suggests that the band at 455 nm does not refers to a specific effect in the solid state.

In the solid state UV-Vis spectra of complexes 1-7, the π-π* transition band appears centered at ca. 327 nm.

The n-π* transitions are centered in the 368-390 nm range. However, the main difference of the spectra of the complexes in comparison with the spectrum of HL are the more intense bands in the visible region, from 420 to ca. 525 nm. These bands can be assigned to charge transitions between the metal ions and the chromonate ligands.

UV-Vis absorption spectroscopy analysis in N,N-dimethylformamide solution was also performed for complexes 1-7. By comparison of the UV-Vis absorption spectrum of HL with the spectra of complexes 1, 2, 3 and 5 (complexes with transition metal ions) (Figure 8a) it can be noted that the same set of bands from 380 to 400 nm is observed for HL and complex 3 (the CuII complex proposed with a quadratic geometry). The octahedral complexes 1, 2 and 5 showed a different profile in this region of the spectra. In the visible region of the spectra, the bands involving charge transfer between metal ions and the chromonate ligands has been observed centered at 432-453 nm. In all spectra, the π-π* transition band appears at 270 nm.

Figure 8
UV-Vis spectra of HL and complexes 1-7 in DMF at concentration of 3 × 10–5 mol L–1.

Comparison of the UV-Vis absorption spectra of complexes 4, 6 and 7 (complexes with d10 or ns2 configuration) and the spectrum of HL in the same solvent was also performed (Figure 8b). Curiously, a similar profile in the absorption bands has been observed for HL and complex 6 (the SnII complex) from 288 to 400 nm. In the visible region of the spectra, the bands involving charge transfer between metal ions and the chromonate ligands were observed centered at 420-428 nm. It is thus remarkable that the isostructural complexes 6 and 7 in the solid state have distinct behavior when in solution.

Optical band gap estimation

Diffuse reflectance spectroscopy measurements of HL and complexes 1-7 were carried out in the wavelength range of 250-800 nm. These data were treated by using the Kubelka-Munk function: F(R) = (1 – R)2/2R, where R is the reflectance.2929 Nilavazhagan, S.; Anbuselvan, D.; Santhanam, A.; Chidhambaram, N.; Appl. Phys. A 2020, 126, 279. The Kubelka-Munk absorbance spectra can be found Figure S24 (SI section). The values of the band gap energies (Eg) were then estimated by linear extrapolation of the Tauc plots.3030 Babizhetskyy, V.; Levytskyy, V.; Smetana, V.; Wilk-Kozubek, M.; Tsisar, O.; Piskach, L.; Parasyuk, O.; Mudring, A.-V.; Z. Naturforsch. 2020, 75, 135. The Eg values found range from 2.90-3.15 eV (Figure 9). Optical band gap energies lower than 3.0 eV are promising for application, e.g., in photocatalysis using visible light.3131 Teixeira, I. F.; Quiroz, J.; Homsi, M. S.; Camargo, P. H. C.; J. Braz. Chem. Soc. 2020, 31, 211. For HL, if considered the second absorption edge which seems to be more intense, the band gap energy is 3.40 eV. In this case, all complexes present lower estimated band gap energies than HL.

Figure 9
Optical bandgap of HL and complexes 1-7.

Fluorescence studies

We decided to study complexes 4, 6 and 7 by fluorescence spectroscopy. These complexes contain d10 ion (ZnII) or (n–1)d10ns2 ions (SnII and PbII). Thus, these complexes would be more promising for fluorescence emission. However, preliminar analysis by solid state fluorescence showed us that the SnII complex was the candidate for further analysis. Curiously, as discussed in the UV-Vis characterization, complex 6 presented a distinct absorption profile in N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) solution when compared with complexes 4 and 7, specially in the 300-400 nm region. Previous report3232 Blunden, S. J.; Smith, P. J.; J. Organomet. Chem. 1982, 226, 157. described the use of fluorescent 3-hydroxyflavone (3HF) tin(IV) complexes for spectrofluorimetric determination of these species.

Measurements were performed in solid state and in DMF solution for complex 6 and HL for comparison. By analysis of the fluorescence map, in the solid state, HL presents emission bands at 420, 500 (most intense) and 530 nm when excited from approximately 290 to 350 nm (Figure 10). It is important to mention that the polymorph of HL was identified by powder X-ray diffraction (Figure S25, SI section) and corresponds to the polymorph reported by Wera et al.1818 Wera, M.; Pivovarenko, V. G.; Sikorski, A.; Lis, T.; Blazejowski, J.; Acta Crystallogr., Sect. E: Crystallogr. Commun. 2011, E67, o266. These bands were also observed in the solid state fluorescence maps of complexes 4, 6 and 7. However, complex 6 additionally showed an intense emission band centered at approximately 600 nm. Figure S26 (SI section) shows a photograph of the complex 6 exposed to external UV-A radiation source (λ 365 nm), in which the yellow-orange fluorescence is observed. Even more intense fluorescence would be expected by using an external UV radiation source with λ 330-350 nm.

Figure 10
Fluorescence maps for HL and complex 6 in the solid state.

Additionally, we decided to analyze the fluorescence behavior also in solution for complex 6 and HL for comparison with the solid state behavior. In DMF solution, the HL fluorescence map presents two emission bands when excited between 280 and 382 nm (Figure 11). The weak luminescence band centered at 420 nm is attributable to the normal excited species (N*), and the intense luminescence band centered at 540 nm has been attributed to the excited tautomer (T*).1515 Bansal, M.; Kaur, R.; J. Chem. Sci. 2015, 127, 405.,3333 Khanna, R.; Kumar, R.; Dalal, A.; Kamboj, R. C.; J. Fluoresc. 2015, 25, 1159. Upon excitation, N* undergoes an excited intramolecular proton transfer (ESIPT) to give T*.3333 Khanna, R.; Kumar, R.; Dalal, A.; Kamboj, R. C.; J. Fluoresc. 2015, 25, 1159. Two emission bands were observed before in polar protic (methanol) and polar aprotic (acetonitrile) solvents, and only one band (T*) in apolar solvent (cyclohexane) with excitation wavelength of 359 nm.1515 Bansal, M.; Kaur, R.; J. Chem. Sci. 2015, 127, 405.

Figure 11
Fluorescence maps for HL and complex 6 in N,N-dimethylformamide solution.

Complex 6 presented two emission bands (centered at 468 and 538 nm) when excited from approximately 300 to 380 nm (Figure 11). These fluorescence bands do not shift upon changing the excitation wavelength, but change their relative intensity, as observed in the color scale. It can be also observed that only one emission band (468 nm) appears when excited between 385 and 420 nm. It suggests that the band at 538 nm is related to intraligand transition emission, while the band at 468 nm is related to charge-transfer (MLCT) emission. In the literature, we could find organotin complexes with one or two emission bands in the range of 377 to 537 nm.3434 Jiménez-Pérez, V. M.; García-López, M. C.; Munoz-Flores, B. M.; Chan-Navarro, R.; Berrones-Reyes, J. C.; Dias, H. V. R.; Moggio, I.; Arias, E.; Serrano-Mireles, J. A.; Chaves-Reyes, A.; J. Mater. Chem. B 2015, 3, 5731. In complex 6 the influence of the lone-pair (n) orbital of the divalent tin atom is not clear, however the literature suggests that the n-π* transition should not be near to the lowest energy π-π* transition to avoid fluorescence quenching.3535 Kobayashi, J.; Kushida, T.; Kawashima, T.; J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2009, 131, 10836. As observed before, solid samples show fluorescence at longer wavelengths than solution samples.3636 Takano, K.; Takahashi, M.; Fukushima, T.; Takezaki, M.; Tominaga, T.; Akashi, H.; Takagi, H.; Shibahara, T.; Bull. Chem. Soc. Jpn. 2012, 85, 1210.

Conclusions

2-(2-Furyl)-3-hydroxychromone forms stable complexes with first row transition M2+ ions as well as with Sn2+ and Pb2+ ions. In all complexes, within deprotonation of the ligand, coordination occurs in a chelate and trans form. Additional coordinated water or pyridine molecules are present in complexes [M(L)2(OH2)2] (M = Mn, Co, Ni, Zn) and [M(L)2(py)2] (M = Co, Ni, Cu). Complexes with the Group 14 ions showed the active lone pair in their seesaw structures. In DMF solution, the Sn2+ complex presented two emission bands (468 and 538 nm) when excited under 400 nm and a single emission band (468 nm) when excited with UV and violet region wavelengths (385-420 nm). Thus, 2-(2-furyl)-3-hydroxychromone is promising as a fluorescent sensor for Sn2+.

Acknowledgments

This work was supported by CAPES (Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior-Programa de Demanda Social), process number 88882.457453/2019-01.

  • Supplementary Information
    Crystallographic data (excluding structure factors) for the structures in this work were deposited in the Cambridge Crystallographic Data Centre as supplementary publication number CCDC 2046242-2046248. Copies of the data can be obtained, free of charge, via https://www.ccdc.cam.ac.uk/structures/.
    Supplementary material to this article (such as thermal ellipsoid plots and spectroscopic characterization spectra of HL and complexes) is available free of charge at http://jbcs.sbq.org.br as PDF file.

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Publication Dates

  • Publication in this collection
    28 July 2021
  • Date of issue
    Aug 2021

History

  • Received
    10 Dec 2020
  • Accepted
    12 Apr 2021
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