Acessibilidade / Reportar erro

Efeitos do exercício aquático na força muscular e no desempenho funcional de indivíduos com osteoartrite: uma revisão sistemática

RESUMO

Exercícios aquáticos são recomendados para pessoas com osteoartrite (OA), pois melhoram a funcionalidade e a qualidade de vida e reduzem os sintomas da doença. Entretanto, os efeitos na força muscular ainda são controversos. O objetivo desta revisão foi avaliar e comparar o efeito de programas de exercícios aquáticos na força muscular e na funcionalidade de pessoas com OA. Foi feita uma busca bibliográfica nas bases de dados Pubmed, Scopus e Web of Science. Foram incluídos ensaios clínicos feitos com intervenções que envolveram exercícios aquáticos para indivíduos com OA. A qualidade metodológica dos estudos foi avaliada por meio da escala PEDro. Foram encontrados 296 estudos. Desses, 12 foram selecionados, seis que compararam exercícios aquáticos com exercícios feitos em solo e seis que compararam um grupo de exercícios aquáticos com grupo controle. Os programas contemplaram exercícios de fortalecimento muscular, aeróbios, de equilíbrio, de flexibilidade e alongamento. A duração do programa, a frequência semanal, a intensidade e a progressão variaram entre os estudos. Foram encontrados efeitos benéficos do exercício aquático na funcionalidade, porém, dos cinco estudos que avaliaram a força muscular, apenas dois verificaram efeito positivo dos exercícios aquáticos. Embora haja dificuldades para comparar os estudos e estabelecer diretrizes para a formulação de protocolos padronizados, observou-se que exercícios aquáticos podem ser eficientes na melhoria da funcionalidade e no aumento da força muscular, desde que os programas sejam bem estruturados com intensidade e sobrecarga controlada e progressiva.

Palavras-chave:
Osteoartrite; Exercício aquático; Funcionalidade; Força muscular

ABSTRACT

Water-based exercises are recommended for people with osteoarthritis (OA), due to the beneficial effects on physical function, quality of life and symptom reduction. However, the effects on muscle strength are still controversial. The aim of this review was to assess and compare the effects of aquatic exercise programs on muscle strength and physical function in people with OA. A systematic search was performed at Pubmed, Scopus and Web of Science databases. Clinical trials with interventions involving aquatic exercises for individuals with OA were included. The methodological quality of the studies was evaluated using the PEDro scale. 296 studies were found and twelve were selected: six studies comparing water-based exercises with land-based exercise, and six comparing water-based exercise groups with the control group. Exercise programs included muscle strengthening, aerobic, balance, flexibility and stretching exercises. Duration of the program, weekly frequency, intensity and progression varied between studies. Beneficial effects of aquatic exercise were found on physical function. However, only two of five studies that assessed muscle strength observed positive effect of aquatic exercise. Although it is difficult to compare studies and establish guidelines for the standardized protocol formulation, it was observed that water-based exercises can be effective on improving physical function and increasing muscle strength, since they are well-structured, with exercise intensity and overload controlled.

Keywords:
Osteoarthritis; Water-based exercise; Physical function; Muscle strength

Introdução

A osteoartrite (OA) é uma doença crônica degenerativa de origem multifatorial, que tem início geralmente entre os 50 e 60 anos11 Duarte VDS, Santos ML, Rodrigues KDA, Ramires JB, Arêas GPT, Borges GF. Exercícios físicos e osteoartrose: uma revisão sistemática. Revista Fisioterapia e Movimento (Curitiba). 2013;26:193-202. e afeta principalmente as articulações do joelho e do quadril.22 Felson DT, Lawrence RC. NIH Conference Osteoarthritis: new insights. Ann Intern Med. 2000;133:637-9.,33 Cross M, Smith E, Hoy D, Nolte S, Ackeman I, Fransen M, et al. The global burden of hip and knee osteoarthritis: estimates from the Global Burden of Disease 2010 study. Ann Rheum Dis. 2014;73:1323-30. A dor é o principal sintoma da doença e, quando associada à rigidez articular, instabilidade e fraqueza muscular, pode gerar limitações funcionais e dificuldades para feitura das atividades da vida diária.44 Bennell KL, Hinman RS. A review of the clinical evidence for exercise in osteoarthritis of the hip and knee. J Sci Med Sport. 2011;14:4-9.

O tratamento da OA inclui terapias com fármacos, terapias manuais e exercício físico.55 Davis AM, MacKay C. Osteoarthritis year in review: outcome of rehabilitation. Osteoarthr Cartil. 2013;21:1414-24.,66 McAlindon TE, Bannuru RR, Sullivan MC, Arden NK, Brenbaum F, Bierma-Zeinstra SM, et al. OARSI guidelines for the non-surgical management of knee osteoarthritis. Osteoarthr Cartil. 2014;22:363-88. O exercício físico é um tratamento conservador bastante recomendado, de fácil aplicação, baixo custo e apresenta poucas chances de reações adversas.44 Bennell KL, Hinman RS. A review of the clinical evidence for exercise in osteoarthritis of the hip and knee. J Sci Med Sport. 2011;14:4-9. Os tipos de exercícios mais recomendados para pessoas com OA são os de baixo impacto articular, fortalecimento muscular, aeróbios ou combinados, feitos na água ou em solo.77 Nelson AE, Allen KD, Golightly YM, Goode AP, Jordan JM. A systematic review of recommendations and guidelines for the management of osteoarthritis: The Chronic Osteoarthritis Management Initiative of the U.S. Bone and Joint Initiative. Semin Arthritis Rheum. 2014;43:701-12.

O fortalecimento da musculatura em torno da articulação afetada é parte essencial no tratamento da OA, pois contribui para a qualidade da cartilagem, aumenta a ativação neural e melhoria a coordenação intra e intermuscular.88 Beckwée D, Vaes P, Cnudde M, Swinnen E, Bautmans I. Osteoarthritis of the knee: why does exercise work? A qualitative study of the literature. Ageing Res Rev. 2013;12:226-36. Adicionalmente, os músculos atuam como mecanismo de absorção das cargas durante a marcha. Assim, músculos mais fortes podem absorver e distribuir melhor o impacto nas articulações do quadril e do joelho, o que aumenta a estabilidade88 Beckwée D, Vaes P, Cnudde M, Swinnen E, Bautmans I. Osteoarthritis of the knee: why does exercise work? A qualitative study of the literature. Ageing Res Rev. 2013;12:226-36.

9 Knoop J, Dekker J, van der Leeden M, van der Esch M, Thorstensson CA, Gerritsen M, et al. Knee joint stabilization therapy in patients with osteoarthritis of the knee: a randomized, controlled trial. Osteoarthr Cartil. 2013;21:1025-34.
-1010 Hinman RS, Hunt MA, Creaby MW, Wrigley TV, McManus FJ, Bennell KL. Hip muscle weakness in individuals with medial knee osteoarthritis. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken). 2010;62:1190-3. e contribui para a melhoria da funcionalidade e da mobilidade.1111 De Oliveira AMI, Peccin MS, da Silva KNG, de Paiva Teixeira LEP, Trevisani VFM. Impacto dos exercícios na capacidade funcional e dor em pacientes com osteoartrite de joelhos: ensaio clínico randomizado. Rev Bras Reumatol. 2012;52:876-82.

Exercícios aquáticos podem apresentar algumas vantagens quando comparados com o exercício em solo para pessoas que apresentam dificuldades de mobilidade e excesso de peso, pois o alívio do peso corporal proporcionado pela flutuação reduz o impacto nas articulações e a percepção da intensidade da dor.1212 Lu M, Su Y, Zhang Y, Wang W, He Z, Liu F, et al. Effectiveness of aquatic exercise for treatment of knee osteoarthritis: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Z Rheumatol. 2015;74:543-52.,1313 Yázigi F, Espanha M, Vieira F, Messier SP, Monteiro C, Veloso AP. The PICO project: aquatic exercise for knee osteoarthritis in overweight and obese individuals. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2013;14:320. A água aquecida e a pressão hidrostática promovem o relaxamento da musculatura, alívio da tensão e a redução de espasmos musculares,1313 Yázigi F, Espanha M, Vieira F, Messier SP, Monteiro C, Veloso AP. The PICO project: aquatic exercise for knee osteoarthritis in overweight and obese individuals. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2013;14:320.

14 Hinman RS, Heywood SE, Day AR. Aquatic physical therapy for hip and knee osteoarthritis: results of a single-blind randomized controlled trial. Phys Ther. 2007;87:32-43.

15 Barker AL, Talevski J, Morello RT, Brand CA, Rahmann AE, Urquhart DM. Effectiveness of aquatic exercise for musculoskeletal conditions: a meta-analysis. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2014;95:1776-86.
-1616 Ambrosini AB, Brentano MA, Coertjens M, Kruel LFM. The effects of strength training in hydrogymnastics for middle-age women. Int J Aquat Res Educ. 2010;4:153-62. o que facilita a execução dos movimentos. Adicionalmente, estudos com adultos e idosos saudáveis têm mostrado que exercícios na água são efetivos para aumentar a força muscular.1313 Yázigi F, Espanha M, Vieira F, Messier SP, Monteiro C, Veloso AP. The PICO project: aquatic exercise for knee osteoarthritis in overweight and obese individuals. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2013;14:320.,1717 Bento PCB, Pereira G, Ugrinowitsch C, Rodacki ALF. The effects of a water-based exercise program on strength an functionality of older adults. J Aging Phys Act. 2012;20:469-84.

Revisões sistemáticas feitas anteriormente sobre os efeitos do exercício aquático em pessoas com osteoartrite encontraram benefícios na dor, na funcionalidade e na qualidade de vida.1212 Lu M, Su Y, Zhang Y, Wang W, He Z, Liu F, et al. Effectiveness of aquatic exercise for treatment of knee osteoarthritis: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Z Rheumatol. 2015;74:543-52.,1313 Yázigi F, Espanha M, Vieira F, Messier SP, Monteiro C, Veloso AP. The PICO project: aquatic exercise for knee osteoarthritis in overweight and obese individuals. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2013;14:320.,1515 Barker AL, Talevski J, Morello RT, Brand CA, Rahmann AE, Urquhart DM. Effectiveness of aquatic exercise for musculoskeletal conditions: a meta-analysis. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2014;95:1776-86.,1818 Batterham SI, Heywood S, Keating JL. Systematic review and meta-analysis comparing land and aquatic exercise for people with hip or knee arthritis on function, mobility and other health outcomes. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2011;12:123. Porém, não há revisões que identifiquem o efeito dessas intervenções no desempenho em testes funcionais e na força muscular. Dessa forma, o objetivo desta revisão foi avaliar e comparar o efeito de programas de exercícios aquáticos na força muscular e na funcionalidade de pessoas com OA.

Métodos

Para o desenvolvimento deste estudo foi feita uma busca bibliográfica nas bases de dados eletrônicas Pubmed, Scopus e Web of Science. A seleção dos descritores foi baseada nos termos indexados nos Descritores em Ciências da Saúde (DECs) e contemplou as seguintes palavras-chave em inglês: osteoarthritis, aquatic, aqua, deep-water, water-based, exercise, motor activity, physical activity e training. As palavras-chave foram combinadas com os operadores booleanos “AND” e “OR” e adaptadas para cada base de dados conforme necessário.

Não houve restrição para o ano de publicação, pois foram encontrados poucos estudos feitos nessa área. Dois pesquisadores efetuaram a busca em todas as bases de dados e confrontaram, no fim da aplicação dos critérios de inclusão e exclusão, os artigos encontrados. Em caso de discordância em relação aos estudos selecionados, os pesquisadores fizeram análise conjunta dos estudos com o objetivo de obter consenso.

Foram adotados os seguintes critérios de inclusão: os artigos publicados nos idiomas inglês, português ou espanhol; somente artigos originais; ensaios clínicos controlados ou estudos experimentais com grupo experimental e grupo ou período controle; apresentar intervenção com exercícios aquáticos supervisionados para pessoas com osteoartrite; apresentar detalhes da intervenção, como duração, frequência, tipos de exercício e intensidade; avaliar e apresentar como desfechos primários ou secundários força muscular e/ou a funcionalidade por meio de testes de desempenho físico.

Foram excluídos desta revisão resumos de congressos, monografias, teses e dissertações, estudos de caso, ensaios não controlados, revisões sistemáticas, estudos feitos com animais; os trabalhos que tinham grupos de sujeitos mistos (osteoartrite e outras condições que tenham influência na força e/ou funcionalidade); estudos com intervenção com duração inferior a seis semanas e frequência semanal do programa de exercícios inferior a duas sessões/semana, com base em revisões de recomendações para o tratamento da OA.44 Bennell KL, Hinman RS. A review of the clinical evidence for exercise in osteoarthritis of the hip and knee. J Sci Med Sport. 2011;14:4-9.,1919 Zhang W, Nuki G, Moskowitz RW, Abramson RD, Altman NK, Arden S, et al. OARSI recommendations for the management of hip and knee osteoarthritis. Part III: Changes in evidence following systematic cumulative update of research published through January 2009. Osteoarthr Cartil. 2010;18:476-99.

Os estudos selecionados foram também analisados quanto à qualidade metodológica, de acordo com protocolo de avaliação adaptado para este estudo, com base na escala PEDro.2020 Pedro T, Ap V, Delphi T. PEDro scale. 1999. Available at: http://www.pedro.org.au/portuguese/downloads/pedro-scale [acessed on 15.07.15].
http://www.pedro.org.au/portuguese/downl...
Essa avaliação contemplou 11 critérios que, somados, geraram um escore de 11 pontos (tabela 1). Os critérios 5 e 6, que tratam do cegamento dos participantes e dos terapeutas em relação ao tratamento, aplicado não foram pontuados devido às características dos estudos selecionados. Em estudos experimentais com intervenção com programas de atividade física não é possível omitir dos participantes e dos terapeutas o tratamento feito. Portanto, a pontuação máxima atingida é de 9 pontos. Quanto maior a pontuação na escala, melhor a qualidade do artigo.

Tabela 1
Qualidade metodológica dos estudos analisados

A análise da qualidade dos artigos foi feita de forma independente pelos dois investigadores e as divergências foram discutidas em reuniões de consenso. A qualidade metodológica foi avaliada para identificar a validade interna (critérios 2-9) e a qualidade das informações estatísticas para a interpretação dos seus resultados (critérios 10-11).2020 Pedro T, Ap V, Delphi T. PEDro scale. 1999. Available at: http://www.pedro.org.au/portuguese/downloads/pedro-scale [acessed on 15.07.15].
http://www.pedro.org.au/portuguese/downl...
Após essa etapa, os desfechos avaliados e os resultados dos estudos foram analisados e agrupados em tópicos para comparação e discussão.

Resultados

Na busca eletrônica feita, foram encontrados 296 estudos nas três bases de dados. Excluindo os títulos repetidos, restaram 170 para análise. Após aplicação dos critérios de inclusão e exclusão, 83 títulos foram excluídos. Na etapa de análise dos resumos foram excluídos 48 artigos por não atenderem aos objetivos desta revisão e mais oito revisões sistemáticas. Dos 31 artigos que restaram para leitura na íntegra, 12 foram incluídos nesta revisão, oito ensaios clínicos randomizados e quatro estudos experimentais (fig. 1).

Figura 1
Representação esquemática da seleção dos estudos incluídos nesta revisão.

Qualidade metodológica

A pontuação dos estudos selecionados na avaliação da qualidade metodológica está descrita na tabela 1. A média dos escores dos estudos foi de 8 pontos (6-9). A pontuação máxima (9 pontos) foi atingida por seis dos 12 estudos avaliados.1414 Hinman RS, Heywood SE, Day AR. Aquatic physical therapy for hip and knee osteoarthritis: results of a single-blind randomized controlled trial. Phys Ther. 2007;87:32-43.,2121 Arnold CM, Faulkner RA. The effect of aquatic exercise and education on lowering fall risk in older adults with hip osteoarthritis. J Aging Phys Act. 2010;18:245-60.

22 Hale LA, Waters D, Herbison P. A randomized controlled trial to investigate the effects of water-based exercise to improve falls risk and physical function in older adults with lower-extremity osteoarthritis. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2012;93:27-34.

23 Lim J-Y, Tchai E, Jang S-N. Effectiveness of aquatic exercise for obese patients with knee osteoarthritis: a randomized controlled trial. Pm&R. 2010;2:723-31.

24 Lund H, Weile U, Christensen R, Rostock B, Downey A, Bartels EM, et al. A randomized controlled trial of aquatic and land-based exercise in patients with knee osteoarthritis. J Rehabil Med. 2008;40:137-44.
-2525 Silva LE, Valim V, Pessanha APC, Oliveira LM, Myamoto S, Jones A, et al. Hydrotherapy versus conventional land-based exercise for the management of patients with osteoarthritis of the knee: a randomized clinical trial. Phys Ther. 2008;88:12-21. Quatro critérios foram contemplados por todos os estudos: “critérios de elegibilidade”; “todos os sujeitos avaliados receberam intervenção”; “resultados das comparações entre os grupos” e “medidas de precisão e de variabilidade”. Em nove dos 12 estudos os avaliadores desconheciam o grupo em que os participantes foram alocados (single blind).1414 Hinman RS, Heywood SE, Day AR. Aquatic physical therapy for hip and knee osteoarthritis: results of a single-blind randomized controlled trial. Phys Ther. 2007;87:32-43.,2121 Arnold CM, Faulkner RA. The effect of aquatic exercise and education on lowering fall risk in older adults with hip osteoarthritis. J Aging Phys Act. 2010;18:245-60.

22 Hale LA, Waters D, Herbison P. A randomized controlled trial to investigate the effects of water-based exercise to improve falls risk and physical function in older adults with lower-extremity osteoarthritis. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2012;93:27-34.

23 Lim J-Y, Tchai E, Jang S-N. Effectiveness of aquatic exercise for obese patients with knee osteoarthritis: a randomized controlled trial. Pm&R. 2010;2:723-31.

24 Lund H, Weile U, Christensen R, Rostock B, Downey A, Bartels EM, et al. A randomized controlled trial of aquatic and land-based exercise in patients with knee osteoarthritis. J Rehabil Med. 2008;40:137-44.

25 Silva LE, Valim V, Pessanha APC, Oliveira LM, Myamoto S, Jones A, et al. Hydrotherapy versus conventional land-based exercise for the management of patients with osteoarthritis of the knee: a randomized clinical trial. Phys Ther. 2008;88:12-21.

26 Wyatt FB, Milam S, Manske RC, Deere R. The effects of aquatic and traditional exercise programs on persons with knee osteoarthritis. J Strength Cond Res. 2001;15:337-40.

27 Wang TJ, Lee SC, Liang SY, Tung HH, Wu SF V, Lin YP. Comparing the efficacy of aquatic exercises and land-based exercises for patients with knee osteoarthritis. J Clin Nurs. 2011;20:2609-22.
-2828 Wallis JA, Webster KE, Levinger P, Fong C, Taylor NF. A pre-operative group rehabilitation programme provided limited benefit for people with severe hip and knee osteoarthritis. Disabil Rehabil. 2014;36:2085-90. Apenas os estudos que usaram grupo único com duplo pré-teste (com período de controle de quatro semanas) não tiveram alocação randomizada dos participantes.2828 Wallis JA, Webster KE, Levinger P, Fong C, Taylor NF. A pre-operative group rehabilitation programme provided limited benefit for people with severe hip and knee osteoarthritis. Disabil Rehabil. 2014;36:2085-90.,2929 Bressel E, Wing JE, Miller AI, Dolny DG. High-intensity interval training on an aquatic treadmill in adults with osteoarthritis: effect on pain, balance, function, and mobility. J Strength Cond Res. 2014;28:2088-96.

Características dos estudos

As características dos estudos, como participantes, instrumentos de medidas, intervenções e principais resultados, estão resumidas na tabela 2. Porém, serão apresentadas e agrupadas no texto a seguir.

Tabela 2
Resumo das características dos artigos incluídos na revisão

Local e características dos participantes

Os estudos selecionados foram feitos em Estados Unidos,2626 Wyatt FB, Milam S, Manske RC, Deere R. The effects of aquatic and traditional exercise programs on persons with knee osteoarthritis. J Strength Cond Res. 2001;15:337-40.,2929 Bressel E, Wing JE, Miller AI, Dolny DG. High-intensity interval training on an aquatic treadmill in adults with osteoarthritis: effect on pain, balance, function, and mobility. J Strength Cond Res. 2014;28:2088-96.,3030 Wang T-J, Belza B, Thompson FE, Whitney JD, Bennett K. Effects of aquatic exercise on flexibility, strength and aerobic fitness in adults with osteoarthritis of the hip or knee. J Adv Nurs. 2007;57:141-52. Austrália,1414 Hinman RS, Heywood SE, Day AR. Aquatic physical therapy for hip and knee osteoarthritis: results of a single-blind randomized controlled trial. Phys Ther. 2007;87:32-43.,2828 Wallis JA, Webster KE, Levinger P, Fong C, Taylor NF. A pre-operative group rehabilitation programme provided limited benefit for people with severe hip and knee osteoarthritis. Disabil Rehabil. 2014;36:2085-90. Brasil,2525 Silva LE, Valim V, Pessanha APC, Oliveira LM, Myamoto S, Jones A, et al. Hydrotherapy versus conventional land-based exercise for the management of patients with osteoarthritis of the knee: a randomized clinical trial. Phys Ther. 2008;88:12-21. Dinamarca,2424 Lund H, Weile U, Christensen R, Rostock B, Downey A, Bartels EM, et al. A randomized controlled trial of aquatic and land-based exercise in patients with knee osteoarthritis. J Rehabil Med. 2008;40:137-44. Coreia,2323 Lim J-Y, Tchai E, Jang S-N. Effectiveness of aquatic exercise for obese patients with knee osteoarthritis: a randomized controlled trial. Pm&R. 2010;2:723-31. Canadá,2121 Arnold CM, Faulkner RA. The effect of aquatic exercise and education on lowering fall risk in older adults with hip osteoarthritis. J Aging Phys Act. 2010;18:245-60. Taiwan2727 Wang TJ, Lee SC, Liang SY, Tung HH, Wu SF V, Lin YP. Comparing the efficacy of aquatic exercises and land-based exercises for patients with knee osteoarthritis. J Clin Nurs. 2011;20:2609-22. e Nova Zelândia.2222 Hale LA, Waters D, Herbison P. A randomized controlled trial to investigate the effects of water-based exercise to improve falls risk and physical function in older adults with lower-extremity osteoarthritis. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2012;93:27-34.,3131 Fisken AL, Waters DL, Hing WA, Steele M, Keogh JW. Comparative effects of 2 aqua exercise programs on physical function, balance, and perceived quality of life in older adults with osteoarthritis. J Geriatr Phys Ther. 2015;38:17-27. Os participantes dos estudos foram recrutados em clínicas ortopédicas de hospitais locais,1414 Hinman RS, Heywood SE, Day AR. Aquatic physical therapy for hip and knee osteoarthritis: results of a single-blind randomized controlled trial. Phys Ther. 2007;87:32-43.,2323 Lim J-Y, Tchai E, Jang S-N. Effectiveness of aquatic exercise for obese patients with knee osteoarthritis: a randomized controlled trial. Pm&R. 2010;2:723-31.,2525 Silva LE, Valim V, Pessanha APC, Oliveira LM, Myamoto S, Jones A, et al. Hydrotherapy versus conventional land-based exercise for the management of patients with osteoarthritis of the knee: a randomized clinical trial. Phys Ther. 2008;88:12-21.,2828 Wallis JA, Webster KE, Levinger P, Fong C, Taylor NF. A pre-operative group rehabilitation programme provided limited benefit for people with severe hip and knee osteoarthritis. Disabil Rehabil. 2014;36:2085-90.,3131 Fisken AL, Waters DL, Hing WA, Steele M, Keogh JW. Comparative effects of 2 aqua exercise programs on physical function, balance, and perceived quality of life in older adults with osteoarthritis. J Geriatr Phys Ther. 2015;38:17-27. consultórios médicos e de fisioterapia,1414 Hinman RS, Heywood SE, Day AR. Aquatic physical therapy for hip and knee osteoarthritis: results of a single-blind randomized controlled trial. Phys Ther. 2007;87:32-43.,2121 Arnold CM, Faulkner RA. The effect of aquatic exercise and education on lowering fall risk in older adults with hip osteoarthritis. J Aging Phys Act. 2010;18:245-60.,2222 Hale LA, Waters D, Herbison P. A randomized controlled trial to investigate the effects of water-based exercise to improve falls risk and physical function in older adults with lower-extremity osteoarthritis. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2012;93:27-34.,2424 Lund H, Weile U, Christensen R, Rostock B, Downey A, Bartels EM, et al. A randomized controlled trial of aquatic and land-based exercise in patients with knee osteoarthritis. J Rehabil Med. 2008;40:137-44.,2727 Wang TJ, Lee SC, Liang SY, Tung HH, Wu SF V, Lin YP. Comparing the efficacy of aquatic exercises and land-based exercises for patients with knee osteoarthritis. J Clin Nurs. 2011;20:2609-22.,2929 Bressel E, Wing JE, Miller AI, Dolny DG. High-intensity interval training on an aquatic treadmill in adults with osteoarthritis: effect on pain, balance, function, and mobility. J Strength Cond Res. 2014;28:2088-96. por meio de divulgação na comunidade local e em centros comunitários.1414 Hinman RS, Heywood SE, Day AR. Aquatic physical therapy for hip and knee osteoarthritis: results of a single-blind randomized controlled trial. Phys Ther. 2007;87:32-43.,2121 Arnold CM, Faulkner RA. The effect of aquatic exercise and education on lowering fall risk in older adults with hip osteoarthritis. J Aging Phys Act. 2010;18:245-60.,2222 Hale LA, Waters D, Herbison P. A randomized controlled trial to investigate the effects of water-based exercise to improve falls risk and physical function in older adults with lower-extremity osteoarthritis. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2012;93:27-34.,2424 Lund H, Weile U, Christensen R, Rostock B, Downey A, Bartels EM, et al. A randomized controlled trial of aquatic and land-based exercise in patients with knee osteoarthritis. J Rehabil Med. 2008;40:137-44.,2727 Wang TJ, Lee SC, Liang SY, Tung HH, Wu SF V, Lin YP. Comparing the efficacy of aquatic exercises and land-based exercises for patients with knee osteoarthritis. J Clin Nurs. 2011;20:2609-22.,2929 Bressel E, Wing JE, Miller AI, Dolny DG. High-intensity interval training on an aquatic treadmill in adults with osteoarthritis: effect on pain, balance, function, and mobility. J Strength Cond Res. 2014;28:2088-96.

30 Wang T-J, Belza B, Thompson FE, Whitney JD, Bennett K. Effects of aquatic exercise on flexibility, strength and aerobic fitness in adults with osteoarthritis of the hip or knee. J Adv Nurs. 2007;57:141-52.
-3131 Fisken AL, Waters DL, Hing WA, Steele M, Keogh JW. Comparative effects of 2 aqua exercise programs on physical function, balance, and perceived quality of life in older adults with osteoarthritis. J Geriatr Phys Ther. 2015;38:17-27. Todos os participantes tinham diagnóstico de OA nas articulações do joelho e/ou quadril,1414 Hinman RS, Heywood SE, Day AR. Aquatic physical therapy for hip and knee osteoarthritis: results of a single-blind randomized controlled trial. Phys Ther. 2007;87:32-43.,2222 Hale LA, Waters D, Herbison P. A randomized controlled trial to investigate the effects of water-based exercise to improve falls risk and physical function in older adults with lower-extremity osteoarthritis. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2012;93:27-34.,2828 Wallis JA, Webster KE, Levinger P, Fong C, Taylor NF. A pre-operative group rehabilitation programme provided limited benefit for people with severe hip and knee osteoarthritis. Disabil Rehabil. 2014;36:2085-90.

29 Bressel E, Wing JE, Miller AI, Dolny DG. High-intensity interval training on an aquatic treadmill in adults with osteoarthritis: effect on pain, balance, function, and mobility. J Strength Cond Res. 2014;28:2088-96.

30 Wang T-J, Belza B, Thompson FE, Whitney JD, Bennett K. Effects of aquatic exercise on flexibility, strength and aerobic fitness in adults with osteoarthritis of the hip or knee. J Adv Nurs. 2007;57:141-52.
-3131 Fisken AL, Waters DL, Hing WA, Steele M, Keogh JW. Comparative effects of 2 aqua exercise programs on physical function, balance, and perceived quality of life in older adults with osteoarthritis. J Geriatr Phys Ther. 2015;38:17-27. apenas no quadril2121 Arnold CM, Faulkner RA. The effect of aquatic exercise and education on lowering fall risk in older adults with hip osteoarthritis. J Aging Phys Act. 2010;18:245-60. e apenas no joelho,2323 Lim J-Y, Tchai E, Jang S-N. Effectiveness of aquatic exercise for obese patients with knee osteoarthritis: a randomized controlled trial. Pm&R. 2010;2:723-31.

24 Lund H, Weile U, Christensen R, Rostock B, Downey A, Bartels EM, et al. A randomized controlled trial of aquatic and land-based exercise in patients with knee osteoarthritis. J Rehabil Med. 2008;40:137-44.

25 Silva LE, Valim V, Pessanha APC, Oliveira LM, Myamoto S, Jones A, et al. Hydrotherapy versus conventional land-based exercise for the management of patients with osteoarthritis of the knee: a randomized clinical trial. Phys Ther. 2008;88:12-21.

26 Wyatt FB, Milam S, Manske RC, Deere R. The effects of aquatic and traditional exercise programs on persons with knee osteoarthritis. J Strength Cond Res. 2001;15:337-40.
-2727 Wang TJ, Lee SC, Liang SY, Tung HH, Wu SF V, Lin YP. Comparing the efficacy of aquatic exercises and land-based exercises for patients with knee osteoarthritis. J Clin Nurs. 2011;20:2609-22. entre 60 e 75 anos, a maioria mulheres (72%).

Características das intervenções

Os protocolos dos programas de exercícios diferem entre os estudos, mas é possível identificar os principais componentes de cada programa. Seis estudos fizeram intervenções com um grupo que participou de exercícios aquáticos e outro grupo que fez exercícios em solo2121 Arnold CM, Faulkner RA. The effect of aquatic exercise and education on lowering fall risk in older adults with hip osteoarthritis. J Aging Phys Act. 2010;18:245-60.,2323 Lim J-Y, Tchai E, Jang S-N. Effectiveness of aquatic exercise for obese patients with knee osteoarthritis: a randomized controlled trial. Pm&R. 2010;2:723-31.

24 Lund H, Weile U, Christensen R, Rostock B, Downey A, Bartels EM, et al. A randomized controlled trial of aquatic and land-based exercise in patients with knee osteoarthritis. J Rehabil Med. 2008;40:137-44.

25 Silva LE, Valim V, Pessanha APC, Oliveira LM, Myamoto S, Jones A, et al. Hydrotherapy versus conventional land-based exercise for the management of patients with osteoarthritis of the knee: a randomized clinical trial. Phys Ther. 2008;88:12-21.

26 Wyatt FB, Milam S, Manske RC, Deere R. The effects of aquatic and traditional exercise programs on persons with knee osteoarthritis. J Strength Cond Res. 2001;15:337-40.
-2727 Wang TJ, Lee SC, Liang SY, Tung HH, Wu SF V, Lin YP. Comparing the efficacy of aquatic exercises and land-based exercises for patients with knee osteoarthritis. J Clin Nurs. 2011;20:2609-22. e seis fizeram intervenções apenas com exercícios aquáticos.1414 Hinman RS, Heywood SE, Day AR. Aquatic physical therapy for hip and knee osteoarthritis: results of a single-blind randomized controlled trial. Phys Ther. 2007;87:32-43.,2222 Hale LA, Waters D, Herbison P. A randomized controlled trial to investigate the effects of water-based exercise to improve falls risk and physical function in older adults with lower-extremity osteoarthritis. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2012;93:27-34.,2828 Wallis JA, Webster KE, Levinger P, Fong C, Taylor NF. A pre-operative group rehabilitation programme provided limited benefit for people with severe hip and knee osteoarthritis. Disabil Rehabil. 2014;36:2085-90.

29 Bressel E, Wing JE, Miller AI, Dolny DG. High-intensity interval training on an aquatic treadmill in adults with osteoarthritis: effect on pain, balance, function, and mobility. J Strength Cond Res. 2014;28:2088-96.

30 Wang T-J, Belza B, Thompson FE, Whitney JD, Bennett K. Effects of aquatic exercise on flexibility, strength and aerobic fitness in adults with osteoarthritis of the hip or knee. J Adv Nurs. 2007;57:141-52.
-3131 Fisken AL, Waters DL, Hing WA, Steele M, Keogh JW. Comparative effects of 2 aqua exercise programs on physical function, balance, and perceived quality of life in older adults with osteoarthritis. J Geriatr Phys Ther. 2015;38:17-27.

O tempo de duração dos programas variou entre seis1414 Hinman RS, Heywood SE, Day AR. Aquatic physical therapy for hip and knee osteoarthritis: results of a single-blind randomized controlled trial. Phys Ther. 2007;87:32-43.,2626 Wyatt FB, Milam S, Manske RC, Deere R. The effects of aquatic and traditional exercise programs on persons with knee osteoarthritis. J Strength Cond Res. 2001;15:337-40.,2828 Wallis JA, Webster KE, Levinger P, Fong C, Taylor NF. A pre-operative group rehabilitation programme provided limited benefit for people with severe hip and knee osteoarthritis. Disabil Rehabil. 2014;36:2085-90.,2929 Bressel E, Wing JE, Miller AI, Dolny DG. High-intensity interval training on an aquatic treadmill in adults with osteoarthritis: effect on pain, balance, function, and mobility. J Strength Cond Res. 2014;28:2088-96. e 18 semanas.2525 Silva LE, Valim V, Pessanha APC, Oliveira LM, Myamoto S, Jones A, et al. Hydrotherapy versus conventional land-based exercise for the management of patients with osteoarthritis of the knee: a randomized clinical trial. Phys Ther. 2008;88:12-21. Dois estudos fizeram intervenções de oito semanas,2323 Lim J-Y, Tchai E, Jang S-N. Effectiveness of aquatic exercise for obese patients with knee osteoarthritis: a randomized controlled trial. Pm&R. 2010;2:723-31.,2424 Lund H, Weile U, Christensen R, Rostock B, Downey A, Bartels EM, et al. A randomized controlled trial of aquatic and land-based exercise in patients with knee osteoarthritis. J Rehabil Med. 2008;40:137-44. Arnold e Faulkner2121 Arnold CM, Faulkner RA. The effect of aquatic exercise and education on lowering fall risk in older adults with hip osteoarthritis. J Aging Phys Act. 2010;18:245-60. fizeram 11 semanas de exercícios e quatro trabalhos usaram 12 semanas em seu protocolo.2222 Hale LA, Waters D, Herbison P. A randomized controlled trial to investigate the effects of water-based exercise to improve falls risk and physical function in older adults with lower-extremity osteoarthritis. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2012;93:27-34.,2727 Wang TJ, Lee SC, Liang SY, Tung HH, Wu SF V, Lin YP. Comparing the efficacy of aquatic exercises and land-based exercises for patients with knee osteoarthritis. J Clin Nurs. 2011;20:2609-22.,3030 Wang T-J, Belza B, Thompson FE, Whitney JD, Bennett K. Effects of aquatic exercise on flexibility, strength and aerobic fitness in adults with osteoarthritis of the hip or knee. J Adv Nurs. 2007;57:141-52.,3131 Fisken AL, Waters DL, Hing WA, Steele M, Keogh JW. Comparative effects of 2 aqua exercise programs on physical function, balance, and perceived quality of life in older adults with osteoarthritis. J Geriatr Phys Ther. 2015;38:17-27. A frequência semanal dos programas de exercícios variou de duas1414 Hinman RS, Heywood SE, Day AR. Aquatic physical therapy for hip and knee osteoarthritis: results of a single-blind randomized controlled trial. Phys Ther. 2007;87:32-43.,2121 Arnold CM, Faulkner RA. The effect of aquatic exercise and education on lowering fall risk in older adults with hip osteoarthritis. J Aging Phys Act. 2010;18:245-60.,2222 Hale LA, Waters D, Herbison P. A randomized controlled trial to investigate the effects of water-based exercise to improve falls risk and physical function in older adults with lower-extremity osteoarthritis. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2012;93:27-34.,2424 Lund H, Weile U, Christensen R, Rostock B, Downey A, Bartels EM, et al. A randomized controlled trial of aquatic and land-based exercise in patients with knee osteoarthritis. J Rehabil Med. 2008;40:137-44.,2828 Wallis JA, Webster KE, Levinger P, Fong C, Taylor NF. A pre-operative group rehabilitation programme provided limited benefit for people with severe hip and knee osteoarthritis. Disabil Rehabil. 2014;36:2085-90.,3131 Fisken AL, Waters DL, Hing WA, Steele M, Keogh JW. Comparative effects of 2 aqua exercise programs on physical function, balance, and perceived quality of life in older adults with osteoarthritis. J Geriatr Phys Ther. 2015;38:17-27. a três sessões semanais.2323 Lim J-Y, Tchai E, Jang S-N. Effectiveness of aquatic exercise for obese patients with knee osteoarthritis: a randomized controlled trial. Pm&R. 2010;2:723-31.,2525 Silva LE, Valim V, Pessanha APC, Oliveira LM, Myamoto S, Jones A, et al. Hydrotherapy versus conventional land-based exercise for the management of patients with osteoarthritis of the knee: a randomized clinical trial. Phys Ther. 2008;88:12-21.

26 Wyatt FB, Milam S, Manske RC, Deere R. The effects of aquatic and traditional exercise programs on persons with knee osteoarthritis. J Strength Cond Res. 2001;15:337-40.
-2727 Wang TJ, Lee SC, Liang SY, Tung HH, Wu SF V, Lin YP. Comparing the efficacy of aquatic exercises and land-based exercises for patients with knee osteoarthritis. J Clin Nurs. 2011;20:2609-22.,2929 Bressel E, Wing JE, Miller AI, Dolny DG. High-intensity interval training on an aquatic treadmill in adults with osteoarthritis: effect on pain, balance, function, and mobility. J Strength Cond Res. 2014;28:2088-96.,3030 Wang T-J, Belza B, Thompson FE, Whitney JD, Bennett K. Effects of aquatic exercise on flexibility, strength and aerobic fitness in adults with osteoarthritis of the hip or knee. J Adv Nurs. 2007;57:141-52.

Os protocolos de exercícios aquáticos foram compostos basicamente por exercícios de fortalecimento muscular dos membros superiores, inferiores e do tronco,1414 Hinman RS, Heywood SE, Day AR. Aquatic physical therapy for hip and knee osteoarthritis: results of a single-blind randomized controlled trial. Phys Ther. 2007;87:32-43.,2121 Arnold CM, Faulkner RA. The effect of aquatic exercise and education on lowering fall risk in older adults with hip osteoarthritis. J Aging Phys Act. 2010;18:245-60.,2828 Wallis JA, Webster KE, Levinger P, Fong C, Taylor NF. A pre-operative group rehabilitation programme provided limited benefit for people with severe hip and knee osteoarthritis. Disabil Rehabil. 2014;36:2085-90.,3030 Wang T-J, Belza B, Thompson FE, Whitney JD, Bennett K. Effects of aquatic exercise on flexibility, strength and aerobic fitness in adults with osteoarthritis of the hip or knee. J Adv Nurs. 2007;57:141-52.,3131 Fisken AL, Waters DL, Hing WA, Steele M, Keogh JW. Comparative effects of 2 aqua exercise programs on physical function, balance, and perceived quality of life in older adults with osteoarthritis. J Geriatr Phys Ther. 2015;38:17-27. exercícios aeróbios de caminhada e deslocamentos na água1414 Hinman RS, Heywood SE, Day AR. Aquatic physical therapy for hip and knee osteoarthritis: results of a single-blind randomized controlled trial. Phys Ther. 2007;87:32-43.,2222 Hale LA, Waters D, Herbison P. A randomized controlled trial to investigate the effects of water-based exercise to improve falls risk and physical function in older adults with lower-extremity osteoarthritis. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2012;93:27-34.,2828 Wallis JA, Webster KE, Levinger P, Fong C, Taylor NF. A pre-operative group rehabilitation programme provided limited benefit for people with severe hip and knee osteoarthritis. Disabil Rehabil. 2014;36:2085-90.

29 Bressel E, Wing JE, Miller AI, Dolny DG. High-intensity interval training on an aquatic treadmill in adults with osteoarthritis: effect on pain, balance, function, and mobility. J Strength Cond Res. 2014;28:2088-96.
-3030 Wang T-J, Belza B, Thompson FE, Whitney JD, Bennett K. Effects of aquatic exercise on flexibility, strength and aerobic fitness in adults with osteoarthritis of the hip or knee. J Adv Nurs. 2007;57:141-52. e treinamento de alta intensidade (HIT) na esteira aquática,2929 Bressel E, Wing JE, Miller AI, Dolny DG. High-intensity interval training on an aquatic treadmill in adults with osteoarthritis: effect on pain, balance, function, and mobility. J Strength Cond Res. 2014;28:2088-96. exercícios de perturbação do equilíbrio,2929 Bressel E, Wing JE, Miller AI, Dolny DG. High-intensity interval training on an aquatic treadmill in adults with osteoarthritis: effect on pain, balance, function, and mobility. J Strength Cond Res. 2014;28:2088-96. deslocamentos e movimentos em apoio unipodal,2121 Arnold CM, Faulkner RA. The effect of aquatic exercise and education on lowering fall risk in older adults with hip osteoarthritis. J Aging Phys Act. 2010;18:245-60.,2222 Hale LA, Waters D, Herbison P. A randomized controlled trial to investigate the effects of water-based exercise to improve falls risk and physical function in older adults with lower-extremity osteoarthritis. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2012;93:27-34. flexibilidade2727 Wang TJ, Lee SC, Liang SY, Tung HH, Wu SF V, Lin YP. Comparing the efficacy of aquatic exercises and land-based exercises for patients with knee osteoarthritis. J Clin Nurs. 2011;20:2609-22.,3030 Wang T-J, Belza B, Thompson FE, Whitney JD, Bennett K. Effects of aquatic exercise on flexibility, strength and aerobic fitness in adults with osteoarthritis of the hip or knee. J Adv Nurs. 2007;57:141-52. e alongamento.2424 Lund H, Weile U, Christensen R, Rostock B, Downey A, Bartels EM, et al. A randomized controlled trial of aquatic and land-based exercise in patients with knee osteoarthritis. J Rehabil Med. 2008;40:137-44.,2525 Silva LE, Valim V, Pessanha APC, Oliveira LM, Myamoto S, Jones A, et al. Hydrotherapy versus conventional land-based exercise for the management of patients with osteoarthritis of the knee: a randomized clinical trial. Phys Ther. 2008;88:12-21.

Os estudos que compararam programas de exercícios aquáticos e em solo procuraram fazer protocolos semelhantes em ambos os meios, com exercícios de fortalecimento dos músculos dos membros superiores e inferiores, alongamento2323 Lim J-Y, Tchai E, Jang S-N. Effectiveness of aquatic exercise for obese patients with knee osteoarthritis: a randomized controlled trial. Pm&R. 2010;2:723-31.

24 Lund H, Weile U, Christensen R, Rostock B, Downey A, Bartels EM, et al. A randomized controlled trial of aquatic and land-based exercise in patients with knee osteoarthritis. J Rehabil Med. 2008;40:137-44.

25 Silva LE, Valim V, Pessanha APC, Oliveira LM, Myamoto S, Jones A, et al. Hydrotherapy versus conventional land-based exercise for the management of patients with osteoarthritis of the knee: a randomized clinical trial. Phys Ther. 2008;88:12-21.

26 Wyatt FB, Milam S, Manske RC, Deere R. The effects of aquatic and traditional exercise programs on persons with knee osteoarthritis. J Strength Cond Res. 2001;15:337-40.
-2727 Wang TJ, Lee SC, Liang SY, Tung HH, Wu SF V, Lin YP. Comparing the efficacy of aquatic exercises and land-based exercises for patients with knee osteoarthritis. J Clin Nurs. 2011;20:2609-22. e exercícios aeróbios de caminhada2424 Lund H, Weile U, Christensen R, Rostock B, Downey A, Bartels EM, et al. A randomized controlled trial of aquatic and land-based exercise in patients with knee osteoarthritis. J Rehabil Med. 2008;40:137-44.

25 Silva LE, Valim V, Pessanha APC, Oliveira LM, Myamoto S, Jones A, et al. Hydrotherapy versus conventional land-based exercise for the management of patients with osteoarthritis of the knee: a randomized clinical trial. Phys Ther. 2008;88:12-21.

26 Wyatt FB, Milam S, Manske RC, Deere R. The effects of aquatic and traditional exercise programs on persons with knee osteoarthritis. J Strength Cond Res. 2001;15:337-40.
-2727 Wang TJ, Lee SC, Liang SY, Tung HH, Wu SF V, Lin YP. Comparing the efficacy of aquatic exercises and land-based exercises for patients with knee osteoarthritis. J Clin Nurs. 2011;20:2609-22. e bicicleta na água e em solo,2323 Lim J-Y, Tchai E, Jang S-N. Effectiveness of aquatic exercise for obese patients with knee osteoarthritis: a randomized controlled trial. Pm&R. 2010;2:723-31. conforme os detalhes apresentados na tabela 2.

Cinco dos 12 estudos usaram grupo de controle sem intervenção para comparação com os grupos que fizeram exercícios.1414 Hinman RS, Heywood SE, Day AR. Aquatic physical therapy for hip and knee osteoarthritis: results of a single-blind randomized controlled trial. Phys Ther. 2007;87:32-43.,2121 Arnold CM, Faulkner RA. The effect of aquatic exercise and education on lowering fall risk in older adults with hip osteoarthritis. J Aging Phys Act. 2010;18:245-60.,2424 Lund H, Weile U, Christensen R, Rostock B, Downey A, Bartels EM, et al. A randomized controlled trial of aquatic and land-based exercise in patients with knee osteoarthritis. J Rehabil Med. 2008;40:137-44.,2727 Wang TJ, Lee SC, Liang SY, Tung HH, Wu SF V, Lin YP. Comparing the efficacy of aquatic exercises and land-based exercises for patients with knee osteoarthritis. J Clin Nurs. 2011;20:2609-22.,3030 Wang T-J, Belza B, Thompson FE, Whitney JD, Bennett K. Effects of aquatic exercise on flexibility, strength and aerobic fitness in adults with osteoarthritis of the hip or knee. J Adv Nurs. 2007;57:141-52. Nos estudos em que o grupo de controle recebeu algum tipo de intervenção, foram feitos exercícios em casa,2323 Lim J-Y, Tchai E, Jang S-N. Effectiveness of aquatic exercise for obese patients with knee osteoarthritis: a randomized controlled trial. Pm&R. 2010;2:723-31. exercícios de hidroterapia feitos em imersão na posição sentada na água3131 Fisken AL, Waters DL, Hing WA, Steele M, Keogh JW. Comparative effects of 2 aqua exercise programs on physical function, balance, and perceived quality of life in older adults with osteoarthritis. J Geriatr Phys Ther. 2015;38:17-27. e atividades com computador.2222 Hale LA, Waters D, Herbison P. A randomized controlled trial to investigate the effects of water-based exercise to improve falls risk and physical function in older adults with lower-extremity osteoarthritis. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2012;93:27-34.

A intensidade aplicada também variou entre os protocolos. Em apenas um estudo foi usada a frequência cardíaca como referência, a partir de 65% da FC para o exercício aquático e 40-60% de uma repetição máxima (1 RM) para o exercício em solo.2323 Lim J-Y, Tchai E, Jang S-N. Effectiveness of aquatic exercise for obese patients with knee osteoarthritis: a randomized controlled trial. Pm&R. 2010;2:723-31. Nos demais estudos, a intensidade foi controlada com base em escalas de percepção de esforço (0-10, Borg CR10 ou 6-20),2727 Wang TJ, Lee SC, Liang SY, Tung HH, Wu SF V, Lin YP. Comparing the efficacy of aquatic exercises and land-based exercises for patients with knee osteoarthritis. J Clin Nurs. 2011;20:2609-22.,2929 Bressel E, Wing JE, Miller AI, Dolny DG. High-intensity interval training on an aquatic treadmill in adults with osteoarthritis: effect on pain, balance, function, and mobility. J Strength Cond Res. 2014;28:2088-96.,3030 Wang T-J, Belza B, Thompson FE, Whitney JD, Bennett K. Effects of aquatic exercise on flexibility, strength and aerobic fitness in adults with osteoarthritis of the hip or knee. J Adv Nurs. 2007;57:141-52. cadência da música,2424 Lund H, Weile U, Christensen R, Rostock B, Downey A, Bartels EM, et al. A randomized controlled trial of aquatic and land-based exercise in patients with knee osteoarthritis. J Rehabil Med. 2008;40:137-44.,3131 Fisken AL, Waters DL, Hing WA, Steele M, Keogh JW. Comparative effects of 2 aqua exercise programs on physical function, balance, and perceived quality of life in older adults with osteoarthritis. J Geriatr Phys Ther. 2015;38:17-27. e número de séries e repetições.1414 Hinman RS, Heywood SE, Day AR. Aquatic physical therapy for hip and knee osteoarthritis: results of a single-blind randomized controlled trial. Phys Ther. 2007;87:32-43.,2525 Silva LE, Valim V, Pessanha APC, Oliveira LM, Myamoto S, Jones A, et al. Hydrotherapy versus conventional land-based exercise for the management of patients with osteoarthritis of the knee: a randomized clinical trial. Phys Ther. 2008;88:12-21. Apenas dois estudos não tiveram a intensidade controlada ou descrita2121 Arnold CM, Faulkner RA. The effect of aquatic exercise and education on lowering fall risk in older adults with hip osteoarthritis. J Aging Phys Act. 2010;18:245-60.,2626 Wyatt FB, Milam S, Manske RC, Deere R. The effects of aquatic and traditional exercise programs on persons with knee osteoarthritis. J Strength Cond Res. 2001;15:337-40. e alguns trabalhos não informaram detalhadamente a progressão da intensidade.2222 Hale LA, Waters D, Herbison P. A randomized controlled trial to investigate the effects of water-based exercise to improve falls risk and physical function in older adults with lower-extremity osteoarthritis. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2012;93:27-34.,2828 Wallis JA, Webster KE, Levinger P, Fong C, Taylor NF. A pre-operative group rehabilitation programme provided limited benefit for people with severe hip and knee osteoarthritis. Disabil Rehabil. 2014;36:2085-90.

Desfechos

Para que fossem incluídos nesta revisão, os estudos deveriam indicar a funcionalidade e/ou a força muscular como desfecho primário ou secundário, avaliadas por meio de testes de desempenho físico. Apenas dois estudos apontam como desfecho primário a funcionalidade.2121 Arnold CM, Faulkner RA. The effect of aquatic exercise and education on lowering fall risk in older adults with hip osteoarthritis. J Aging Phys Act. 2010;18:245-60.,3131 Fisken AL, Waters DL, Hing WA, Steele M, Keogh JW. Comparative effects of 2 aqua exercise programs on physical function, balance, and perceived quality of life in older adults with osteoarthritis. J Geriatr Phys Ther. 2015;38:17-27. Dos cinco estudos que avaliaram força muscular, três apresentaram a variável como desfecho primário2323 Lim J-Y, Tchai E, Jang S-N. Effectiveness of aquatic exercise for obese patients with knee osteoarthritis: a randomized controlled trial. Pm&R. 2010;2:723-31.,2424 Lund H, Weile U, Christensen R, Rostock B, Downey A, Bartels EM, et al. A randomized controlled trial of aquatic and land-based exercise in patients with knee osteoarthritis. J Rehabil Med. 2008;40:137-44.,3030 Wang T-J, Belza B, Thompson FE, Whitney JD, Bennett K. Effects of aquatic exercise on flexibility, strength and aerobic fitness in adults with osteoarthritis of the hip or knee. J Adv Nurs. 2007;57:141-52. e dois como desfecho secundário.1414 Hinman RS, Heywood SE, Day AR. Aquatic physical therapy for hip and knee osteoarthritis: results of a single-blind randomized controlled trial. Phys Ther. 2007;87:32-43.,3131 Fisken AL, Waters DL, Hing WA, Steele M, Keogh JW. Comparative effects of 2 aqua exercise programs on physical function, balance, and perceived quality of life in older adults with osteoarthritis. J Geriatr Phys Ther. 2015;38:17-27. A dor foi avaliada em todos os estudos, porém foi considerada desfecho primário em três deles.1414 Hinman RS, Heywood SE, Day AR. Aquatic physical therapy for hip and knee osteoarthritis: results of a single-blind randomized controlled trial. Phys Ther. 2007;87:32-43.,2424 Lund H, Weile U, Christensen R, Rostock B, Downey A, Bartels EM, et al. A randomized controlled trial of aquatic and land-based exercise in patients with knee osteoarthritis. J Rehabil Med. 2008;40:137-44.,2525 Silva LE, Valim V, Pessanha APC, Oliveira LM, Myamoto S, Jones A, et al. Hydrotherapy versus conventional land-based exercise for the management of patients with osteoarthritis of the knee: a randomized clinical trial. Phys Ther. 2008;88:12-21.

Dos 12 estudos incluídos, apenas o trabalho de Lim et al. (2010) avaliou a funcionalidade sem fazer testes de desempenho físico. Nesse estudo foram usados apenas questionários. Os testes físicos mais usados nos demais estudos para avaliar a funcionalidade foram testes de caminhada que medem a distância percorrida em determinado tempo em velocidade habitual,1414 Hinman RS, Heywood SE, Day AR. Aquatic physical therapy for hip and knee osteoarthritis: results of a single-blind randomized controlled trial. Phys Ther. 2007;87:32-43.,2121 Arnold CM, Faulkner RA. The effect of aquatic exercise and education on lowering fall risk in older adults with hip osteoarthritis. J Aging Phys Act. 2010;18:245-60.,2727 Wang TJ, Lee SC, Liang SY, Tung HH, Wu SF V, Lin YP. Comparing the efficacy of aquatic exercises and land-based exercises for patients with knee osteoarthritis. J Clin Nurs. 2011;20:2609-22.,2828 Wallis JA, Webster KE, Levinger P, Fong C, Taylor NF. A pre-operative group rehabilitation programme provided limited benefit for people with severe hip and knee osteoarthritis. Disabil Rehabil. 2014;36:2085-90.,3030 Wang T-J, Belza B, Thompson FE, Whitney JD, Bennett K. Effects of aquatic exercise on flexibility, strength and aerobic fitness in adults with osteoarthritis of the hip or knee. J Adv Nurs. 2007;57:141-52. testes que medem o tempo para percorrer uma distância determinada em diferentes velocidades2525 Silva LE, Valim V, Pessanha APC, Oliveira LM, Myamoto S, Jones A, et al. Hydrotherapy versus conventional land-based exercise for the management of patients with osteoarthritis of the knee: a randomized clinical trial. Phys Ther. 2008;88:12-21.,2626 Wyatt FB, Milam S, Manske RC, Deere R. The effects of aquatic and traditional exercise programs on persons with knee osteoarthritis. J Strength Cond Res. 2001;15:337-40.,2929 Bressel E, Wing JE, Miller AI, Dolny DG. High-intensity interval training on an aquatic treadmill in adults with osteoarthritis: effect on pain, balance, function, and mobility. J Strength Cond Res. 2014;28:2088-96.,3131 Fisken AL, Waters DL, Hing WA, Steele M, Keogh JW. Comparative effects of 2 aqua exercise programs on physical function, balance, and perceived quality of life in older adults with osteoarthritis. J Geriatr Phys Ther. 2015;38:17-27. e o teste de levantar e caminhar cronometrado (Timed up and go test [TUGT]), que foi usado em quatro dos 12 estudos.1414 Hinman RS, Heywood SE, Day AR. Aquatic physical therapy for hip and knee osteoarthritis: results of a single-blind randomized controlled trial. Phys Ther. 2007;87:32-43.,2121 Arnold CM, Faulkner RA. The effect of aquatic exercise and education on lowering fall risk in older adults with hip osteoarthritis. J Aging Phys Act. 2010;18:245-60.,2222 Hale LA, Waters D, Herbison P. A randomized controlled trial to investigate the effects of water-based exercise to improve falls risk and physical function in older adults with lower-extremity osteoarthritis. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2012;93:27-34.,3131 Fisken AL, Waters DL, Hing WA, Steele M, Keogh JW. Comparative effects of 2 aqua exercise programs on physical function, balance, and perceived quality of life in older adults with osteoarthritis. J Geriatr Phys Ther. 2015;38:17-27.

A avaliação da força muscular dos membros inferiores foi feita por meio de testes indiretos (sentar e levantar de uma cadeira) em quatro estudos.2121 Arnold CM, Faulkner RA. The effect of aquatic exercise and education on lowering fall risk in older adults with hip osteoarthritis. J Aging Phys Act. 2010;18:245-60.,2828 Wallis JA, Webster KE, Levinger P, Fong C, Taylor NF. A pre-operative group rehabilitation programme provided limited benefit for people with severe hip and knee osteoarthritis. Disabil Rehabil. 2014;36:2085-90.,2929 Bressel E, Wing JE, Miller AI, Dolny DG. High-intensity interval training on an aquatic treadmill in adults with osteoarthritis: effect on pain, balance, function, and mobility. J Strength Cond Res. 2014;28:2088-96.,3131 Fisken AL, Waters DL, Hing WA, Steele M, Keogh JW. Comparative effects of 2 aqua exercise programs on physical function, balance, and perceived quality of life in older adults with osteoarthritis. J Geriatr Phys Ther. 2015;38:17-27. Apenas dois estudos fizeram teste de força muscular com dinamometria isocinética.2323 Lim J-Y, Tchai E, Jang S-N. Effectiveness of aquatic exercise for obese patients with knee osteoarthritis: a randomized controlled trial. Pm&R. 2010;2:723-31.,2424 Lund H, Weile U, Christensen R, Rostock B, Downey A, Bartels EM, et al. A randomized controlled trial of aquatic and land-based exercise in patients with knee osteoarthritis. J Rehabil Med. 2008;40:137-44. Outros três estudos avaliaram a força muscular por meio de teste isométrico dos membros inferiores em dinamômetro1414 Hinman RS, Heywood SE, Day AR. Aquatic physical therapy for hip and knee osteoarthritis: results of a single-blind randomized controlled trial. Phys Ther. 2007;87:32-43.,3030 Wang T-J, Belza B, Thompson FE, Whitney JD, Bennett K. Effects of aquatic exercise on flexibility, strength and aerobic fitness in adults with osteoarthritis of the hip or knee. J Adv Nurs. 2007;57:141-52. e teste de preensão manual.3131 Fisken AL, Waters DL, Hing WA, Steele M, Keogh JW. Comparative effects of 2 aqua exercise programs on physical function, balance, and perceived quality of life in older adults with osteoarthritis. J Geriatr Phys Ther. 2015;38:17-27.

A dor é o único desfecho presente em todos os estudos, avaliada por meio de escala visual analógica (EVA) de percepção da dor1414 Hinman RS, Heywood SE, Day AR. Aquatic physical therapy for hip and knee osteoarthritis: results of a single-blind randomized controlled trial. Phys Ther. 2007;87:32-43.,2424 Lund H, Weile U, Christensen R, Rostock B, Downey A, Bartels EM, et al. A randomized controlled trial of aquatic and land-based exercise in patients with knee osteoarthritis. J Rehabil Med. 2008;40:137-44.

25 Silva LE, Valim V, Pessanha APC, Oliveira LM, Myamoto S, Jones A, et al. Hydrotherapy versus conventional land-based exercise for the management of patients with osteoarthritis of the knee: a randomized clinical trial. Phys Ther. 2008;88:12-21.
-2626 Wyatt FB, Milam S, Manske RC, Deere R. The effects of aquatic and traditional exercise programs on persons with knee osteoarthritis. J Strength Cond Res. 2001;15:337-40.,2929 Bressel E, Wing JE, Miller AI, Dolny DG. High-intensity interval training on an aquatic treadmill in adults with osteoarthritis: effect on pain, balance, function, and mobility. J Strength Cond Res. 2014;28:2088-96.,3030 Wang T-J, Belza B, Thompson FE, Whitney JD, Bennett K. Effects of aquatic exercise on flexibility, strength and aerobic fitness in adults with osteoarthritis of the hip or knee. J Adv Nurs. 2007;57:141-52. ou por meio de questionários.2121 Arnold CM, Faulkner RA. The effect of aquatic exercise and education on lowering fall risk in older adults with hip osteoarthritis. J Aging Phys Act. 2010;18:245-60.

22 Hale LA, Waters D, Herbison P. A randomized controlled trial to investigate the effects of water-based exercise to improve falls risk and physical function in older adults with lower-extremity osteoarthritis. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2012;93:27-34.
-2323 Lim J-Y, Tchai E, Jang S-N. Effectiveness of aquatic exercise for obese patients with knee osteoarthritis: a randomized controlled trial. Pm&R. 2010;2:723-31.,2727 Wang TJ, Lee SC, Liang SY, Tung HH, Wu SF V, Lin YP. Comparing the efficacy of aquatic exercises and land-based exercises for patients with knee osteoarthritis. J Clin Nurs. 2011;20:2609-22.,2828 Wallis JA, Webster KE, Levinger P, Fong C, Taylor NF. A pre-operative group rehabilitation programme provided limited benefit for people with severe hip and knee osteoarthritis. Disabil Rehabil. 2014;36:2085-90.,3131 Fisken AL, Waters DL, Hing WA, Steele M, Keogh JW. Comparative effects of 2 aqua exercise programs on physical function, balance, and perceived quality of life in older adults with osteoarthritis. J Geriatr Phys Ther. 2015;38:17-27. Apesar de não ser critério de inclusão neste estudo, o desfecho dor foi adicionado aos resultados, por estar presente em todos os estudos analisados. Adicionalmente, a dor é um dos sintomas mais comuns da OA e está associada às limitações funcionais ocasionadas pela doença3232 McAlindon TE, Cooper C, Kirwan JR, Dieppe Pa. Knee pain and disability in the community. Br J Rheumatol. 1992;31:189-92.,3333 Hall MC, Mockett SP, Doherty M. Relative impact of radiographic osteoarthritis and pain on quadriceps strength, proprioception, static postural sway and lower limb function. Ann Rheum Dis. 2006;65:865-70. e ao impacto da OA na qualidade de vida.3434 Pang J, Cao Y, Zheng Y, Gao N, Wang X, Chen B, et al. Influence of pain severity on health-related quality of life in Chinese knee osteoarthritis patients. Int J Clin Exp Med. 2015;8:4472-9.,3535 Terwee CB, van der Slikke RMa, van Lummel RC, Benink RJ, Meijers WGH, de Vet HCW. Self-reported physical functioning was more influenced by pain than performance-based physical functioning in knee-osteoarthritis patients. J Clin Epidemiol. 2006;59:724-31.

Efeitos das intervenções

Exercícios aquáticos x exercícios em solo

Todos os estudos que compararam programas de exercício aquático e exercício em solo encontraram algum efeito benéfico na funcionalidade, como aumento da distância percorrida2727 Wang TJ, Lee SC, Liang SY, Tung HH, Wu SF V, Lin YP. Comparing the efficacy of aquatic exercises and land-based exercises for patients with knee osteoarthritis. J Clin Nurs. 2011;20:2609-22. e redução do tempo para fazer testes de caminhada.2525 Silva LE, Valim V, Pessanha APC, Oliveira LM, Myamoto S, Jones A, et al. Hydrotherapy versus conventional land-based exercise for the management of patients with osteoarthritis of the knee: a randomized clinical trial. Phys Ther. 2008;88:12-21. Entretanto, o exercício aquático mostrou ser mais eficiente do que o exercício em solo na melhoria do equilíbrio no estudo de Lund et al. (2008).

Os resultados referentes à força muscular são controversos. Apenas dois1414 Hinman RS, Heywood SE, Day AR. Aquatic physical therapy for hip and knee osteoarthritis: results of a single-blind randomized controlled trial. Phys Ther. 2007;87:32-43.,3030 Wang T-J, Belza B, Thompson FE, Whitney JD, Bennett K. Effects of aquatic exercise on flexibility, strength and aerobic fitness in adults with osteoarthritis of the hip or knee. J Adv Nurs. 2007;57:141-52. dos cinco estudos que avaliaram a força muscular verificaram melhoria após o exercício aquático. Nenhum dos estudos que compararam a força muscular entre os grupos que fizeram exercício aquático e exercício em solo1414 Hinman RS, Heywood SE, Day AR. Aquatic physical therapy for hip and knee osteoarthritis: results of a single-blind randomized controlled trial. Phys Ther. 2007;87:32-43.,2323 Lim J-Y, Tchai E, Jang S-N. Effectiveness of aquatic exercise for obese patients with knee osteoarthritis: a randomized controlled trial. Pm&R. 2010;2:723-31.,2424 Lund H, Weile U, Christensen R, Rostock B, Downey A, Bartels EM, et al. A randomized controlled trial of aquatic and land-based exercise in patients with knee osteoarthritis. J Rehabil Med. 2008;40:137-44.,3030 Wang T-J, Belza B, Thompson FE, Whitney JD, Bennett K. Effects of aquatic exercise on flexibility, strength and aerobic fitness in adults with osteoarthritis of the hip or knee. J Adv Nurs. 2007;57:141-52.,3131 Fisken AL, Waters DL, Hing WA, Steele M, Keogh JW. Comparative effects of 2 aqua exercise programs on physical function, balance, and perceived quality of life in older adults with osteoarthritis. J Geriatr Phys Ther. 2015;38:17-27. encontrou efeito do exercício aquático no aumento da força. Lim et al. (2010) não puderam observar alterações na força muscular. Porém, Lund et al. (2008) encontraram melhoria na força muscular apenas no grupo que fez exercícios em solo, enquanto o grupo que fez exercícios aquáticos teve diminuição da força no teste isocinético.

Em todos os artigos que compararam as duas intervenções foram observadas reduções significativas na dor, independentemente do ambiente onde foi feito o exercício,2424 Lund H, Weile U, Christensen R, Rostock B, Downey A, Bartels EM, et al. A randomized controlled trial of aquatic and land-based exercise in patients with knee osteoarthritis. J Rehabil Med. 2008;40:137-44.,2525 Silva LE, Valim V, Pessanha APC, Oliveira LM, Myamoto S, Jones A, et al. Hydrotherapy versus conventional land-based exercise for the management of patients with osteoarthritis of the knee: a randomized clinical trial. Phys Ther. 2008;88:12-21. mas apenas Wyatt et al. (2001), Silva et al. (2008) e Lim et al. (2010) reportam maior efeito no grupo que fez exercícios aquáticos.

Exercícios aquáticos x controle

Os estudos que compararam um grupo de exercícios aquáticos e um grupo de controle encontraram benefícios do exercício aquático na funcionalidade nos testes de desempenho físico. Entretanto, Hale et al. (2012) não encontraram diferenças entre o grupo que recebeu a intervenção com exercícios aquáticos e o grupo controle, pois ambos apresentaram melhoria na funcionalidade. Dos estudos que fizeram o teste de sentar e levantar da cadeira em 30 segundos,2121 Arnold CM, Faulkner RA. The effect of aquatic exercise and education on lowering fall risk in older adults with hip osteoarthritis. J Aging Phys Act. 2010;18:245-60.,2828 Wallis JA, Webster KE, Levinger P, Fong C, Taylor NF. A pre-operative group rehabilitation programme provided limited benefit for people with severe hip and knee osteoarthritis. Disabil Rehabil. 2014;36:2085-90.,3131 Fisken AL, Waters DL, Hing WA, Steele M, Keogh JW. Comparative effects of 2 aqua exercise programs on physical function, balance, and perceived quality of life in older adults with osteoarthritis. J Geriatr Phys Ther. 2015;38:17-27.,3636 Roper J, Tillman MD, Bressel E. Aquatic treadmill exercise improves gait mechanics and mobility for individuals with unilateral knee osteoarthritis. J Gen Intern Med. 2012;27:691. apenas Arnold e Faulkner (2010) encontraram melhoria significativa após a intervenção. O grupo que fez exercícios aquáticos e participou de sessões educativas para a prevenção de quedas aumentou em 12% o número de repetições em relação aos outros dois grupos.

Foram encontrados efeitos significativos do exercício aquático na força muscular em relação ao grupo sem intervenção em dois estudos, que reportam aumento de 5 a 10% da força isométrica dos músculos abdutores do quadril,1414 Hinman RS, Heywood SE, Day AR. Aquatic physical therapy for hip and knee osteoarthritis: results of a single-blind randomized controlled trial. Phys Ther. 2007;87:32-43. de 45% nos extensores do joelho, de 11,5% nos extensores do quadril e de 14,3% nos abdutores do quadril.3030 Wang T-J, Belza B, Thompson FE, Whitney JD, Bennett K. Effects of aquatic exercise on flexibility, strength and aerobic fitness in adults with osteoarthritis of the hip or knee. J Adv Nurs. 2007;57:141-52. Porém, Fisken et al. (2015) não encontraram efeito do exercício aquático na avaliação por meio de dinamometria manual. Os níveis de dor também apresentaram resultados controversos. Três estudos reportam redução da dor após a intervenção.1414 Hinman RS, Heywood SE, Day AR. Aquatic physical therapy for hip and knee osteoarthritis: results of a single-blind randomized controlled trial. Phys Ther. 2007;87:32-43.,2929 Bressel E, Wing JE, Miller AI, Dolny DG. High-intensity interval training on an aquatic treadmill in adults with osteoarthritis: effect on pain, balance, function, and mobility. J Strength Cond Res. 2014;28:2088-96.,3131 Fisken AL, Waters DL, Hing WA, Steele M, Keogh JW. Comparative effects of 2 aqua exercise programs on physical function, balance, and perceived quality of life in older adults with osteoarthritis. J Geriatr Phys Ther. 2015;38:17-27. Entretanto, no estudo de Fisken et al. (2015) ambos os grupos apresentaram redução da dor, mas sem diferenças entre eles. Por outro lado, Wang et al. (2007) e Wallis et al. (2014) não encontraram efeitos significativos do exercício aquático na redução da dor.

Discussão

O objetivo desta revisão foi avaliar e comparar o efeito de programas de exercícios aquáticos na força muscular e funcionalidade de pessoas com osteoartrite no quadril ou joelhos. Intervenções com exercícios que possam retardar ou interromper a progressão da doença são importantes para o sistema de saúde, pois podem reduzir o custo em tratamentos, cirurgias e internações e, além disso, melhorar a qualidade de vida dos participantes.1212 Lu M, Su Y, Zhang Y, Wang W, He Z, Liu F, et al. Effectiveness of aquatic exercise for treatment of knee osteoarthritis: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Z Rheumatol. 2015;74:543-52.

O exercício aquático, muito recomendado no tratamento da OA, pode apresentar vantagens em comparação com o exercício praticado em solo, pois, devido às propriedades físicas da água, a execução dos movimentos pode se tornar mais fácil e diminuir a sensação de dor.1212 Lu M, Su Y, Zhang Y, Wang W, He Z, Liu F, et al. Effectiveness of aquatic exercise for treatment of knee osteoarthritis: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Z Rheumatol. 2015;74:543-52.,1313 Yázigi F, Espanha M, Vieira F, Messier SP, Monteiro C, Veloso AP. The PICO project: aquatic exercise for knee osteoarthritis in overweight and obese individuals. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2013;14:320. O fortalecimento da musculatura adjacente à articulação afetada é parte importante do tratamento da OA.88 Beckwée D, Vaes P, Cnudde M, Swinnen E, Bautmans I. Osteoarthritis of the knee: why does exercise work? A qualitative study of the literature. Ageing Res Rev. 2013;12:226-36.

9 Knoop J, Dekker J, van der Leeden M, van der Esch M, Thorstensson CA, Gerritsen M, et al. Knee joint stabilization therapy in patients with osteoarthritis of the knee: a randomized, controlled trial. Osteoarthr Cartil. 2013;21:1025-34.
-1010 Hinman RS, Hunt MA, Creaby MW, Wrigley TV, McManus FJ, Bennell KL. Hip muscle weakness in individuals with medial knee osteoarthritis. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken). 2010;62:1190-3. Para isso é usada a resistência oferecida pela água como sobrecarga para os exercícios de fortalecimento muscular. O uso de materiais resistivos promove o aumento da área de contato com a água e aumenta também a sobrecarga do exercício.1717 Bento PCB, Pereira G, Ugrinowitsch C, Rodacki ALF. The effects of a water-based exercise program on strength an functionality of older adults. J Aging Phys Act. 2012;20:469-84.,3737 Tsourlou T, Benik A, Dipla K, Zafeiridis A, Kellis S. The effects of a twenty-four week aquatic training program on muscular strength performance in healthy elderly women. J Strength Cond Res. 2006;20:811. Entretanto, ainda não há consenso sobre os efeitos do exercício aquático no aumento da força muscular.

Nesta revisão, apenas dois de cinco estudos que avaliaram a força muscular apresentaram efeitos significativos.1414 Hinman RS, Heywood SE, Day AR. Aquatic physical therapy for hip and knee osteoarthritis: results of a single-blind randomized controlled trial. Phys Ther. 2007;87:32-43.,3030 Wang T-J, Belza B, Thompson FE, Whitney JD, Bennett K. Effects of aquatic exercise on flexibility, strength and aerobic fitness in adults with osteoarthritis of the hip or knee. J Adv Nurs. 2007;57:141-52. Wang et al. (2007) fizeram um programa de 12 semanas com três sessões semanais, com um protocolo padronizado de exercícios de fortalecimento muscular, aeróbios e de flexibilidade (protocolo AFAP),3838 Suomi R, Lindauer S. Effectiveness of arthritis foundation aquatic program on strength and range of motion in women with arthritis. J Aging Phys Act. 1997;5:341-51. intensidade controlada e progressiva, e obtiveram melhoria significativa na força muscular isométrica dos extensores e flexores do joelho, abdutores, adutores, extensores e flexores do quadril. Resultados semelhantes foram encontrados por Hinman et al. (2007), que prescreveram duas sessões semanais de exercícios aquáticos durante seis semanas com progressão do volume e do grau de dificuldade dos exercícios e reportam melhoria significativa na força muscular isométrica do quadril avaliada com dinamômetro manual. A progressão da intensidade e a especificidade dos exercícios são fatores determinantes. Ambos os estudos fizeram exercícios específicos de fortalecimento muscular, cuja resistência e volume aumentaram ao longo do programa, o que pode ter resultado em adaptações neuromusculares ao longo do programa de exercícios.

Por outro lado, os estudos de Lund et al. (2008), Lim et al. (2010) e Fisken et al. (2015) não observaram melhoria na força muscular. Enquanto um estudo reportou redução significativa da força muscular dos extensores e flexores do joelho em avaliação isocinética a 60°/s no grupo que fez exercícios aquáticos,2424 Lund H, Weile U, Christensen R, Rostock B, Downey A, Bartels EM, et al. A randomized controlled trial of aquatic and land-based exercise in patients with knee osteoarthritis. J Rehabil Med. 2008;40:137-44. outros não encontraram diferenças entre os grupos (exercício aquático, exercício em solo e controle) na avaliação isocinética2323 Lim J-Y, Tchai E, Jang S-N. Effectiveness of aquatic exercise for obese patients with knee osteoarthritis: a randomized controlled trial. Pm&R. 2010;2:723-31. nem na força de preensão manual no grupo que fez exercícios aquáticos.3131 Fisken AL, Waters DL, Hing WA, Steele M, Keogh JW. Comparative effects of 2 aqua exercise programs on physical function, balance, and perceived quality of life in older adults with osteoarthritis. J Geriatr Phys Ther. 2015;38:17-27. Tais resultados podem estar associados à escolha dos exercícios, à progressão do programa, à intensidade do exercício e aos testes usados. O teste de força de preensão manual pode não identificar adequadamente ganhos de força nos membros inferiores.3939 Norman K, Stobäus N, Gonzalez MC, Schulzke J-D, Pirlich M. Hand grip strength: outcome predictor and marker of nutritional status. Clin Nutr. 2011;30:135-42.,4040 Izquierdo M, Ibañez J, Gorostiaga E, Garrues M, Zúniga A, Antón A, et al. Maximal strength and power characteristics in isometric and dynamic actions of the upper and lower extremities in middle-aged and older men. Acta Physiol Scand. 1999;167:57-68.

As intervenções desses estudos contemplaram exercícios aquáticos sem usar materiais resistivos para incremento da sobrecarga, porém, com progressão do volume dos exercícios, que aumenta o número de repetições,2424 Lund H, Weile U, Christensen R, Rostock B, Downey A, Bartels EM, et al. A randomized controlled trial of aquatic and land-based exercise in patients with knee osteoarthritis. J Rehabil Med. 2008;40:137-44. ou o grau de dificuldade dos movimentos2323 Lim J-Y, Tchai E, Jang S-N. Effectiveness of aquatic exercise for obese patients with knee osteoarthritis: a randomized controlled trial. Pm&R. 2010;2:723-31. e a velocidade e a amplitude de execução dos exercícios3131 Fisken AL, Waters DL, Hing WA, Steele M, Keogh JW. Comparative effects of 2 aqua exercise programs on physical function, balance, and perceived quality of life in older adults with osteoarthritis. J Geriatr Phys Ther. 2015;38:17-27. ao longo do programa. Lund et al. (2008) sugerem que não houve melhoria na força muscular devido à pequena resistência imposta nos exercícios. O uso de materiais que aumentam a área de contato com a água e a execução dos movimentos em alta velocidade promovem incremento da sobrecarga ao exercício e consequente aumento da produção de força.1717 Bento PCB, Pereira G, Ugrinowitsch C, Rodacki ALF. The effects of a water-based exercise program on strength an functionality of older adults. J Aging Phys Act. 2012;20:469-84.,3737 Tsourlou T, Benik A, Dipla K, Zafeiridis A, Kellis S. The effects of a twenty-four week aquatic training program on muscular strength performance in healthy elderly women. J Strength Cond Res. 2006;20:811.,4141 Bento PCB, Rodacki ALF. Muscle function in aged women in response to a water-based exercises program and progressive resistance training. Geriatr Gerontol Int. 2015;15:1193-2000.

Adicionalmente, Lund et al. (2008) e Fisken et al. (2015) usaram o ritmo da música para determinar a intensidade do exercício. Essa pode não ser uma estratégia eficiente, pois não respeita a individualidade dos participantes. Ao usar o mesmo ritmo para todos os participantes, o esforço absoluto é o mesmo, mas o esforço relativo pode diferir, a depender da aptidão física do participante. No estudo de Fisken et al. (2015), o incremento na velocidade de execução dos exercícios de acordo com o ritmo da música não foi suficiente para promover melhoria na força muscular. A cadência da música progrediu a cada duas semanas, variou de 92 a 162 bpm nas primeiras quatro semanas, e de 92 a 220 bpm no período restante.

Os estudos que compararam programas de exercícios aquáticos e em solo2323 Lim J-Y, Tchai E, Jang S-N. Effectiveness of aquatic exercise for obese patients with knee osteoarthritis: a randomized controlled trial. Pm&R. 2010;2:723-31.

24 Lund H, Weile U, Christensen R, Rostock B, Downey A, Bartels EM, et al. A randomized controlled trial of aquatic and land-based exercise in patients with knee osteoarthritis. J Rehabil Med. 2008;40:137-44.

25 Silva LE, Valim V, Pessanha APC, Oliveira LM, Myamoto S, Jones A, et al. Hydrotherapy versus conventional land-based exercise for the management of patients with osteoarthritis of the knee: a randomized clinical trial. Phys Ther. 2008;88:12-21.

26 Wyatt FB, Milam S, Manske RC, Deere R. The effects of aquatic and traditional exercise programs on persons with knee osteoarthritis. J Strength Cond Res. 2001;15:337-40.
-2727 Wang TJ, Lee SC, Liang SY, Tung HH, Wu SF V, Lin YP. Comparing the efficacy of aquatic exercises and land-based exercises for patients with knee osteoarthritis. J Clin Nurs. 2011;20:2609-22. encontraram efeitos semelhantes em ambos os grupos na funcionalidade e na redução da dor, porém os programas de exercício feitos em solo foram mais efetivos no aumento da força muscular.2424 Lund H, Weile U, Christensen R, Rostock B, Downey A, Bartels EM, et al. A randomized controlled trial of aquatic and land-based exercise in patients with knee osteoarthritis. J Rehabil Med. 2008;40:137-44. Resultados semelhantes foram observados em estudos anteriores, experimentais44 Bennell KL, Hinman RS. A review of the clinical evidence for exercise in osteoarthritis of the hip and knee. J Sci Med Sport. 2011;14:4-9.,4242 Suomi R, Collier D. Effects of arthritis exercise programs on functional fitness and perceived activities of daily living measures in older adults with arthritis. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2003;84:1589-94. e em revisões sistemáticas.4343 Jordan KM, Arden NK, Doherty M, Bannwarth B, Bijlsma JWJ, Dieppe P, et al. EULAR Recommendations 2003: an evidence based approach to the management of knee osteoarthritis: Report of a Task Force of the Standing Committee for International Clinical Studies Including Therapeutic Trials (ESCISIT). Ann Rheum Dis. 2003;62:1145-55.,4444 Bartels Else M, Lund H, Hagen Kåre B, Dagfinrud H, Christensen R, Danneskiold-Samsøe B. Aquatic exercise for the treatment of knee and hip osteoarthritis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2007;:CD005523. O exercício feito em solo pode ser mais eficiente do que o exercício na água, pois o controle e o incremento da sobrecarga podem ser feitos de forma mais objetiva.

Entretanto, quando bem conhecidas, as propriedades hidrodinâmicas da água podem ser usadas para aumentar a sobrecarga do exercício de forma eficiente.4545 Rahmann AE. Exercise for people with hip or knee osteoarthritis: a comparison of land-based and aquatic interventions. Open Access J Sport Med. 2010;1:123-35. Bento et al. (2014) observaram aumento da força muscular em idosos saudáveis ao comparar um protocolo de exercícios aquáticos e exercícios em solo. A estratégia usada foi o aumento progressivo da intensidade dos exercícios a cada quatro semanas com o aumento da área projetada dos membros inferiores e a velocidade de execução dos movimentos, o que amplia a resistência oferecida pela água.

Os resultados encontrados por Wyatt et al. (2001), Silva et al. (2007), Wang et al. (2007; 2011), Wallis et al. (2014), Bressel et al. (2014) e Fisken et al. (2015) na funcionalidade e mobilidade indicam que programas de exercícios aquáticos com duração de seis semanas ou mais, com duas a três sessões semanais de 45 a 60 minutos, podem ser eficientes na melhoria da mobilidade e na velocidade da marcha. A similaridade entre os movimentos feitos nos exercícios aquáticos e nas tarefas cotidianas avaliadas nos testes funcionais pode facilitar a transferência dos ganhos obtidos com o exercício.4646 Hazell T, Kenno K, Jakobi J. Functional benefit of power training for older adults. J Aging Phys Act. 2007;15:349-59.,4747 Barry BK, Carson RG. The consequences of resistance training for movement control in older adults. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2004;59:730-54.

Hinman et al. (2007) e Hale et al. (2012) não observaram melhoria nos testes de mobilidade devido a algumas características das intervenções. No estudo de Hinman et al. (2007), a amostra era mais ativa fisicamente e apresentava menor comprometimento funcional, pois os participantes tinham abaixo de 65 anos e grau leve de acometimento da OA, o que pode ter influenciado os resultados.1414 Hinman RS, Heywood SE, Day AR. Aquatic physical therapy for hip and knee osteoarthritis: results of a single-blind randomized controlled trial. Phys Ther. 2007;87:32-43. Exercícios físicos promovem benefícios mais significativos em pessoas mais idosas e com maior comprometimento funcional.4747 Barry BK, Carson RG. The consequences of resistance training for movement control in older adults. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2004;59:730-54.,4848 Chodzko-Zajko W, Proctor DN, Fiatarone SMA, Minson CT, Nigg CR, Salem GJ, et al. Exercise and physical activity for older adults. Med Sci Sport Exerc. 2009;41:1510-30. Mesmo com exercícios específicos de equilíbrio, Hale et al. (2012) não encontraram diferenças entre os grupos experimental e controle no equilíbrio devido à intervenção feita com o grupo controle. O aumento da atividade física diária e o convívio social resultante da intervenção com jogos de computadores promoveram benefícios semelhantes aos do grupo experimental, de acordo com os autores.

Foram observadas algumas limitações nesta revisão. A especificidade do objetivo deste estudo restringiu o número de artigos que obedeceram aos critérios de inclusão e de qualidade da revisão. Entretanto, os estudos encontrados representam a literatura sobre o tema. Não foi possível agrupar os dados para fazer uma metanálise devido à diversidade metodológica dos estudos e à falta de detalhes na descrição das intervenções, o que também dificultou a identificação de um protocolo padronizado para os programas de exercícios.

Conclusão

Este estudo de revisão sugere que intervenções com exercícios aquáticos bem estruturadas e controladas com duração de no mínimo seis semanas, que contemplem exercícios de fortalecimento muscular e exercícios aeróbios, podem ser efetivas no aumento da força muscular dos membros inferiores e na melhoria da funcionalidade de indivíduos com OA.

Embora haja dificuldade em comparar os diferentes programas de exercícios devido às diferenças metodológicas, parece ser importante o controle individualizado de intensidade e sobrecarga, assim como sua progressão. No entanto, não há como estabelecer diretrizes seguras para formular protocolos. Portanto, sugere-se maior padronização, controle e maior detalhamento dos programas feitos nos futuros estudos experimentais.

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Datas de Publicação

  • Publicação nesta coleção
    Nov-Dec 2016

Histórico

  • Recebido
    27 Out 2015
  • Aceito
    15 Jun 2016
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