Relationship between isotopic composition (Δ18O and Δ13C) and plaktonic foraminifera test size in core tops from the Brazilian Continental Margin

Franco-Fraguas, Paula; Costa, Karen Badaraco; Toledo, Felipe Antonio de Lima

Abstracts

Stable oxygen (δ18O) and carbon (δ13C) isotopic signature registered in fossil planktonic foraminifera tests are widely used to reconstruct ancient oceanographic conditions. Test size is a major source of stable isotope variability in planktonic foraminifera found in sediment samples and thus can compromise paleoceanographic interpretations. Test size/stable isotope (δ18O and δ13C) relationships were evaluated in two planktonic foraminifer species (Globigerinoides ruber (white) and Globorotalia truncatulinoides (right)) in two core tops from the Brazilian Continental Margin. δ18 Omeasurements were used to predict the depth of calcification of each test size fraction. δ13C offsets for each test size fraction were then estimated. No systematic δ18O changes with size were observed in G. ruber (white) suggesting a similar calcification depth range (c.a. 100 m) during ontogeny. For G. truncatulinoides (right) δ18O values increased with size indicating ontogenetic migration along thermocline waters (250-400 m). δ13C measurements and δ13C offsets increased with size for both species reflecting well known physiological induced ontogenetic-related variability. In G. ruber (white) the largest test size fractions (300µm and >355µm) more closely reflect δ13C DIC indicating they are best suited for paleoceanographic studies.

Planktonic foraminifera; Stable isotopes; Test size

O tamanho de testa dos foraminíferos é uma importante fonte de variabilidade isotópica (δ18O e δ13C) em amostras de sedimento marinho comprometendo as interpretações paloeceanograficas. No presente estudo, avaliou-se a relação entre o sinal isotópico medido em diferentes frações de tamanho de testa das espécies planctônicas, Globigerinoides ruber (branca) e Globorotalia truncatulinoides (dextral) em amostras de topo de dois testemunhos localizados na Margem Continental Brasileira. Os valores de δ18O foram utilizados para estimar a profundidade de calcificação de cada fração de tamanho. Os desequilíbrios nos valores de δ13C para cada fração de tamanho foram estimados. Os valores de δ18O em G. ruber (branca) não apresentaram tendência com o tamanho sugerindo que calcifica dentro de um mesmo intervalo de profundidade (c.a. 100 m) durante a ontogenia. Os valores de δ18O em G. truncatulinoides (dextral) apresentaram aumento com o tamanho refletindo a migração ontogênica em águas da termoclina (250-400 m). Os valores e desequilíbrios de δ13C aumentaram com o tamanho nas duas espécies indicando o efeito da variação nas taxas fisiológicas durante a ontogenia. Em G. ruber (white) os valores de δ13C dos maiores tamanhos (300µm e >355µm) refletem melhor os valores de δ13C DIC indicando que são mais apropriados para utilizar nas reconstruções paleoceanograficas.

Foraminíferos planctônicos; Isótopos estáveis; Tamanho testas

ANTONOV, J. I.; LOCARNINI, R. A.; BOYER, T. P.; MISHONOV, A. V.; GARCIA, H. E. World Ocean Atlas, 2005, v.2: Salinity.
LEVITUS, S. (Ed.). NOAA Atlas NESDIS G2, U.S. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 2006. 182 p.
ARZ, H. W.; PATZOLD, J.; WEFER, G. Correlated millennia-scale changes in surface hydrography and terrigenous sediment yield inferred from last-glacial marine deposits off northeastern Brazil. Quat. Res., v. 50, p. 157-166, 1998.
ARZ, H. W.; PATZOLD, J.; WEFER, G. The deglacial history of the western tropical Atlantic as inferred from high resolution stable isotope records off northeastern Brazil. Earth and planet. Sci. Letts, v. 167, p. 105-117, 1999.
BAINBRIDGE, A.E. GEOSECS Atlantic Expedition, Hydrographic Data, 1972-1973, v. 1. Washington,D. C.: US Government Printing Office, 1981. 121 p.
BARD, E. Present status of the radiocarbon calibration for the late Pleistocene. In: FOURTH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON PALEOCEANOGRAPHY. 15, GEOMAR Report, p. 52-53. GEOMAR, Kiel. 1993.
BERGER, W. H.; KILLIKGLEY, J. S.; VINCENT, E. Stable isotopes in deep-sea carbonates: Box core ERDC-92, West Equatorial Pacific. Oceanol. Acta, v. 1,n. 2,p. 203-215, 1978.
BROECKER, W. S.; MAIER-REIMER, E. The influence of air and sea exchange on the carbon isotope distribution in the sea. Glob. Biogeochem. Cycl., v. 6, n. 3, p. 315-320, 1992.
CHIESSI, C. M.; Ulrich, S.; Mulitza, S.; Patzold, J. Wefer, G.. Signature of the Brazil-Malvinas Confluence (Argentine Basin) in the isotopic composition of planktonic foraminifera from surface sediments. Mar. Micropaleontol., v. 64, p. 52-66, 2007.
DEUSER, W. G.; ROSS, E. H.; HEMLEBEN, C.; SPLINDLER, M. Seasonal changes in species composition, numbers, mass, size, and isotopic composition of planktonic foraminifera settling into the deep Sargasso Sea. Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol., v. 33, p. 103-127, 1981.
DUARTE, C. L. S.; VIANA, A. R. Santos Drift System: stratigraphic organization and implications for late Cenozoic palaeocirculation in the Santos Basin, SW Atlantic Ocean. In: VIANA, A. R.; REBESCO, M. (Ed.). Economic and Palaeoceanographic Significance of Contourite Deposits.
Geolog. Soc., London, Spec. Publs, v. 276, 171-198. 2007.
DUPLESSY, J.; BLANC, P.; BE, A. W. H. Oxygen-18 enrichment of planktonic foraminifera due to gametogenic calcification below the euphotic zone. Science, v. 213, p. 1247-1249, 1981.
ELDERFIELD, H.; VAUTRAVERS, M.; COOPER, M. The relationship between test size and Mg/Ca, Sr/Ca, δ¹⁸O and δ¹³C of species of planktonic foraminifera. Geochem. Geophys. Geosystems, v. 3, n. 8, 2002.
EMRICH, K.; ELHALT, D. H.; VOGEL, J. C. Carbon isotope fractionation during the precipitation of calcium carbonate. Earth planet. Sci. Letts, v. 8, p. 363-371, 1970.
GARFIELD, N. The Brazil Current at subtropical latitudes PhD thesis, University of Rhode Island, Narragansett. 1990.
FRENZ, M.; HENRICH, R. Carbonate dissolution revealed by silt grain-size distribution: comparison of Holocene and Last Glacial Maximum sediments from the pelagic South Atlantic. Sedimentology, v. 54, n. 2, p. 391-404, 2007.
HEMLEBEN, C.; SPINDLER, M.; ANDERSON, O. R. (Ed.). Shell Ontogeny. In: Modern Planktonic Foraminifera New York: Springer-Verlag, 1989. p. 221-257.
HUT, G. Consultants group meeting on the stable isotope reference samples for geochemical and hydrological investigations, Rep, to Dir. Ge., Int. At. Energy Agency, Vienna, 1987. 42 p.
KIM, S. T.; O'NEIL, J. R. Equilibrium and nonequilibrium oxygen isotope effects in synthetic carbonates. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, v. 61, p. 3461-3475, 1997.
KROON, D.; DARLING, K. Size and upwelling control of the stable isotope composition of Neogloboquadrina dutertrei (D'Orbigny), Globigerinoides ruber (D'Orbigny) and Globigerina bulloides (D'Orbigny): examples from the Panama Basin and Arabian Sea. J. Foram. Res., v. 25, n. 1, p. 39-52, 1995.
LEGRANDE, A. N.; SCHMIDT, G. A. Global gridded data set of the oxygen isotopic composition in seawater. Geophys. Res. Lett., v.33, L12604, doi:10.1029/2006GL026011, 2006.
LOCARNINI, R. A.; MISHONOV, A. V.; ANTONOV, J. I.; BOYER, T. P.; GARCIA, H. E. World Ocean Atlas, 2005, v. I: Temperature.
LEVITUS, S. (Ed.). NOAA Atlas NESDIS G1, U.S. Washington,D.C.: Government Printing Office, 2006, 182 p.
LOHMANN, G. P. A model for variation in the chemistry of planktonic foraminifera due to secondary calcification and selective dissolution. Paleoceanography, v. 10, n. 3, p. 445-457, 1995.
LOWEMARK, L.; HONG, W.; YUI, T.; HUNG, G. A test of different factors influencing the isotopic signal of planktonic foraminifera in surface sediments from the South China Sea. Mar. Micropaleontol., v. 55, p. 49-62, 2005.
MARTINSON, D.G., PISIAS, N.G., HAYS, J.D., IMBRIE, J., T. C. MOORE, J. E SHACKLETON, N.J. Age Dating and the Orbital Theory of the Ice Ages: Development of a High-Resolution 0 to 300,000-Year Chronostratigraphy. Quat. Res., v. 27, p. 1-29, 1987.
MULITZA, S.; DURKOOP, A.; HALE, W.; WEFER, G.; NIEBLER, H. S. Planktonic foraminifera as recorders of past surface-water stratification. Geology, 25(4), 335-338, 1997.
MULITZA, S.; DONNER, B.; FISCHER, G.; PAUL, A.; PATZOLD, J.; RUHLEMANN, C.; SEGL, M. The South Atlantic oxygen isotope record of planktonic foraminifera. In: WEFER, G., MULITZA, S. RATMEYER, V (Ed.). The South Atlantic in the Late Quaternary: Reconstruction of Material budgets and current systems. Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 2003. p. 121-142.
NIEBLER, H. S.; HUBBERTEN, H. W.; GERSONDE, R. Oxygen isotope values of planktic foraminifera: a tool for the reconstruction of surface water stratification. In: FISHER, G.; WEFER, G. (Ed.). Use of proxies in Paleoceanography: Examples from the South Atlantic. Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg, 1999, p. 165-189.
OPPO, D. W.; FARIBANKS, R. G. Carbon isotope composition of tropical surface water during the past 22,000 years. Paleoceanography, v. 4, n. 4, p. 333-351, 1989.
RAVELO, A. C.; FAIRBANKS, R. G. Oxygen isotopic composition of multiple species of planktonic foraminifera: recorders of the modern photic zone temperature gradient. Paleoceanography, v. 7, n. 6, p. 815-831, 1992.
RAVELO, A. C.; FAIRBANKS, R. G. Carbon isotopic fractionation in multiple species of planktonic foraminifera from core-tops in the Tropical Atlantic. J. Foramin. Res., v. 25, n. 1, p. 53-74, 1995.
ROHLING, E. J.; COOKE, S. Stable oxygen and carbon isotopes in foraminiferal carbonate shells. In: BARUN, K. SEN GUPTA (Ed.). Modern foraminifera Kluwer Academic Publishers, Printed in Great Britain. 1999, p. 239-258.
ROMANEK, C. S.; GROSSMAN, E. L.; MORSE, J. W. Carbon isotopic fractionation in synthetic aragonite and calcite: effects of temperature and precipitation rate. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, v. 56, p. 419-430, 1992.
SHACKLETON, N. Attainment of isotopic equilibrium between ocean water and the benthonic foraminifera genus Uvigerina: Isotopic changes in the ocean during the last glacial: Colloques Internationaux Du C.N.R.S., v.219, p. 203-209, 1974
SILVEIRA, I, C; SCHMIDT, A. C. K; CAMPOS, E. J.; GODOI, S. S.; IKEDA, Y. A corrente do Brasil ao largo da Costa Leste Brasileira. Rev. Bras. Oceanogr., v. 48, n. 2, p. 171-183, 2000.
SPERO, H. J.; BIJMA, J.; LEA, D. W.; BEMIS, B. E. Effect ion seawater carbonate concentration on the foraminiferal carbon and oxygen isotopes. Nature, v. 390, p. 497-500, 1997.
SPERO, H. J.; LEA, D. W. Intraspecific stable isotope variability in the planktic foraminifera Globigerinoides sacculifer: Results from laboratory experiments. Mar. Micropaleontol., v. 22, p. 221-234, 1993.
TOLEDO, F. A. L.; COSTA, K. B.; CAMILLO Jr., E.; QUADROS, J. P. Inferências sobre taxas de Sedimentação através do estudo de isótopos de oxigênio em Foraminíferos Bentônicos. In: CONGRESSO DA ASSOCIAÇÃO BRASILEIRA DE ESTUDOS DO QUATERNÁRIO, X, Guarapari -ES. Boletim de Resumos Expandidos. ABEQUA, X, v. 1, p. 72-77, 2005.
TOLEDO, F. A. L.; CACHÃO, M.; COSTA, K. B.; PIVEL, M. A. G. Planktonic foraminifera, calcareous nannoplankton and ascidian variations during the last 25 kyr in the Southwestern Atlantic: A paleoproductivity signature? Mar. Micropaleont., v. 64, p. 67-79, 2007.
TOMCZAK, M.; GODFREY, J. Regional oceanography: an introductionNew York: Elsevier, 1994. 422 p.
UNDERWOOD, A. J. Experiments in ecology -Their logical design and interpretation using analysis of variance. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997.
VAN MORKHOVEN, F. P. C. M.; BERGGREN, W. A.; EDWARDS, A. S. Cenozoic cosmopolitan deep-water benthic foraminifera. Oertli, H. J (Ed.). Elf Aquitaine, Pau. Bull. Cent. Rech. Explor.-Prod., Mem n. 11. 1986.
WAELBROECK, C.; MULITZA, S.; SPERO, H.; DOKKEN, T.; KIEFER, T.; CORTIJO, E. A global compilation of late Holocene planktonic foraminiferal δ¹⁸O: relationship between surface water temperature and δ¹⁸O. Quat. Sci. Rev., v. 24, p. 853-868, 2005.
WEFER, G.; BERGER, W. H.; BIJMA, J.: FISCHER, G. Clues to Ocean History: a Brief Overview of Proxies. In: FISCHER, G. WEFER, G (Ed.). Use of Proxies in Paleoceanography: Examples from the South Atlantic. Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 1999. p. 1-68.
WILLIAMS, D. F.; BE, A. W. H.; FAIRBANKS, R. G. Seasonal stable isotopic variations in living foraminifera from Bermuda plankton tows. Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol., v. 33, p. 71-102, 1981.
WOLF-GLADROW, D. A.; BIJMA, J.; ZEEBE, R. E. Model simulation of the carbonate chemistry in the microenvironment of symbiont bearing foraminifera. Mar. Chem., v. 64, p. 181-198, 1999.
ZEEBE, R. E.; BIJMA, J.; WOLF-GLADROW, D. A. A diffusion-reaction model of carbon isotope fractionation in foraminifera. Mar. Chem., v. 64, p. 199-227, 1999.

Publication Dates

Publication in this collection
03 Feb 2012
Date of issue
Dec 2011

History

Accepted
11 June 2011
Reviewed
31 May 2011
Received
07 Aug 2010

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

[1] ANTONOV, J. I.; LOCARNINI, R. A.; BOYER, T. P.; MISHONOV, A. V.; GARCIA, H. E. World Ocean Atlas, 2005, v.2: Salinity.

[2] LEVITUS, S. (Ed.). NOAA Atlas NESDIS G2, U.S. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 2006. 182 p.

[3] ARZ, H. W.; PATZOLD, J.; WEFER, G. Correlated millennia-scale changes in surface hydrography and terrigenous sediment yield inferred from last-glacial marine deposits off northeastern Brazil. Quat. Res., v. 50, p. 157-166, 1998.

[4] ARZ, H. W.; PATZOLD, J.; WEFER, G. The deglacial history of the western tropical Atlantic as inferred from high resolution stable isotope records off northeastern Brazil. Earth and planet. Sci. Letts, v. 167, p. 105-117, 1999.

[5] BAINBRIDGE, A.E. GEOSECS Atlantic Expedition, Hydrographic Data, 1972-1973, v. 1. Washington,D. C.: US Government Printing Office, 1981. 121 p.

[6] BARD, E. Present status of the radiocarbon calibration for the late Pleistocene. In: FOURTH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON PALEOCEANOGRAPHY. 15, GEOMAR Report, p. 52-53. GEOMAR, Kiel. 1993.

[7] BERGER, W. H.; KILLIKGLEY, J. S.; VINCENT, E. Stable isotopes in deep-sea carbonates: Box core ERDC-92, West Equatorial Pacific. Oceanol. Acta, v. 1,n. 2,p. 203-215, 1978.

[8] BROECKER, W. S.; MAIER-REIMER, E. The influence of air and sea exchange on the carbon isotope distribution in the sea. Glob. Biogeochem. Cycl., v. 6, n. 3, p. 315-320, 1992.

[9] CHIESSI, C. M.; Ulrich, S.; Mulitza, S.; Patzold, J. Wefer, G.. Signature of the Brazil-Malvinas Confluence (Argentine Basin) in the isotopic composition of planktonic foraminifera from surface sediments. Mar. Micropaleontol., v. 64, p. 52-66, 2007.

[10] DEUSER, W. G.; ROSS, E. H.; HEMLEBEN, C.; SPLINDLER, M. Seasonal changes in species composition, numbers, mass, size, and isotopic composition of planktonic foraminifera settling into the deep Sargasso Sea. Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol., v. 33, p. 103-127, 1981.

[11] DUARTE, C. L. S.; VIANA, A. R. Santos Drift System: stratigraphic organization and implications for late Cenozoic palaeocirculation in the Santos Basin, SW Atlantic Ocean. In: VIANA, A. R.; REBESCO, M. (Ed.). Economic and Palaeoceanographic Significance of Contourite Deposits.

[12] Geolog. Soc., London, Spec. Publs, v. 276, 171-198. 2007.

[13] DUPLESSY, J.; BLANC, P.; BE, A. W. H. Oxygen-18 enrichment of planktonic foraminifera due to gametogenic calcification below the euphotic zone. Science, v. 213, p. 1247-1249, 1981.

[14] ELDERFIELD, H.; VAUTRAVERS, M.; COOPER, M. The relationship between test size and Mg/Ca, Sr/Ca, δ¹⁸O and δ¹³C of species of planktonic foraminifera. Geochem. Geophys. Geosystems, v. 3, n. 8, 2002.

[15] EMRICH, K.; ELHALT, D. H.; VOGEL, J. C. Carbon isotope fractionation during the precipitation of calcium carbonate. Earth planet. Sci. Letts, v. 8, p. 363-371, 1970.

[16] GARFIELD, N. The Brazil Current at subtropical latitudes PhD thesis, University of Rhode Island, Narragansett. 1990.

[17] FRENZ, M.; HENRICH, R. Carbonate dissolution revealed by silt grain-size distribution: comparison of Holocene and Last Glacial Maximum sediments from the pelagic South Atlantic. Sedimentology, v. 54, n. 2, p. 391-404, 2007.

[18] HEMLEBEN, C.; SPINDLER, M.; ANDERSON, O. R. (Ed.). Shell Ontogeny. In: Modern Planktonic Foraminifera New York: Springer-Verlag, 1989. p. 221-257.

[19] HUT, G. Consultants group meeting on the stable isotope reference samples for geochemical and hydrological investigations, Rep, to Dir. Ge., Int. At. Energy Agency, Vienna, 1987. 42 p.

[21] KIM, S. T.; O'NEIL, J. R. Equilibrium and nonequilibrium oxygen isotope effects in synthetic carbonates. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, v. 61, p. 3461-3475, 1997.

[22] KROON, D.; DARLING, K. Size and upwelling control of the stable isotope composition of Neogloboquadrina dutertrei (D'Orbigny), Globigerinoides ruber (D'Orbigny) and Globigerina bulloides (D'Orbigny): examples from the Panama Basin and Arabian Sea. J. Foram. Res., v. 25, n. 1, p. 39-52, 1995.

[23] LEGRANDE, A. N.; SCHMIDT, G. A. Global gridded data set of the oxygen isotopic composition in seawater. Geophys. Res. Lett., v.33, L12604, doi:10.1029/2006GL026011, 2006.

[24] LOCARNINI, R. A.; MISHONOV, A. V.; ANTONOV, J. I.; BOYER, T. P.; GARCIA, H. E. World Ocean Atlas, 2005, v. I: Temperature.

[25] LEVITUS, S. (Ed.). NOAA Atlas NESDIS G1, U.S. Washington,D.C.: Government Printing Office, 2006, 182 p.

[26] LOHMANN, G. P. A model for variation in the chemistry of planktonic foraminifera due to secondary calcification and selective dissolution. Paleoceanography, v. 10, n. 3, p. 445-457, 1995.

[27] LOWEMARK, L.; HONG, W.; YUI, T.; HUNG, G. A test of different factors influencing the isotopic signal of planktonic foraminifera in surface sediments from the South China Sea. Mar. Micropaleontol., v. 55, p. 49-62, 2005.

[28] MARTINSON, D.G., PISIAS, N.G., HAYS, J.D., IMBRIE, J., T. C. MOORE, J. E SHACKLETON, N.J. Age Dating and the Orbital Theory of the Ice Ages: Development of a High-Resolution 0 to 300,000-Year Chronostratigraphy. Quat. Res., v. 27, p. 1-29, 1987.

[29] MULITZA, S.; DURKOOP, A.; HALE, W.; WEFER, G.; NIEBLER, H. S. Planktonic foraminifera as recorders of past surface-water stratification. Geology, 25(4), 335-338, 1997.

[30] MULITZA, S.; DONNER, B.; FISCHER, G.; PAUL, A.; PATZOLD, J.; RUHLEMANN, C.; SEGL, M. The South Atlantic oxygen isotope record of planktonic foraminifera. In: WEFER, G., MULITZA, S. RATMEYER, V (Ed.). The South Atlantic in the Late Quaternary: Reconstruction of Material budgets and current systems. Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 2003. p. 121-142.

[31] NIEBLER, H. S.; HUBBERTEN, H. W.; GERSONDE, R. Oxygen isotope values of planktic foraminifera: a tool for the reconstruction of surface water stratification. In: FISHER, G.; WEFER, G. (Ed.). Use of proxies in Paleoceanography: Examples from the South Atlantic. Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg, 1999, p. 165-189.

[32] OPPO, D. W.; FARIBANKS, R. G. Carbon isotope composition of tropical surface water during the past 22,000 years. Paleoceanography, v. 4, n. 4, p. 333-351, 1989.

[33] RAVELO, A. C.; FAIRBANKS, R. G. Oxygen isotopic composition of multiple species of planktonic foraminifera: recorders of the modern photic zone temperature gradient. Paleoceanography, v. 7, n. 6, p. 815-831, 1992.

[34] RAVELO, A. C.; FAIRBANKS, R. G. Carbon isotopic fractionation in multiple species of planktonic foraminifera from core-tops in the Tropical Atlantic. J. Foramin. Res., v. 25, n. 1, p. 53-74, 1995.

[35] ROHLING, E. J.; COOKE, S. Stable oxygen and carbon isotopes in foraminiferal carbonate shells. In: BARUN, K. SEN GUPTA (Ed.). Modern foraminifera Kluwer Academic Publishers, Printed in Great Britain. 1999, p. 239-258.

[36] ROMANEK, C. S.; GROSSMAN, E. L.; MORSE, J. W. Carbon isotopic fractionation in synthetic aragonite and calcite: effects of temperature and precipitation rate. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, v. 56, p. 419-430, 1992.

[37] SHACKLETON, N. Attainment of isotopic equilibrium between ocean water and the benthonic foraminifera genus Uvigerina: Isotopic changes in the ocean during the last glacial: Colloques Internationaux Du C.N.R.S., v.219, p. 203-209, 1974

[38] SILVEIRA, I, C; SCHMIDT, A. C. K; CAMPOS, E. J.; GODOI, S. S.; IKEDA, Y. A corrente do Brasil ao largo da Costa Leste Brasileira. Rev. Bras. Oceanogr., v. 48, n. 2, p. 171-183, 2000.

[39] SPERO, H. J.; BIJMA, J.; LEA, D. W.; BEMIS, B. E. Effect ion seawater carbonate concentration on the foraminiferal carbon and oxygen isotopes. Nature, v. 390, p. 497-500, 1997.

[40] SPERO, H. J.; LEA, D. W. Intraspecific stable isotope variability in the planktic foraminifera Globigerinoides sacculifer: Results from laboratory experiments. Mar. Micropaleontol., v. 22, p. 221-234, 1993.

[41] TOLEDO, F. A. L.; COSTA, K. B.; CAMILLO Jr., E.; QUADROS, J. P. Inferências sobre taxas de Sedimentação através do estudo de isótopos de oxigênio em Foraminíferos Bentônicos. In: CONGRESSO DA ASSOCIAÇÃO BRASILEIRA DE ESTUDOS DO QUATERNÁRIO, X, Guarapari -ES. Boletim de Resumos Expandidos. ABEQUA, X, v. 1, p. 72-77, 2005.

[42] TOLEDO, F. A. L.; CACHÃO, M.; COSTA, K. B.; PIVEL, M. A. G. Planktonic foraminifera, calcareous nannoplankton and ascidian variations during the last 25 kyr in the Southwestern Atlantic: A paleoproductivity signature? Mar. Micropaleont., v. 64, p. 67-79, 2007.

[43] TOMCZAK, M.; GODFREY, J. Regional oceanography: an introductionNew York: Elsevier, 1994. 422 p.

[44] UNDERWOOD, A. J. Experiments in ecology -Their logical design and interpretation using analysis of variance. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997.

[45] VAN MORKHOVEN, F. P. C. M.; BERGGREN, W. A.; EDWARDS, A. S. Cenozoic cosmopolitan deep-water benthic foraminifera. Oertli, H. J (Ed.). Elf Aquitaine, Pau. Bull. Cent. Rech. Explor.-Prod., Mem n. 11. 1986.

[46] WAELBROECK, C.; MULITZA, S.; SPERO, H.; DOKKEN, T.; KIEFER, T.; CORTIJO, E. A global compilation of late Holocene planktonic foraminiferal δ¹⁸O: relationship between surface water temperature and δ¹⁸O. Quat. Sci. Rev., v. 24, p. 853-868, 2005.

[47] WEFER, G.; BERGER, W. H.; BIJMA, J.: FISCHER, G. Clues to Ocean History: a Brief Overview of Proxies. In: FISCHER, G. WEFER, G (Ed.). Use of Proxies in Paleoceanography: Examples from the South Atlantic. Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 1999. p. 1-68.

[48] WILLIAMS, D. F.; BE, A. W. H.; FAIRBANKS, R. G. Seasonal stable isotopic variations in living foraminifera from Bermuda plankton tows. Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol., v. 33, p. 71-102, 1981.

[49] WOLF-GLADROW, D. A.; BIJMA, J.; ZEEBE, R. E. Model simulation of the carbonate chemistry in the microenvironment of symbiont bearing foraminifera. Mar. Chem., v. 64, p. 181-198, 1999.

[50] ZEEBE, R. E.; BIJMA, J.; WOLF-GLADROW, D. A. A diffusion-reaction model of carbon isotope fractionation in foraminifera. Mar. Chem., v. 64, p. 199-227, 1999.