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Perfil de risco para osteonecrose dos maxilares associada a agentes antiangiogênicos

RESUMO

Traçar o perfil dos pacientes que desenvolveram osteonecrose dos maxilares associada a agentes antiangiogênicos e identificar os tratamentos realizados atualmente no manejo odontológico. Foi realizada busca nas bases de dados PubMed®/Medline® e Scopus por meio dos descritores “osteonecrosis AND antiangiogenic therapy”, sendo utilizados os critérios de inclusão: artigos publicados em inglês, relato de caso, disponíveis on-line e por período ilimitado. Após análise dos 209 artigos encontrados, foram selecionados 18 artigos para este estudo, resultando em 19 relatos de caso, visto que um dos artigos apresentou dois casos que se enquadravam nos critérios de inclusão. A osteonecrose dos maxilares associada a medicamentos é caracterizada pela exposição de osso necrótico na cavidade oral que não cicatriza em um período de 8 semanas em pacientes que não foram submetidos à radioterapia. Os medicamentos antiangiogênicos são indicados no tratamento de alguns tumores, pois impedem o crescimento de novos vasos sanguíneos, controlando o crescimento do tumor e a chance de metastização. Torna-se imprescindível a realização de prevenção odontológica do paciente a ser submetido a uso de antiangiogênicos visando a minimizar as chances de desenvolvimento da osteonecrose.

Descritores:
Osteonecrose; Assistência odontológica; Metástase neoplásica; Inibidores da angiogênese; Antineoplásicos

ABSTRACT

To establish the profile of patients who developed antiangiogenic agent-related osteonecrosis of the jaws, and identify the treatments currently used in dental management. We searched the PubMed®/Medline® and Scopus databases using the words “osteonecrosis AND antiangiogenic therapy”, with the following inclusion criteria: articles published in English, case reports, available online, and for an unlimited period. Of the 209 articles retrieved, 18 were selected, for a total of 19 case reports, since one article included two cases that met the inclusion criteria for this study. Medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaws is characterized by exposure of necrotic bone in the oral cavity that does not heal over a period of 8 weeks in patients with no previous history of radiation therapy. Antiangiogenic drugs are indicated in the treatment of certain tumors, since they stop the formation of new blood vessels, controlling tumor growth and the chance of metastasis. Dental prevention is essential in patients who will be put on antiangiogenic agents, to minimize the risk for osteonecrosis.

Keywords:
Osteonecrosis; Dental care; Metastatic neoplasm; Angiogenesis inhibitors; Antineoplastic agents

INTRODUÇÃO

A osteonecrose dos maxilares associada a medicamentos (OMAM) é caracterizada pela exposição de osso necrótico na cavidade oral que não cicatriza em um período de 8 semanas em pacientes que não foram submetidos à radioterapia. Segundo a American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons (AAOMS), para ser diagnosticado com OMAM, o paciente deve apresentar características como tratamento prévio/atual com bisfosfonatos, antirreabsortivos ou agentes antiangiogênicos.(11. Estilo CL, Fornier M, Farooki A, Carlson D, Bohle G 3rd, Huryn JM. Osteonecrosis of the jaw related to bevacizumab. J Clin Oncol. 2008;26(24):4037-8.77. Ruggiero SL, Dodson TB, Fantasia J, Goodday R, Aghaloo T, Mehrotra B, et al. American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons position paper on medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaw - 2014 update. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2014;72(10):1938-56. Erratum in: J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2015;73(9):1879. Erratum in: J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2015;73(7):1440.)

A angiogênese é responsável pela formação de vasos sanguíneos, o que possibilita o crescimento e a invasão tumoral nos vasos, favorecendo as metástases tumorais.(77. Ruggiero SL, Dodson TB, Fantasia J, Goodday R, Aghaloo T, Mehrotra B, et al. American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons position paper on medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaw - 2014 update. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2014;72(10):1938-56. Erratum in: J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2015;73(9):1879. Erratum in: J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2015;73(7):1440.) Os agentes antiangiogênicos são indicados nos tratamentos de doenças que dependem da neoformação vascular para seu crescimento e metastização.(77. Ruggiero SL, Dodson TB, Fantasia J, Goodday R, Aghaloo T, Mehrotra B, et al. American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons position paper on medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaw - 2014 update. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2014;72(10):1938-56. Erratum in: J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2015;73(9):1879. Erratum in: J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2015;73(7):1440.) A osteonecrose dos maxilares associada a agentes antiangiogênicos (OMAA) ocorre pela interferência na angiogênese do processo de reparo ósseo, levando à diminuição do fluxo sanguíneo nos ossos maxilares e resultando em contaminação bacteriana do osso exposto.(11. Estilo CL, Fornier M, Farooki A, Carlson D, Bohle G 3rd, Huryn JM. Osteonecrosis of the jaw related to bevacizumab. J Clin Oncol. 2008;26(24):4037-8.,22. Dişel U, Beşen AA, Özyılkan Ö, Er E, Canpolat T. A case report of bevacizumab-related osteonecrosis of the jaw: old problem, new culprit. Oral Oncol. 2012; 48(2):e2-3.,44. Erovigni F, Gambino A, Cabras M, Fasciolo A, Bianchi SD, Bellini E, et al. Delayed Diagnosis of Osteonecrosis of the Jaw (ONJ) Associated with Bevacizumab Therapy in Colorectal Cancer Patients: Report of Two Cases. Dent J (Basel). 2016;4(4):E39.,55. Ponzetti A, Pinta F, Spadi R, Mecca C, Fanchini L, Zanini M, et al. Jaw osteonecrosis associated with aflibercept, irinotecan and fluorouracil: attention to oral district. Tumori. 2016;102(Suppl 2):S74-7. Review.,77. Ruggiero SL, Dodson TB, Fantasia J, Goodday R, Aghaloo T, Mehrotra B, et al. American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons position paper on medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaw - 2014 update. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2014;72(10):1938-56. Erratum in: J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2015;73(9):1879. Erratum in: J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2015;73(7):1440.,88. Pakosch D, Papadimas D, Munding J, Kawa D, Kriwalsky MS. Osteonecrosis of the mandible due to anti-angiogenic agent, bevacizumab. Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2013;17(4):303-6.)

A OMAA é uma complicação relativamente atual, visto que esses medicamentos estão sendo usados em larga escala.(77. Ruggiero SL, Dodson TB, Fantasia J, Goodday R, Aghaloo T, Mehrotra B, et al. American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons position paper on medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaw - 2014 update. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2014;72(10):1938-56. Erratum in: J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2015;73(9):1879. Erratum in: J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2015;73(7):1440.) Desta forma, ainda não foram realizados estudos longitudinais para verificar os principais fatores de risco odontológicos específicos dessa classe de medicamentos.

OBJETIVO

Traçar o perfil dos pacientes acometidos por osteonecrose dos maxilares associada a medicamentos e identificar os principais fatores de risco por meio de uma revisão integrativa.

MÉTODOS

Foi realizada uma busca nas bases de dados PubMed®/Medline® e Scopus com os descritores “osteonecrosis AND antiangiogenic therapy”. Os critérios de inclusão foram artigos publicados em inglês, de relato e/ou série de casos, disponíveis on-line e período ilimitado. Os critérios de exclusão foram pacientes tratados com bisfosfonatos e/ou antirreabsortivos, pacientes irradiados na região acometida pela osteonecrose, osteonecrose não envolvendo os ossos maxilares e estudos realizados em animais.

RESULTADOS

Foram encontrados 209 artigos nas bases de dados, sendo selecionados 18 artigos para a amostra final, em um total de 19 casos relatados, visto que um dos artigos apresentou dois casos que se enquadravam nos critérios de inclusão.

Na figura 1, observa-se o fluxograma com o resultado dos artigos encontrados. Os dados obtidos nos artigos selecionados foram registrados nas tabelas 1 e 2, tendo sido relacionados em ordem cronológica.

Figura 1
Fluxograma dos artigos encontrados nas bases de dados PubMed® e Scopus
Tabela 1
Características de diagnóstico da osteonecrose dos maxilares associada a antiangiogênicos, tipos de agentes antiangiogênicos e seu mecanismo de ação nos artigos selecionados
Tabela 2
Fatores locais, sistêmicos e conduta da osteonecrose dos maxilares associada a antiangiogênicos

DISCUSSÃO

A OMAM é uma doença incomum que pode resultar em redução significativa da qualidade de vida, caracterizada quando todas as seguintes características estão presentes: tratamento atual ou prévio com agentes antirreabsortivos ou antiangiogênicos; osso exposto ou osso que pode ser sondado por fístula intra- ou extraoral na região maxilofacial que persiste por mais de 8 semanas; ausência de histórico de radioterapia nos ossos afetados ou doença metastática evidente na região.(77. Ruggiero SL, Dodson TB, Fantasia J, Goodday R, Aghaloo T, Mehrotra B, et al. American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons position paper on medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaw - 2014 update. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2014;72(10):1938-56. Erratum in: J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2015;73(9):1879. Erratum in: J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2015;73(7):1440.)

Historicamente, os primeiros medicamentos associados foram os bisfosfonatos, resultando no termo “osteonecrose dos maxilares associada a bisfosfonatos” (OMAB). No entanto, observou-se a necessidade de incluir outros medicamentos na etiopatogenia da osteonecrose, como os antirreabsortivos e antiangiogênicos. Os casos relatados de osteonecrose associada ao uso de agentes antiangiogênicos têm se acumulado ao longo dos anos e, dessa forma, o termo mais adequado para essa doença é a OMAA.(22. Dişel U, Beşen AA, Özyılkan Ö, Er E, Canpolat T. A case report of bevacizumab-related osteonecrosis of the jaw: old problem, new culprit. Oral Oncol. 2012; 48(2):e2-3.,77. Ruggiero SL, Dodson TB, Fantasia J, Goodday R, Aghaloo T, Mehrotra B, et al. American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons position paper on medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaw - 2014 update. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2014;72(10):1938-56. Erratum in: J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2015;73(9):1879. Erratum in: J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2015;73(7):1440.,2020. Ruggiero SL, Dodson TB, Assael LA, Landesberg R, Marx RE, Mehrotra B; American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons. American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons position paper on bisphosphonate-related osteonecrosis of the jaws--2009 update. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2009;67(5 Suppl):2-12.)

A OMAM foi relatada pela primeira vez por Marx, em 2003,(2121. Marx RE. Pamidronate (Aredia) and zoledronate (Zometa) induced avascular necrosis of the jaws: a growing epidemic. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2003;61(9):1115-7.) e, apesar de ser estudada há quase duas décadas, a fisiopatologia da doença ainda não foi totalmente esclarecida. Os processos de inibição da reabsorção e remodelação óssea osteoclástica, inflamação e infecção, e a inibição da angiogênese são as hipóteses mais aceitas.(77. Ruggiero SL, Dodson TB, Fantasia J, Goodday R, Aghaloo T, Mehrotra B, et al. American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons position paper on medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaw - 2014 update. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2014;72(10):1938-56. Erratum in: J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2015;73(9):1879. Erratum in: J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2015;73(7):1440.,2020. Ruggiero SL, Dodson TB, Assael LA, Landesberg R, Marx RE, Mehrotra B; American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons. American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons position paper on bisphosphonate-related osteonecrosis of the jaws--2009 update. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2009;67(5 Suppl):2-12.,2222. Ruggiero SL, Mehrotra B, Rosenberg TJ, Engroff SL. Osteonecrosis of the jaws associated with the use of bisphosphonates: a review of 63 cases. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2004;62(5):527-34.)

O processo de angiogênese permite o crescimento e a formação de novos vasos sanguíneos, sendo essas características essenciais para a progressão de doenças, principalmente as oncológicas. Essa etapa é mediada por sinais químicos do organismo, sendo o fator de crescimento endotelial vascular (VEGF) o mais relevante neste processo. Este sinal liga-se a receptores de células endoteliais, que revestem a parede interna dos vasos sanguíneos, estimulando a angiogênese e alterando o equilíbrio de neoformação vascular.(77. Ruggiero SL, Dodson TB, Fantasia J, Goodday R, Aghaloo T, Mehrotra B, et al. American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons position paper on medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaw - 2014 update. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2014;72(10):1938-56. Erratum in: J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2015;73(9):1879. Erratum in: J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2015;73(7):1440.,2323. Vasudev NS, Reynold AR. Anti-angiogenic therapy for cancer: current progress, unresolved questions and future directions. Angiogenesis. 2014;17(3):471-94. Review. Erratum in: Angiogenesis. 2014;17(3):495-7.,2424. Folkman J. Tumor angiogenesis: therapeutic implications. N Engl J Med. 1971;285(21):1182-6. Review.)

O mecanismo de ação dos antiangiogênicos resume-se em bloquear a ação direta ou indireta do VEGF. Algumas drogas atuam impedindo a ligação entre o VEGF e as células endoteliais, como o bevacizumabe, considerado um anticorpo monoclonal. Já o sunitinibe, outro agente antiangiogênico, atua de forma endógena, impedindo que receptores de VEGF enviem sinalização para as células endoteliais, sendo considerados inibidores da tirosina-quinase.(2424. Folkman J. Tumor angiogenesis: therapeutic implications. N Engl J Med. 1971;285(21):1182-6. Review.,2525. Jayson GC, Kerbel R, Ellis LM, Harris AL. Antiangiogenic therapy in oncology: current status and future directions. Lancet. 2016;388(10043):518-29. Review.)

Nesta revisão, pudemos constatar que os antiangiogênicos foram prescritos nos casos de câncer metastático em 63,2% (n=12),(11. Estilo CL, Fornier M, Farooki A, Carlson D, Bohle G 3rd, Huryn JM. Osteonecrosis of the jaw related to bevacizumab. J Clin Oncol. 2008;26(24):4037-8.55. Ponzetti A, Pinta F, Spadi R, Mecca C, Fanchini L, Zanini M, et al. Jaw osteonecrosis associated with aflibercept, irinotecan and fluorouracil: attention to oral district. Tumori. 2016;102(Suppl 2):S74-7. Review.,1010. Serra E, Paolantonio M, Spoto G, Mastrangelo F, Tete S, Dolci M. Bevacizumab-related osteneocrosis of the jaw. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol. 2009; 22(4):1121-3.1313. Nicolatou-Galitis O, Migkou M, Psyrri A, Bamias A, Pectasides D, Economopoulos T, et al. Gingival bleeding and jaw bone necrosis in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma receiving sunitinib: report of 2 cases with clinical implications. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol. 2012; 113(2):234-8.,1717. Santos-Silva AR, Belizário GA, Castro Júnior GD, Dias RB, Prado Ribeiro AC, Brandão TB. Osteonecrosis of the mandible associated with bevacizumab therapy. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol. 2013;115(6):e32-6.,1818. Marino R, Orlandi F, Arecco F, Gandolfo S, Pentenero M. Osteonecrosis of the jaw in a patient receiving cabozantinib. Aust Dent J. 2015;60(4):528-31.) sendo o câncer renal o diagnóstico mais prevalente (n=6; 31,6%),(44. Erovigni F, Gambino A, Cabras M, Fasciolo A, Bianchi SD, Bellini E, et al. Delayed Diagnosis of Osteonecrosis of the Jaw (ONJ) Associated with Bevacizumab Therapy in Colorectal Cancer Patients: Report of Two Cases. Dent J (Basel). 2016;4(4):E39.,66. Jung TY. Osteonecrosis of jaw after antiangiogenic agent administration in a renal cell carcinoma patient. Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Cases. 2017; 3(2):27-33.,1111. Koch FP, Walter C, Hansen T, Jager E, Wagner W. Osteonecrosis of the jaw related to sunitinib. Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2011;15(1):63-6.,1313. Nicolatou-Galitis O, Migkou M, Psyrri A, Bamias A, Pectasides D, Economopoulos T, et al. Gingival bleeding and jaw bone necrosis in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma receiving sunitinib: report of 2 cases with clinical implications. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol. 2012; 113(2):234-8.,1515. Fleissig Y, Regev E, Lehman H. Sunitinib related osteonecrosis of jaw: a case report. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol. 2012;113(3):e1-3.,1717. Santos-Silva AR, Belizário GA, Castro Júnior GD, Dias RB, Prado Ribeiro AC, Brandão TB. Osteonecrosis of the mandible associated with bevacizumab therapy. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol. 2013;115(6):e32-6.) seguido do câncer de cólon, com 15,8% (n=3).(22. Dişel U, Beşen AA, Özyılkan Ö, Er E, Canpolat T. A case report of bevacizumab-related osteonecrosis of the jaw: old problem, new culprit. Oral Oncol. 2012; 48(2):e2-3.,44. Erovigni F, Gambino A, Cabras M, Fasciolo A, Bianchi SD, Bellini E, et al. Delayed Diagnosis of Osteonecrosis of the Jaw (ONJ) Associated with Bevacizumab Therapy in Colorectal Cancer Patients: Report of Two Cases. Dent J (Basel). 2016;4(4):E39.,55. Ponzetti A, Pinta F, Spadi R, Mecca C, Fanchini L, Zanini M, et al. Jaw osteonecrosis associated with aflibercept, irinotecan and fluorouracil: attention to oral district. Tumori. 2016;102(Suppl 2):S74-7. Review.) A OMAA também foi descrita em um caso não oncológico de trombose venosa de retina.(1414. Hopp RN, Pucci J, Santos-Silva AR, Jorge J. Osteonecrosis after administration of intravitreous bevacizumab. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2012;70(3):632-5.)

O antiangiogênico mais encontrado foi o bevacizumabe, com 58% dos relatos (n=11),(11. Estilo CL, Fornier M, Farooki A, Carlson D, Bohle G 3rd, Huryn JM. Osteonecrosis of the jaw related to bevacizumab. J Clin Oncol. 2008;26(24):4037-8.44. Erovigni F, Gambino A, Cabras M, Fasciolo A, Bianchi SD, Bellini E, et al. Delayed Diagnosis of Osteonecrosis of the Jaw (ONJ) Associated with Bevacizumab Therapy in Colorectal Cancer Patients: Report of Two Cases. Dent J (Basel). 2016;4(4):E39.,99. Greuter S, Schmid F, Ruhstaller T, Thuerlimann B. Bevacizumab-associated osteonecrosis of the jaw. Ann Oncol. 2008;19(12):2091-2.,1010. Serra E, Paolantonio M, Spoto G, Mastrangelo F, Tete S, Dolci M. Bevacizumab-related osteneocrosis of the jaw. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol. 2009; 22(4):1121-3.,1212. Bettini G, Blandamura S, Saia G, Bedogni A. Bevacizumab-related osteonecrosis of the mandible is a self-limiting disease process. BMJ Case Rep. 2012;2012. pii:bcr2012007284.,1414. Hopp RN, Pucci J, Santos-Silva AR, Jorge J. Osteonecrosis after administration of intravitreous bevacizumab. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2012;70(3):632-5.,1616. Magremanne M, Lahon M, De Ceulaer J, Reychler H. Unusual bevacizumab-related complication of an oral infection. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2013;71(1): 53-5,1717. Santos-Silva AR, Belizário GA, Castro Júnior GD, Dias RB, Prado Ribeiro AC, Brandão TB. Osteonecrosis of the mandible associated with bevacizumab therapy. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol. 2013;115(6):e32-6.) seguido do sunitinibe, com 11% (n=2),(1313. Nicolatou-Galitis O, Migkou M, Psyrri A, Bamias A, Pectasides D, Economopoulos T, et al. Gingival bleeding and jaw bone necrosis in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma receiving sunitinib: report of 2 cases with clinical implications. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol. 2012; 113(2):234-8.,1515. Fleissig Y, Regev E, Lehman H. Sunitinib related osteonecrosis of jaw: a case report. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol. 2012;113(3):e1-3.) e os demais 31% representados por aflibercepte (n=1),(55. Ponzetti A, Pinta F, Spadi R, Mecca C, Fanchini L, Zanini M, et al. Jaw osteonecrosis associated with aflibercept, irinotecan and fluorouracil: attention to oral district. Tumori. 2016;102(Suppl 2):S74-7. Review.) sorafenibe (n=1),(2020. Ruggiero SL, Dodson TB, Assael LA, Landesberg R, Marx RE, Mehrotra B; American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons. American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons position paper on bisphosphonate-related osteonecrosis of the jaws--2009 update. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2009;67(5 Suppl):2-12.) cabozantinibe (n=1),(1818. Marino R, Orlandi F, Arecco F, Gandolfo S, Pentenero M. Osteonecrosis of the jaw in a patient receiving cabozantinib. Aust Dent J. 2015;60(4):528-31.) pazopanibe (n=1),(66. Jung TY. Osteonecrosis of jaw after antiangiogenic agent administration in a renal cell carcinoma patient. Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Cases. 2017; 3(2):27-33.) sorafenibe + sunitinibe (n=1)(1111. Koch FP, Walter C, Hansen T, Jager E, Wagner W. Osteonecrosis of the jaw related to sunitinib. Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2011;15(1):63-6.) e bevacizumabe + sorafenibe (n=1).(88. Pakosch D, Papadimas D, Munding J, Kawa D, Kriwalsky MS. Osteonecrosis of the mandible due to anti-angiogenic agent, bevacizumab. Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2013;17(4):303-6.)

Nos artigos selecionados, a Itália(33. Brunamonti Binello P, Bandelloni R, Labanca M, Buffoli B, Rezzani R, Rodella LF. Osteonecrosis of the jaws and bevacizumab therapy: a case report. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol. 2012;25(3):789-91.66. Jung TY. Osteonecrosis of jaw after antiangiogenic agent administration in a renal cell carcinoma patient. Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Cases. 2017; 3(2):27-33.,1010. Serra E, Paolantonio M, Spoto G, Mastrangelo F, Tete S, Dolci M. Bevacizumab-related osteneocrosis of the jaw. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol. 2009; 22(4):1121-3.,1212. Bettini G, Blandamura S, Saia G, Bedogni A. Bevacizumab-related osteonecrosis of the mandible is a self-limiting disease process. BMJ Case Rep. 2012;2012. pii:bcr2012007284.,1818. Marino R, Orlandi F, Arecco F, Gandolfo S, Pentenero M. Osteonecrosis of the jaw in a patient receiving cabozantinib. Aust Dent J. 2015;60(4):528-31.,1919. Garuti F, Camelli V, Spinardi L, Bucci L, Trevisani F. Osteonecrosis of the jaw during sorafenib therapy for hepatocellular carcinoma. Tumori. 2016; 102(Suppl 2):S69-70.) foi o país de origem do maior número de artigos com 39% (n=7), seguida do Brasil,(1414. Hopp RN, Pucci J, Santos-Silva AR, Jorge J. Osteonecrosis after administration of intravitreous bevacizumab. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2012;70(3):632-5.,1717. Santos-Silva AR, Belizário GA, Castro Júnior GD, Dias RB, Prado Ribeiro AC, Brandão TB. Osteonecrosis of the mandible associated with bevacizumab therapy. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol. 2013;115(6):e32-6.) com 11% (n=2), e Estados Unidos(11. Estilo CL, Fornier M, Farooki A, Carlson D, Bohle G 3rd, Huryn JM. Osteonecrosis of the jaw related to bevacizumab. J Clin Oncol. 2008;26(24):4037-8.) (n=1), Suécia(1111. Koch FP, Walter C, Hansen T, Jager E, Wagner W. Osteonecrosis of the jaw related to sunitinib. Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2011;15(1):63-6.) (n=1), Turquia(22. Dişel U, Beşen AA, Özyılkan Ö, Er E, Canpolat T. A case report of bevacizumab-related osteonecrosis of the jaw: old problem, new culprit. Oral Oncol. 2012; 48(2):e2-3.) (n=1), Grécia(1313. Nicolatou-Galitis O, Migkou M, Psyrri A, Bamias A, Pectasides D, Economopoulos T, et al. Gingival bleeding and jaw bone necrosis in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma receiving sunitinib: report of 2 cases with clinical implications. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol. 2012; 113(2):234-8.) (n=1), Israel(1515. Fleissig Y, Regev E, Lehman H. Sunitinib related osteonecrosis of jaw: a case report. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol. 2012;113(3):e1-3.) (n=1), Bélgica(1616. Magremanne M, Lahon M, De Ceulaer J, Reychler H. Unusual bevacizumab-related complication of an oral infection. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2013;71(1): 53-5) (n=1), Alemanha(88. Pakosch D, Papadimas D, Munding J, Kawa D, Kriwalsky MS. Osteonecrosis of the mandible due to anti-angiogenic agent, bevacizumab. Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2013;17(4):303-6.) (n=1), Coreia(66. Jung TY. Osteonecrosis of jaw after antiangiogenic agent administration in a renal cell carcinoma patient. Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Cases. 2017; 3(2):27-33.) (n=1), Suíça(99. Greuter S, Schmid F, Ruhstaller T, Thuerlimann B. Bevacizumab-associated osteonecrosis of the jaw. Ann Oncol. 2008;19(12):2091-2.) (n=1), representando, juntos, 50% (n=9) dos artigos. Por meio dessa evidência, sugere-se que não há influência geográfica e econômica em pacientes acometidos por OMAA.

A média de idade dos pacientes acometidos pela OMAA foi de 59,70 anos e a mediana foi de 60 anos, com idade mínima de 47 anos(33. Brunamonti Binello P, Bandelloni R, Labanca M, Buffoli B, Rezzani R, Rodella LF. Osteonecrosis of the jaws and bevacizumab therapy: a case report. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol. 2012;25(3):789-91.) e máxima de 79 anos.(44. Erovigni F, Gambino A, Cabras M, Fasciolo A, Bianchi SD, Bellini E, et al. Delayed Diagnosis of Osteonecrosis of the Jaw (ONJ) Associated with Bevacizumab Therapy in Colorectal Cancer Patients: Report of Two Cases. Dent J (Basel). 2016;4(4):E39.) Em relação ao sexo dos pacientes, pudemos observar o envolvimento de 11 homens (58%)(22. Dişel U, Beşen AA, Özyılkan Ö, Er E, Canpolat T. A case report of bevacizumab-related osteonecrosis of the jaw: old problem, new culprit. Oral Oncol. 2012; 48(2):e2-3.44. Erovigni F, Gambino A, Cabras M, Fasciolo A, Bianchi SD, Bellini E, et al. Delayed Diagnosis of Osteonecrosis of the Jaw (ONJ) Associated with Bevacizumab Therapy in Colorectal Cancer Patients: Report of Two Cases. Dent J (Basel). 2016;4(4):E39.,1010. Serra E, Paolantonio M, Spoto G, Mastrangelo F, Tete S, Dolci M. Bevacizumab-related osteneocrosis of the jaw. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol. 2009; 22(4):1121-3.,1414. Hopp RN, Pucci J, Santos-Silva AR, Jorge J. Osteonecrosis after administration of intravitreous bevacizumab. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2012;70(3):632-5.1717. Santos-Silva AR, Belizário GA, Castro Júnior GD, Dias RB, Prado Ribeiro AC, Brandão TB. Osteonecrosis of the mandible associated with bevacizumab therapy. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol. 2013;115(6):e32-6.,1919. Garuti F, Camelli V, Spinardi L, Bucci L, Trevisani F. Osteonecrosis of the jaw during sorafenib therapy for hepatocellular carcinoma. Tumori. 2016; 102(Suppl 2):S69-70.) e 8 mulheres (42%);(11. Estilo CL, Fornier M, Farooki A, Carlson D, Bohle G 3rd, Huryn JM. Osteonecrosis of the jaw related to bevacizumab. J Clin Oncol. 2008;26(24):4037-8.,55. Ponzetti A, Pinta F, Spadi R, Mecca C, Fanchini L, Zanini M, et al. Jaw osteonecrosis associated with aflibercept, irinotecan and fluorouracil: attention to oral district. Tumori. 2016;102(Suppl 2):S74-7. Review.,66. Jung TY. Osteonecrosis of jaw after antiangiogenic agent administration in a renal cell carcinoma patient. Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Cases. 2017; 3(2):27-33.,88. Pakosch D, Papadimas D, Munding J, Kawa D, Kriwalsky MS. Osteonecrosis of the mandible due to anti-angiogenic agent, bevacizumab. Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2013;17(4):303-6.,99. Greuter S, Schmid F, Ruhstaller T, Thuerlimann B. Bevacizumab-associated osteonecrosis of the jaw. Ann Oncol. 2008;19(12):2091-2.,1212. Bettini G, Blandamura S, Saia G, Bedogni A. Bevacizumab-related osteonecrosis of the mandible is a self-limiting disease process. BMJ Case Rep. 2012;2012. pii:bcr2012007284.,1313. Nicolatou-Galitis O, Migkou M, Psyrri A, Bamias A, Pectasides D, Economopoulos T, et al. Gingival bleeding and jaw bone necrosis in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma receiving sunitinib: report of 2 cases with clinical implications. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol. 2012; 113(2):234-8.,1616. Magremanne M, Lahon M, De Ceulaer J, Reychler H. Unusual bevacizumab-related complication of an oral infection. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2013;71(1): 53-5,1818. Marino R, Orlandi F, Arecco F, Gandolfo S, Pentenero M. Osteonecrosis of the jaw in a patient receiving cabozantinib. Aust Dent J. 2015;60(4):528-31.) dados discrepantes ao relatado pela AAOMS em 2014.(77. Ruggiero SL, Dodson TB, Fantasia J, Goodday R, Aghaloo T, Mehrotra B, et al. American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons position paper on medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaw - 2014 update. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2014;72(10):1938-56. Erratum in: J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2015;73(9):1879. Erratum in: J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2015;73(7):1440.) A raça dos pacientes estudados não foi nos artigos, sendo, por esse motivo, excluída a referida coluna da tabela final.

A região mais acometida foi a mandíbula em 95% dos casos, sendo o lado esquerdo envolvido em 69% dos casos (n=13),(11. Estilo CL, Fornier M, Farooki A, Carlson D, Bohle G 3rd, Huryn JM. Osteonecrosis of the jaw related to bevacizumab. J Clin Oncol. 2008;26(24):4037-8.,33. Brunamonti Binello P, Bandelloni R, Labanca M, Buffoli B, Rezzani R, Rodella LF. Osteonecrosis of the jaws and bevacizumab therapy: a case report. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol. 2012;25(3):789-91.,44. Erovigni F, Gambino A, Cabras M, Fasciolo A, Bianchi SD, Bellini E, et al. Delayed Diagnosis of Osteonecrosis of the Jaw (ONJ) Associated with Bevacizumab Therapy in Colorectal Cancer Patients: Report of Two Cases. Dent J (Basel). 2016;4(4):E39.,88. Pakosch D, Papadimas D, Munding J, Kawa D, Kriwalsky MS. Osteonecrosis of the mandible due to anti-angiogenic agent, bevacizumab. Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2013;17(4):303-6.,1010. Serra E, Paolantonio M, Spoto G, Mastrangelo F, Tete S, Dolci M. Bevacizumab-related osteneocrosis of the jaw. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol. 2009; 22(4):1121-3.1414. Hopp RN, Pucci J, Santos-Silva AR, Jorge J. Osteonecrosis after administration of intravitreous bevacizumab. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2012;70(3):632-5.,1616. Magremanne M, Lahon M, De Ceulaer J, Reychler H. Unusual bevacizumab-related complication of an oral infection. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2013;71(1): 53-51818. Marino R, Orlandi F, Arecco F, Gandolfo S, Pentenero M. Osteonecrosis of the jaw in a patient receiving cabozantinib. Aust Dent J. 2015;60(4):528-31.) o direito em 21% (n=4)(22. Dişel U, Beşen AA, Özyılkan Ö, Er E, Canpolat T. A case report of bevacizumab-related osteonecrosis of the jaw: old problem, new culprit. Oral Oncol. 2012; 48(2):e2-3.,55. Ponzetti A, Pinta F, Spadi R, Mecca C, Fanchini L, Zanini M, et al. Jaw osteonecrosis associated with aflibercept, irinotecan and fluorouracil: attention to oral district. Tumori. 2016;102(Suppl 2):S74-7. Review.,1515. Fleissig Y, Regev E, Lehman H. Sunitinib related osteonecrosis of jaw: a case report. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol. 2012;113(3):e1-3.,1919. Garuti F, Camelli V, Spinardi L, Bucci L, Trevisani F. Osteonecrosis of the jaw during sorafenib therapy for hepatocellular carcinoma. Tumori. 2016; 102(Suppl 2):S69-70.) e os dois lados simultaneamente em 5%.(66. Jung TY. Osteonecrosis of jaw after antiangiogenic agent administration in a renal cell carcinoma patient. Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Cases. 2017; 3(2):27-33.) O seio maxilar esquerdo foi relatado em 5% dos casos.(99. Greuter S, Schmid F, Ruhstaller T, Thuerlimann B. Bevacizumab-associated osteonecrosis of the jaw. Ann Oncol. 2008;19(12):2091-2.) Essa predileção pela região de mandíbula é explicada pelo fato de a mesma ser formada por osso compacto, o que significa menor aporte sanguíneo em sua estrutura quando comparada à maxila,(44. Erovigni F, Gambino A, Cabras M, Fasciolo A, Bianchi SD, Bellini E, et al. Delayed Diagnosis of Osteonecrosis of the Jaw (ONJ) Associated with Bevacizumab Therapy in Colorectal Cancer Patients: Report of Two Cases. Dent J (Basel). 2016;4(4):E39.,77. Ruggiero SL, Dodson TB, Fantasia J, Goodday R, Aghaloo T, Mehrotra B, et al. American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons position paper on medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaw - 2014 update. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2014;72(10):1938-56. Erratum in: J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2015;73(9):1879. Erratum in: J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2015;73(7):1440.,88. Pakosch D, Papadimas D, Munding J, Kawa D, Kriwalsky MS. Osteonecrosis of the mandible due to anti-angiogenic agent, bevacizumab. Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2013;17(4):303-6.) além de apresentar regiões com mucosa mais delgada, recobrindo áreas de proeminências ósseas, como, por exemplo, a linha milo-hióidea.(44. Erovigni F, Gambino A, Cabras M, Fasciolo A, Bianchi SD, Bellini E, et al. Delayed Diagnosis of Osteonecrosis of the Jaw (ONJ) Associated with Bevacizumab Therapy in Colorectal Cancer Patients: Report of Two Cases. Dent J (Basel). 2016;4(4):E39.,88. Pakosch D, Papadimas D, Munding J, Kawa D, Kriwalsky MS. Osteonecrosis of the mandible due to anti-angiogenic agent, bevacizumab. Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2013;17(4):303-6.)

Os sinais clínicos mais frequentes foram exposição de tecido ósseo em 84,2% dos casos (n=16),(11. Estilo CL, Fornier M, Farooki A, Carlson D, Bohle G 3rd, Huryn JM. Osteonecrosis of the jaw related to bevacizumab. J Clin Oncol. 2008;26(24):4037-8.44. Erovigni F, Gambino A, Cabras M, Fasciolo A, Bianchi SD, Bellini E, et al. Delayed Diagnosis of Osteonecrosis of the Jaw (ONJ) Associated with Bevacizumab Therapy in Colorectal Cancer Patients: Report of Two Cases. Dent J (Basel). 2016;4(4):E39.,66. Jung TY. Osteonecrosis of jaw after antiangiogenic agent administration in a renal cell carcinoma patient. Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Cases. 2017; 3(2):27-33.,88. Pakosch D, Papadimas D, Munding J, Kawa D, Kriwalsky MS. Osteonecrosis of the mandible due to anti-angiogenic agent, bevacizumab. Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2013;17(4):303-6.,1010. Serra E, Paolantonio M, Spoto G, Mastrangelo F, Tete S, Dolci M. Bevacizumab-related osteneocrosis of the jaw. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol. 2009; 22(4):1121-3.1717. Santos-Silva AR, Belizário GA, Castro Júnior GD, Dias RB, Prado Ribeiro AC, Brandão TB. Osteonecrosis of the mandible associated with bevacizumab therapy. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol. 2013;115(6):e32-6.,1919. Garuti F, Camelli V, Spinardi L, Bucci L, Trevisani F. Osteonecrosis of the jaw during sorafenib therapy for hepatocellular carcinoma. Tumori. 2016; 102(Suppl 2):S69-70.) seguida de: supuração (n=4)(55. Ponzetti A, Pinta F, Spadi R, Mecca C, Fanchini L, Zanini M, et al. Jaw osteonecrosis associated with aflibercept, irinotecan and fluorouracil: attention to oral district. Tumori. 2016;102(Suppl 2):S74-7. Review.,66. Jung TY. Osteonecrosis of jaw after antiangiogenic agent administration in a renal cell carcinoma patient. Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Cases. 2017; 3(2):27-33.,1515. Fleissig Y, Regev E, Lehman H. Sunitinib related osteonecrosis of jaw: a case report. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol. 2012;113(3):e1-3.,1818. Marino R, Orlandi F, Arecco F, Gandolfo S, Pentenero M. Osteonecrosis of the jaw in a patient receiving cabozantinib. Aust Dent J. 2015;60(4):528-31.) e tecido mole inflamado (n=4)(88. Pakosch D, Papadimas D, Munding J, Kawa D, Kriwalsky MS. Osteonecrosis of the mandible due to anti-angiogenic agent, bevacizumab. Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2013;17(4):303-6.,1313. Nicolatou-Galitis O, Migkou M, Psyrri A, Bamias A, Pectasides D, Economopoulos T, et al. Gingival bleeding and jaw bone necrosis in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma receiving sunitinib: report of 2 cases with clinical implications. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol. 2012; 113(2):234-8.,1515. Fleissig Y, Regev E, Lehman H. Sunitinib related osteonecrosis of jaw: a case report. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol. 2012;113(3):e1-3.,1818. Marino R, Orlandi F, Arecco F, Gandolfo S, Pentenero M. Osteonecrosis of the jaw in a patient receiving cabozantinib. Aust Dent J. 2015;60(4):528-31.) (21% cada), fístula (n=3)(44. Erovigni F, Gambino A, Cabras M, Fasciolo A, Bianchi SD, Bellini E, et al. Delayed Diagnosis of Osteonecrosis of the Jaw (ONJ) Associated with Bevacizumab Therapy in Colorectal Cancer Patients: Report of Two Cases. Dent J (Basel). 2016;4(4):E39.,88. Pakosch D, Papadimas D, Munding J, Kawa D, Kriwalsky MS. Osteonecrosis of the mandible due to anti-angiogenic agent, bevacizumab. Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2013;17(4):303-6.,99. Greuter S, Schmid F, Ruhstaller T, Thuerlimann B. Bevacizumab-associated osteonecrosis of the jaw. Ann Oncol. 2008;19(12):2091-2.) e úlcera (n=3),(22. Dişel U, Beşen AA, Özyılkan Ö, Er E, Canpolat T. A case report of bevacizumab-related osteonecrosis of the jaw: old problem, new culprit. Oral Oncol. 2012; 48(2):e2-3.,44. Erovigni F, Gambino A, Cabras M, Fasciolo A, Bianchi SD, Bellini E, et al. Delayed Diagnosis of Osteonecrosis of the Jaw (ONJ) Associated with Bevacizumab Therapy in Colorectal Cancer Patients: Report of Two Cases. Dent J (Basel). 2016;4(4):E39.,88. Pakosch D, Papadimas D, Munding J, Kawa D, Kriwalsky MS. Osteonecrosis of the mandible due to anti-angiogenic agent, bevacizumab. Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2013;17(4):303-6.) (15,8% cada), necrose do tecido mole (n=2),(22. Dişel U, Beşen AA, Özyılkan Ö, Er E, Canpolat T. A case report of bevacizumab-related osteonecrosis of the jaw: old problem, new culprit. Oral Oncol. 2012; 48(2):e2-3.,44. Erovigni F, Gambino A, Cabras M, Fasciolo A, Bianchi SD, Bellini E, et al. Delayed Diagnosis of Osteonecrosis of the Jaw (ONJ) Associated with Bevacizumab Therapy in Colorectal Cancer Patients: Report of Two Cases. Dent J (Basel). 2016;4(4):E39.) abscesso (n=2),(88. Pakosch D, Papadimas D, Munding J, Kawa D, Kriwalsky MS. Osteonecrosis of the mandible due to anti-angiogenic agent, bevacizumab. Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2013;17(4):303-6.,1212. Bettini G, Blandamura S, Saia G, Bedogni A. Bevacizumab-related osteonecrosis of the mandible is a self-limiting disease process. BMJ Case Rep. 2012;2012. pii:bcr2012007284.) doença periodontal (n=2)(1212. Bettini G, Blandamura S, Saia G, Bedogni A. Bevacizumab-related osteonecrosis of the mandible is a self-limiting disease process. BMJ Case Rep. 2012;2012. pii:bcr2012007284.,1313. Nicolatou-Galitis O, Migkou M, Psyrri A, Bamias A, Pectasides D, Economopoulos T, et al. Gingival bleeding and jaw bone necrosis in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma receiving sunitinib: report of 2 cases with clinical implications. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol. 2012; 113(2):234-8.) (10,5% cada) e avulsão atraumática (n=1),(55. Ponzetti A, Pinta F, Spadi R, Mecca C, Fanchini L, Zanini M, et al. Jaw osteonecrosis associated with aflibercept, irinotecan and fluorouracil: attention to oral district. Tumori. 2016;102(Suppl 2):S74-7. Review.) trismo (n=1),(1010. Serra E, Paolantonio M, Spoto G, Mastrangelo F, Tete S, Dolci M. Bevacizumab-related osteneocrosis of the jaw. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol. 2009; 22(4):1121-3.) e linfadenopatia (n=1)(1111. Koch FP, Walter C, Hansen T, Jager E, Wagner W. Osteonecrosis of the jaw related to sunitinib. Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2011;15(1):63-6.) e necrose de nervo (n=1)(1616. Magremanne M, Lahon M, De Ceulaer J, Reychler H. Unusual bevacizumab-related complication of an oral infection. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2013;71(1): 53-5) (5,3% cada). Os principais sintomas encontrados foram a dor em 73,7% dos casos (n=14),(22. Dişel U, Beşen AA, Özyılkan Ö, Er E, Canpolat T. A case report of bevacizumab-related osteonecrosis of the jaw: old problem, new culprit. Oral Oncol. 2012; 48(2):e2-3.44. Erovigni F, Gambino A, Cabras M, Fasciolo A, Bianchi SD, Bellini E, et al. Delayed Diagnosis of Osteonecrosis of the Jaw (ONJ) Associated with Bevacizumab Therapy in Colorectal Cancer Patients: Report of Two Cases. Dent J (Basel). 2016;4(4):E39.,66. Jung TY. Osteonecrosis of jaw after antiangiogenic agent administration in a renal cell carcinoma patient. Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Cases. 2017; 3(2):27-33.,88. Pakosch D, Papadimas D, Munding J, Kawa D, Kriwalsky MS. Osteonecrosis of the mandible due to anti-angiogenic agent, bevacizumab. Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2013;17(4):303-6.1717. Santos-Silva AR, Belizário GA, Castro Júnior GD, Dias RB, Prado Ribeiro AC, Brandão TB. Osteonecrosis of the mandible associated with bevacizumab therapy. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol. 2013;115(6):e32-6.) seguida de edema (n=4),(33. Brunamonti Binello P, Bandelloni R, Labanca M, Buffoli B, Rezzani R, Rodella LF. Osteonecrosis of the jaws and bevacizumab therapy: a case report. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol. 2012;25(3):789-91.,66. Jung TY. Osteonecrosis of jaw after antiangiogenic agent administration in a renal cell carcinoma patient. Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Cases. 2017; 3(2):27-33.,88. Pakosch D, Papadimas D, Munding J, Kawa D, Kriwalsky MS. Osteonecrosis of the mandible due to anti-angiogenic agent, bevacizumab. Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2013;17(4):303-6.,1616. Magremanne M, Lahon M, De Ceulaer J, Reychler H. Unusual bevacizumab-related complication of an oral infection. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2013;71(1): 53-5) em 21%, lesão gengival (n=2)(44. Erovigni F, Gambino A, Cabras M, Fasciolo A, Bianchi SD, Bellini E, et al. Delayed Diagnosis of Osteonecrosis of the Jaw (ONJ) Associated with Bevacizumab Therapy in Colorectal Cancer Patients: Report of Two Cases. Dent J (Basel). 2016;4(4):E39.,1919. Garuti F, Camelli V, Spinardi L, Bucci L, Trevisani F. Osteonecrosis of the jaw during sorafenib therapy for hepatocellular carcinoma. Tumori. 2016; 102(Suppl 2):S69-70.) e paciente assintomático (n=2)(44. Erovigni F, Gambino A, Cabras M, Fasciolo A, Bianchi SD, Bellini E, et al. Delayed Diagnosis of Osteonecrosis of the Jaw (ONJ) Associated with Bevacizumab Therapy in Colorectal Cancer Patients: Report of Two Cases. Dent J (Basel). 2016;4(4):E39.,1818. Marino R, Orlandi F, Arecco F, Gandolfo S, Pentenero M. Osteonecrosis of the jaw in a patient receiving cabozantinib. Aust Dent J. 2015;60(4):528-31.) (10,5% cada). Além desses, também foram citados desconforto (n=1),(11. Estilo CL, Fornier M, Farooki A, Carlson D, Bohle G 3rd, Huryn JM. Osteonecrosis of the jaw related to bevacizumab. J Clin Oncol. 2008;26(24):4037-8.) dificuldade de mastigação (n=1),(22. Dişel U, Beşen AA, Özyılkan Ö, Er E, Canpolat T. A case report of bevacizumab-related osteonecrosis of the jaw: old problem, new culprit. Oral Oncol. 2012; 48(2):e2-3.) halitose (n=1),(11. Estilo CL, Fornier M, Farooki A, Carlson D, Bohle G 3rd, Huryn JM. Osteonecrosis of the jaw related to bevacizumab. J Clin Oncol. 2008;26(24):4037-8.) parestesia de lábio inferior (n=1),(33. Brunamonti Binello P, Bandelloni R, Labanca M, Buffoli B, Rezzani R, Rodella LF. Osteonecrosis of the jaws and bevacizumab therapy: a case report. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol. 2012;25(3):789-91.) limitação de abertura da cavidade oral (n=1),(1515. Fleissig Y, Regev E, Lehman H. Sunitinib related osteonecrosis of jaw: a case report. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol. 2012;113(3):e1-3.) sangramento gengival (n=1),(66. Jung TY. Osteonecrosis of jaw after antiangiogenic agent administration in a renal cell carcinoma patient. Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Cases. 2017; 3(2):27-33.) drenagem de pus (n=1)(66. Jung TY. Osteonecrosis of jaw after antiangiogenic agent administration in a renal cell carcinoma patient. Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Cases. 2017; 3(2):27-33.) e nevralgia (n=1)(99. Greuter S, Schmid F, Ruhstaller T, Thuerlimann B. Bevacizumab-associated osteonecrosis of the jaw. Ann Oncol. 2008;19(12):2091-2.) − cada um representando 5,3% da amostra. Um dos artigos não relatou os sinais e sintomas encontrados.(55. Ponzetti A, Pinta F, Spadi R, Mecca C, Fanchini L, Zanini M, et al. Jaw osteonecrosis associated with aflibercept, irinotecan and fluorouracil: attention to oral district. Tumori. 2016;102(Suppl 2):S74-7. Review.)

Os exames mais frequentemente solicitados para diagnóstico complementar foram radiografia panorâmica,(22. Dişel U, Beşen AA, Özyılkan Ö, Er E, Canpolat T. A case report of bevacizumab-related osteonecrosis of the jaw: old problem, new culprit. Oral Oncol. 2012; 48(2):e2-3.66. Jung TY. Osteonecrosis of jaw after antiangiogenic agent administration in a renal cell carcinoma patient. Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Cases. 2017; 3(2):27-33.,99. Greuter S, Schmid F, Ruhstaller T, Thuerlimann B. Bevacizumab-associated osteonecrosis of the jaw. Ann Oncol. 2008;19(12):2091-2.1818. Marino R, Orlandi F, Arecco F, Gandolfo S, Pentenero M. Osteonecrosis of the jaw in a patient receiving cabozantinib. Aust Dent J. 2015;60(4):528-31.) tomografia computadorizada(22. Dişel U, Beşen AA, Özyılkan Ö, Er E, Canpolat T. A case report of bevacizumab-related osteonecrosis of the jaw: old problem, new culprit. Oral Oncol. 2012; 48(2):e2-3.66. Jung TY. Osteonecrosis of jaw after antiangiogenic agent administration in a renal cell carcinoma patient. Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Cases. 2017; 3(2):27-33.,88. Pakosch D, Papadimas D, Munding J, Kawa D, Kriwalsky MS. Osteonecrosis of the mandible due to anti-angiogenic agent, bevacizumab. Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2013;17(4):303-6.1212. Bettini G, Blandamura S, Saia G, Bedogni A. Bevacizumab-related osteonecrosis of the mandible is a self-limiting disease process. BMJ Case Rep. 2012;2012. pii:bcr2012007284.,1515. Fleissig Y, Regev E, Lehman H. Sunitinib related osteonecrosis of jaw: a case report. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol. 2012;113(3):e1-3.1919. Garuti F, Camelli V, Spinardi L, Bucci L, Trevisani F. Osteonecrosis of the jaw during sorafenib therapy for hepatocellular carcinoma. Tumori. 2016; 102(Suppl 2):S69-70.) e cintilografia óssea.(33. Brunamonti Binello P, Bandelloni R, Labanca M, Buffoli B, Rezzani R, Rodella LF. Osteonecrosis of the jaws and bevacizumab therapy: a case report. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol. 2012;25(3):789-91.,66. Jung TY. Osteonecrosis of jaw after antiangiogenic agent administration in a renal cell carcinoma patient. Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Cases. 2017; 3(2):27-33.) Por meio da radiografia panorâmica e tomografia computadorizada, observou-se que, nos casos inicias, não são encontradas alterações radiológicas óbvias;(1313. Nicolatou-Galitis O, Migkou M, Psyrri A, Bamias A, Pectasides D, Economopoulos T, et al. Gingival bleeding and jaw bone necrosis in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma receiving sunitinib: report of 2 cases with clinical implications. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol. 2012; 113(2):234-8.,1414. Hopp RN, Pucci J, Santos-Silva AR, Jorge J. Osteonecrosis after administration of intravitreous bevacizumab. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2012;70(3):632-5.) entretanto, com a evolução do quadro, é possível verificar áreas de rarefação/osso hipodenso, presença de sequestro ósseo e ruptura da cortical óssea,(22. Dişel U, Beşen AA, Özyılkan Ö, Er E, Canpolat T. A case report of bevacizumab-related osteonecrosis of the jaw: old problem, new culprit. Oral Oncol. 2012; 48(2):e2-3.66. Jung TY. Osteonecrosis of jaw after antiangiogenic agent administration in a renal cell carcinoma patient. Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Cases. 2017; 3(2):27-33.,88. Pakosch D, Papadimas D, Munding J, Kawa D, Kriwalsky MS. Osteonecrosis of the mandible due to anti-angiogenic agent, bevacizumab. Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2013;17(4):303-6.1212. Bettini G, Blandamura S, Saia G, Bedogni A. Bevacizumab-related osteonecrosis of the mandible is a self-limiting disease process. BMJ Case Rep. 2012;2012. pii:bcr2012007284.,1515. Fleissig Y, Regev E, Lehman H. Sunitinib related osteonecrosis of jaw: a case report. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol. 2012;113(3):e1-3.1919. Garuti F, Camelli V, Spinardi L, Bucci L, Trevisani F. Osteonecrosis of the jaw during sorafenib therapy for hepatocellular carcinoma. Tumori. 2016; 102(Suppl 2):S69-70.) e, nas imagens obtidas na cintilografia, observamos, nas regiões de osteonecrose, hipercaptação do contraste.(33. Brunamonti Binello P, Bandelloni R, Labanca M, Buffoli B, Rezzani R, Rodella LF. Osteonecrosis of the jaws and bevacizumab therapy: a case report. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol. 2012;25(3):789-91.,66. Jung TY. Osteonecrosis of jaw after antiangiogenic agent administration in a renal cell carcinoma patient. Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Cases. 2017; 3(2):27-33.) Um dos artigos não relatou o tipo de imagem realizada.(11. Estilo CL, Fornier M, Farooki A, Carlson D, Bohle G 3rd, Huryn JM. Osteonecrosis of the jaw related to bevacizumab. J Clin Oncol. 2008;26(24):4037-8.)

O tempo de aparecimento da lesão varia de acordo com o tipo, a dose e a duração do uso dos antiangiogênicos - e quanto maior a duração da terapia e mais idoso for o paciente, maior é a chance de desenvolvimento da OMAA.(44. Erovigni F, Gambino A, Cabras M, Fasciolo A, Bianchi SD, Bellini E, et al. Delayed Diagnosis of Osteonecrosis of the Jaw (ONJ) Associated with Bevacizumab Therapy in Colorectal Cancer Patients: Report of Two Cases. Dent J (Basel). 2016;4(4):E39.,77. Ruggiero SL, Dodson TB, Fantasia J, Goodday R, Aghaloo T, Mehrotra B, et al. American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons position paper on medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaw - 2014 update. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2014;72(10):1938-56. Erratum in: J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2015;73(9):1879. Erratum in: J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2015;73(7):1440.,1212. Bettini G, Blandamura S, Saia G, Bedogni A. Bevacizumab-related osteonecrosis of the mandible is a self-limiting disease process. BMJ Case Rep. 2012;2012. pii:bcr2012007284.,1616. Magremanne M, Lahon M, De Ceulaer J, Reychler H. Unusual bevacizumab-related complication of an oral infection. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2013;71(1): 53-5) O tempo mínimo encontrado foi de 1 semana(11. Estilo CL, Fornier M, Farooki A, Carlson D, Bohle G 3rd, Huryn JM. Osteonecrosis of the jaw related to bevacizumab. J Clin Oncol. 2008;26(24):4037-8.) e o máximo de 4 anos.(1313. Nicolatou-Galitis O, Migkou M, Psyrri A, Bamias A, Pectasides D, Economopoulos T, et al. Gingival bleeding and jaw bone necrosis in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma receiving sunitinib: report of 2 cases with clinical implications. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol. 2012; 113(2):234-8.)

Os principais fatores de risco para o desenvolvimento da OMAA foram procedimentos odontológicos invasivos com manipulação de tecido ósseo, como extração dentária e cirurgia periapical/periodontal, além de trauma local, doença periodontal, infecção periapical, entre outros.(11. Estilo CL, Fornier M, Farooki A, Carlson D, Bohle G 3rd, Huryn JM. Osteonecrosis of the jaw related to bevacizumab. J Clin Oncol. 2008;26(24):4037-8.55. Ponzetti A, Pinta F, Spadi R, Mecca C, Fanchini L, Zanini M, et al. Jaw osteonecrosis associated with aflibercept, irinotecan and fluorouracil: attention to oral district. Tumori. 2016;102(Suppl 2):S74-7. Review.,77. Ruggiero SL, Dodson TB, Fantasia J, Goodday R, Aghaloo T, Mehrotra B, et al. American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons position paper on medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaw - 2014 update. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2014;72(10):1938-56. Erratum in: J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2015;73(9):1879. Erratum in: J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2015;73(7):1440.,1010. Serra E, Paolantonio M, Spoto G, Mastrangelo F, Tete S, Dolci M. Bevacizumab-related osteneocrosis of the jaw. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol. 2009; 22(4):1121-3.1919. Garuti F, Camelli V, Spinardi L, Bucci L, Trevisani F. Osteonecrosis of the jaw during sorafenib therapy for hepatocellular carcinoma. Tumori. 2016; 102(Suppl 2):S69-70.) A OMAA também pode se desenvolver de forma espontânea.(77. Ruggiero SL, Dodson TB, Fantasia J, Goodday R, Aghaloo T, Mehrotra B, et al. American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons position paper on medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaw - 2014 update. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2014;72(10):1938-56. Erratum in: J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2015;73(9):1879. Erratum in: J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2015;73(7):1440.,1010. Serra E, Paolantonio M, Spoto G, Mastrangelo F, Tete S, Dolci M. Bevacizumab-related osteneocrosis of the jaw. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol. 2009; 22(4):1121-3.,1616. Magremanne M, Lahon M, De Ceulaer J, Reychler H. Unusual bevacizumab-related complication of an oral infection. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2013;71(1): 53-5,1717. Santos-Silva AR, Belizário GA, Castro Júnior GD, Dias RB, Prado Ribeiro AC, Brandão TB. Osteonecrosis of the mandible associated with bevacizumab therapy. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol. 2013;115(6):e32-6.) Confirmando a descrição da literatura, os principais fatores de risco/desencadeantes encontrados foram exodontias em 50% dos casos (n=9),(44. Erovigni F, Gambino A, Cabras M, Fasciolo A, Bianchi SD, Bellini E, et al. Delayed Diagnosis of Osteonecrosis of the Jaw (ONJ) Associated with Bevacizumab Therapy in Colorectal Cancer Patients: Report of Two Cases. Dent J (Basel). 2016;4(4):E39.,99. Greuter S, Schmid F, Ruhstaller T, Thuerlimann B. Bevacizumab-associated osteonecrosis of the jaw. Ann Oncol. 2008;19(12):2091-2.1111. Koch FP, Walter C, Hansen T, Jager E, Wagner W. Osteonecrosis of the jaw related to sunitinib. Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2011;15(1):63-6.,1515. Fleissig Y, Regev E, Lehman H. Sunitinib related osteonecrosis of jaw: a case report. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol. 2012;113(3):e1-3.,1616. Magremanne M, Lahon M, De Ceulaer J, Reychler H. Unusual bevacizumab-related complication of an oral infection. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2013;71(1): 53-5,1818. Marino R, Orlandi F, Arecco F, Gandolfo S, Pentenero M. Osteonecrosis of the jaw in a patient receiving cabozantinib. Aust Dent J. 2015;60(4):528-31.,1919. Garuti F, Camelli V, Spinardi L, Bucci L, Trevisani F. Osteonecrosis of the jaw during sorafenib therapy for hepatocellular carcinoma. Tumori. 2016; 102(Suppl 2):S69-70.) Avulsão atraumática representou 11,1% dos casos (n=2);(55. Ponzetti A, Pinta F, Spadi R, Mecca C, Fanchini L, Zanini M, et al. Jaw osteonecrosis associated with aflibercept, irinotecan and fluorouracil: attention to oral district. Tumori. 2016;102(Suppl 2):S74-7. Review.,1212. Bettini G, Blandamura S, Saia G, Bedogni A. Bevacizumab-related osteonecrosis of the mandible is a self-limiting disease process. BMJ Case Rep. 2012;2012. pii:bcr2012007284.) trauma (n=1),(1313. Nicolatou-Galitis O, Migkou M, Psyrri A, Bamias A, Pectasides D, Economopoulos T, et al. Gingival bleeding and jaw bone necrosis in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma receiving sunitinib: report of 2 cases with clinical implications. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol. 2012; 113(2):234-8.) erupção (n=1)(33. Brunamonti Binello P, Bandelloni R, Labanca M, Buffoli B, Rezzani R, Rodella LF. Osteonecrosis of the jaws and bevacizumab therapy: a case report. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol. 2012;25(3):789-91.) e abcesso (n=1)(88. Pakosch D, Papadimas D, Munding J, Kawa D, Kriwalsky MS. Osteonecrosis of the mandible due to anti-angiogenic agent, bevacizumab. Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2013;17(4):303-6.) representaram 15,8% do total. Houve o desenvolvimento de OMAA de forma espontânea em 22,2% dos relatos de casos (n=4).(11. Estilo CL, Fornier M, Farooki A, Carlson D, Bohle G 3rd, Huryn JM. Osteonecrosis of the jaw related to bevacizumab. J Clin Oncol. 2008;26(24):4037-8.,22. Dişel U, Beşen AA, Özyılkan Ö, Er E, Canpolat T. A case report of bevacizumab-related osteonecrosis of the jaw: old problem, new culprit. Oral Oncol. 2012; 48(2):e2-3.,1414. Hopp RN, Pucci J, Santos-Silva AR, Jorge J. Osteonecrosis after administration of intravitreous bevacizumab. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2012;70(3):632-5.,1717. Santos-Silva AR, Belizário GA, Castro Júnior GD, Dias RB, Prado Ribeiro AC, Brandão TB. Osteonecrosis of the mandible associated with bevacizumab therapy. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol. 2013;115(6):e32-6.) Em um dos artigos, o fator desencadeante não foi relatado.(66. Jung TY. Osteonecrosis of jaw after antiangiogenic agent administration in a renal cell carcinoma patient. Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Cases. 2017; 3(2):27-33.)

Os casos de OMAA devem ser tratados de acordo com o proposto pela AAOMS,(77. Ruggiero SL, Dodson TB, Fantasia J, Goodday R, Aghaloo T, Mehrotra B, et al. American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons position paper on medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaw - 2014 update. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2014;72(10):1938-56. Erratum in: J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2015;73(9):1879. Erratum in: J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2015;73(7):1440.) ou seja, considerando seu estadiamento. Nesta revisão, observamos que os tratamentos mais realizados foram antibioticoterapia em 63,2% dos casos (n=12),(33. Brunamonti Binello P, Bandelloni R, Labanca M, Buffoli B, Rezzani R, Rodella LF. Osteonecrosis of the jaws and bevacizumab therapy: a case report. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol. 2012;25(3):789-91.,44. Erovigni F, Gambino A, Cabras M, Fasciolo A, Bianchi SD, Bellini E, et al. Delayed Diagnosis of Osteonecrosis of the Jaw (ONJ) Associated with Bevacizumab Therapy in Colorectal Cancer Patients: Report of Two Cases. Dent J (Basel). 2016;4(4):E39.,66. Jung TY. Osteonecrosis of jaw after antiangiogenic agent administration in a renal cell carcinoma patient. Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Cases. 2017; 3(2):27-33.,88. Pakosch D, Papadimas D, Munding J, Kawa D, Kriwalsky MS. Osteonecrosis of the mandible due to anti-angiogenic agent, bevacizumab. Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2013;17(4):303-6.,1010. Serra E, Paolantonio M, Spoto G, Mastrangelo F, Tete S, Dolci M. Bevacizumab-related osteneocrosis of the jaw. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol. 2009; 22(4):1121-3.,1212. Bettini G, Blandamura S, Saia G, Bedogni A. Bevacizumab-related osteonecrosis of the mandible is a self-limiting disease process. BMJ Case Rep. 2012;2012. pii:bcr2012007284.1616. Magremanne M, Lahon M, De Ceulaer J, Reychler H. Unusual bevacizumab-related complication of an oral infection. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2013;71(1): 53-5,1818. Marino R, Orlandi F, Arecco F, Gandolfo S, Pentenero M. Osteonecrosis of the jaw in a patient receiving cabozantinib. Aust Dent J. 2015;60(4):528-31.) enxaguatório bucal antimicrobiano em 52,6% (n=10),(11. Estilo CL, Fornier M, Farooki A, Carlson D, Bohle G 3rd, Huryn JM. Osteonecrosis of the jaw related to bevacizumab. J Clin Oncol. 2008;26(24):4037-8.,44. Erovigni F, Gambino A, Cabras M, Fasciolo A, Bianchi SD, Bellini E, et al. Delayed Diagnosis of Osteonecrosis of the Jaw (ONJ) Associated with Bevacizumab Therapy in Colorectal Cancer Patients: Report of Two Cases. Dent J (Basel). 2016;4(4):E39.,88. Pakosch D, Papadimas D, Munding J, Kawa D, Kriwalsky MS. Osteonecrosis of the mandible due to anti-angiogenic agent, bevacizumab. Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2013;17(4):303-6.,99. Greuter S, Schmid F, Ruhstaller T, Thuerlimann B. Bevacizumab-associated osteonecrosis of the jaw. Ann Oncol. 2008;19(12):2091-2.,1313. Nicolatou-Galitis O, Migkou M, Psyrri A, Bamias A, Pectasides D, Economopoulos T, et al. Gingival bleeding and jaw bone necrosis in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma receiving sunitinib: report of 2 cases with clinical implications. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol. 2012; 113(2):234-8.,1414. Hopp RN, Pucci J, Santos-Silva AR, Jorge J. Osteonecrosis after administration of intravitreous bevacizumab. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2012;70(3):632-5.,1616. Magremanne M, Lahon M, De Ceulaer J, Reychler H. Unusual bevacizumab-related complication of an oral infection. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2013;71(1): 53-51818. Marino R, Orlandi F, Arecco F, Gandolfo S, Pentenero M. Osteonecrosis of the jaw in a patient receiving cabozantinib. Aust Dent J. 2015;60(4):528-31.) interrupção do antiangiogênico em 42,1% (n=8),(11. Estilo CL, Fornier M, Farooki A, Carlson D, Bohle G 3rd, Huryn JM. Osteonecrosis of the jaw related to bevacizumab. J Clin Oncol. 2008;26(24):4037-8.,55. Ponzetti A, Pinta F, Spadi R, Mecca C, Fanchini L, Zanini M, et al. Jaw osteonecrosis associated with aflibercept, irinotecan and fluorouracil: attention to oral district. Tumori. 2016;102(Suppl 2):S74-7. Review.,66. Jung TY. Osteonecrosis of jaw after antiangiogenic agent administration in a renal cell carcinoma patient. Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Cases. 2017; 3(2):27-33.,88. Pakosch D, Papadimas D, Munding J, Kawa D, Kriwalsky MS. Osteonecrosis of the mandible due to anti-angiogenic agent, bevacizumab. Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2013;17(4):303-6.,1313. Nicolatou-Galitis O, Migkou M, Psyrri A, Bamias A, Pectasides D, Economopoulos T, et al. Gingival bleeding and jaw bone necrosis in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma receiving sunitinib: report of 2 cases with clinical implications. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol. 2012; 113(2):234-8.,1515. Fleissig Y, Regev E, Lehman H. Sunitinib related osteonecrosis of jaw: a case report. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol. 2012;113(3):e1-3.,1919. Garuti F, Camelli V, Spinardi L, Bucci L, Trevisani F. Osteonecrosis of the jaw during sorafenib therapy for hepatocellular carcinoma. Tumori. 2016; 102(Suppl 2):S69-70.) remoção do osso exposto em 42,1% (n=8),(11. Estilo CL, Fornier M, Farooki A, Carlson D, Bohle G 3rd, Huryn JM. Osteonecrosis of the jaw related to bevacizumab. J Clin Oncol. 2008;26(24):4037-8.,33. Brunamonti Binello P, Bandelloni R, Labanca M, Buffoli B, Rezzani R, Rodella LF. Osteonecrosis of the jaws and bevacizumab therapy: a case report. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol. 2012;25(3):789-91.,88. Pakosch D, Papadimas D, Munding J, Kawa D, Kriwalsky MS. Osteonecrosis of the mandible due to anti-angiogenic agent, bevacizumab. Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2013;17(4):303-6.1111. Koch FP, Walter C, Hansen T, Jager E, Wagner W. Osteonecrosis of the jaw related to sunitinib. Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2011;15(1):63-6.,1414. Hopp RN, Pucci J, Santos-Silva AR, Jorge J. Osteonecrosis after administration of intravitreous bevacizumab. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2012;70(3):632-5.,1818. Marino R, Orlandi F, Arecco F, Gandolfo S, Pentenero M. Osteonecrosis of the jaw in a patient receiving cabozantinib. Aust Dent J. 2015;60(4):528-31.) seguido de desbridamento de tecido mole (n=2),(1616. Magremanne M, Lahon M, De Ceulaer J, Reychler H. Unusual bevacizumab-related complication of an oral infection. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2013;71(1): 53-5,1818. Marino R, Orlandi F, Arecco F, Gandolfo S, Pentenero M. Osteonecrosis of the jaw in a patient receiving cabozantinib. Aust Dent J. 2015;60(4):528-31.) curativo (n=2),(22. Dişel U, Beşen AA, Özyılkan Ö, Er E, Canpolat T. A case report of bevacizumab-related osteonecrosis of the jaw: old problem, new culprit. Oral Oncol. 2012; 48(2):e2-3.,1616. Magremanne M, Lahon M, De Ceulaer J, Reychler H. Unusual bevacizumab-related complication of an oral infection. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2013;71(1): 53-5) laserterapia (n=2),(44. Erovigni F, Gambino A, Cabras M, Fasciolo A, Bianchi SD, Bellini E, et al. Delayed Diagnosis of Osteonecrosis of the Jaw (ONJ) Associated with Bevacizumab Therapy in Colorectal Cancer Patients: Report of Two Cases. Dent J (Basel). 2016;4(4):E39.,55. Ponzetti A, Pinta F, Spadi R, Mecca C, Fanchini L, Zanini M, et al. Jaw osteonecrosis associated with aflibercept, irinotecan and fluorouracil: attention to oral district. Tumori. 2016;102(Suppl 2):S74-7. Review.) sonda nasogástrica para interrupção da alimentação oral (n=2),(88. Pakosch D, Papadimas D, Munding J, Kawa D, Kriwalsky MS. Osteonecrosis of the mandible due to anti-angiogenic agent, bevacizumab. Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2013;17(4):303-6.,1616. Magremanne M, Lahon M, De Ceulaer J, Reychler H. Unusual bevacizumab-related complication of an oral infection. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2013;71(1): 53-5) que representaram 10,5% cada. Curetagem (n=1),(22. Dişel U, Beşen AA, Özyılkan Ö, Er E, Canpolat T. A case report of bevacizumab-related osteonecrosis of the jaw: old problem, new culprit. Oral Oncol. 2012; 48(2):e2-3.) remoção de prótese total (n=1),(1212. Bettini G, Blandamura S, Saia G, Bedogni A. Bevacizumab-related osteonecrosis of the mandible is a self-limiting disease process. BMJ Case Rep. 2012;2012. pii:bcr2012007284.) drenagem de abcesso (n=1),(88. Pakosch D, Papadimas D, Munding J, Kawa D, Kriwalsky MS. Osteonecrosis of the mandible due to anti-angiogenic agent, bevacizumab. Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2013;17(4):303-6.) drenagem seio maxilar (n=1)(99. Greuter S, Schmid F, Ruhstaller T, Thuerlimann B. Bevacizumab-associated osteonecrosis of the jaw. Ann Oncol. 2008;19(12):2091-2.) e remoção de implante (n=1)(66. Jung TY. Osteonecrosis of jaw after antiangiogenic agent administration in a renal cell carcinoma patient. Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Cases. 2017; 3(2):27-33.) representaram 26,3% dos casos restantes. Nos estágios iniciais, o tratamento pode ser realizado de forma mais conservadora, entretanto nos casos mais graves, é necessária a intervenção cirúrgica, almejando a estabilidade do OMAA.(77. Ruggiero SL, Dodson TB, Fantasia J, Goodday R, Aghaloo T, Mehrotra B, et al. American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons position paper on medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaw - 2014 update. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2014;72(10):1938-56. Erratum in: J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2015;73(9):1879. Erratum in: J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2015;73(7):1440.,1515. Fleissig Y, Regev E, Lehman H. Sunitinib related osteonecrosis of jaw: a case report. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol. 2012;113(3):e1-3.,1717. Santos-Silva AR, Belizário GA, Castro Júnior GD, Dias RB, Prado Ribeiro AC, Brandão TB. Osteonecrosis of the mandible associated with bevacizumab therapy. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol. 2013;115(6):e32-6.)

Alguns autores acreditam que fatores predisponentes podem aumentar o risco de desenvolvimento da OMAA, como tabagismo e diabetes,(55. Ponzetti A, Pinta F, Spadi R, Mecca C, Fanchini L, Zanini M, et al. Jaw osteonecrosis associated with aflibercept, irinotecan and fluorouracil: attention to oral district. Tumori. 2016;102(Suppl 2):S74-7. Review.,77. Ruggiero SL, Dodson TB, Fantasia J, Goodday R, Aghaloo T, Mehrotra B, et al. American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons position paper on medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaw - 2014 update. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2014;72(10):1938-56. Erratum in: J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2015;73(9):1879. Erratum in: J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2015;73(7):1440.,1111. Koch FP, Walter C, Hansen T, Jager E, Wagner W. Osteonecrosis of the jaw related to sunitinib. Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2011;15(1):63-6.,1212. Bettini G, Blandamura S, Saia G, Bedogni A. Bevacizumab-related osteonecrosis of the mandible is a self-limiting disease process. BMJ Case Rep. 2012;2012. pii:bcr2012007284.) etilismo,(55. Ponzetti A, Pinta F, Spadi R, Mecca C, Fanchini L, Zanini M, et al. Jaw osteonecrosis associated with aflibercept, irinotecan and fluorouracil: attention to oral district. Tumori. 2016;102(Suppl 2):S74-7. Review.) anemia, entre outros. De acordo com a AAOMS, estudos padronizados e com evidências concretas devem ser realizados para comprovar a influência de outras comorbidades e/ou fatores predisponentes no desenvolvimento da OMAA.(77. Ruggiero SL, Dodson TB, Fantasia J, Goodday R, Aghaloo T, Mehrotra B, et al. American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons position paper on medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaw - 2014 update. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2014;72(10):1938-56. Erratum in: J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2015;73(9):1879. Erratum in: J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2015;73(7):1440.)

Em dois relatos de casos,(11. Estilo CL, Fornier M, Farooki A, Carlson D, Bohle G 3rd, Huryn JM. Osteonecrosis of the jaw related to bevacizumab. J Clin Oncol. 2008;26(24):4037-8.,1818. Marino R, Orlandi F, Arecco F, Gandolfo S, Pentenero M. Osteonecrosis of the jaw in a patient receiving cabozantinib. Aust Dent J. 2015;60(4):528-31.) os pacientes foram submetidos à radioterapia, porém em região diferente da afetada pela OMAA sendo, portanto, incluídos nesta revisão. Em um relato de caso,(1010. Serra E, Paolantonio M, Spoto G, Mastrangelo F, Tete S, Dolci M. Bevacizumab-related osteneocrosis of the jaw. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol. 2009; 22(4):1121-3.) o paciente estava na vigência do tratamento da OMAA e iniciou terapia com ácido zoledrônico. Pelo fato de a OMAA ter sido diagnosticada antes do uso do bisfosfonato, o relato de caso foi incluído para análise.

Os desfechos dos casos relatados nesta revisão demonstram que, após os tratamentos realizados, a OMAA pode permanecer estável, ou seja, sem infecção, sem sintomatologia e sem progressão; entretanto seu desaparecimento completo não é alcançado.(77. Ruggiero SL, Dodson TB, Fantasia J, Goodday R, Aghaloo T, Mehrotra B, et al. American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons position paper on medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaw - 2014 update. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2014;72(10):1938-56. Erratum in: J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2015;73(9):1879. Erratum in: J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2015;73(7):1440.) O tempo para que se atinja a estabilidade da OMAA varia de acordo com a idade do paciente, o estágio de evolução e o tempo de uso do medicamento antiangiogênico.(77. Ruggiero SL, Dodson TB, Fantasia J, Goodday R, Aghaloo T, Mehrotra B, et al. American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons position paper on medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaw - 2014 update. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2014;72(10):1938-56. Erratum in: J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2015;73(9):1879. Erratum in: J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2015;73(7):1440.,1212. Bettini G, Blandamura S, Saia G, Bedogni A. Bevacizumab-related osteonecrosis of the mandible is a self-limiting disease process. BMJ Case Rep. 2012;2012. pii:bcr2012007284.)

CONCLUSÃO

É de extrema importância que os pacientes que iniciarão tratamento com agentes antiangiogênicos realizem avaliação odontológica criteriosa previamente à terapia visando à adequação da cavidade oral, prevenindo infecções e a necessidade de procedimentos invasivos, e evitando, assim, a osteonecrose dos maxilares.

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Datas de Publicação

  • Publicação nesta coleção
    18 Jul 2019
  • Data do Fascículo
    2019

Histórico

  • Recebido
    08 Jun 2018
  • Aceito
    10 Fev 2019
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