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Review Articles • J. Coloproctol. (Rio J.) 40 (2) • Apr-Jun 2020 • https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcol.2019.10.002   copy

One hundred citation classics in benign anorectal disease: a bibliometric analysis of seven decades (1950‒2019)

Cem clássicos de citações em doenc¸a anorretal benigna: uma análise bibliométrica de sete décadas (1950–2019)

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

ABSTRACT

Background & aim

Bibliometric analysis is used to explore the historical development in a particular field. The aim is to identify and analyse most cited papers in benign anorectal disease in the last 7 decades (1950-2018).

Method

Thomson Reuters Web of Science database was used to find the top 100 cited articles in benign anorectal conditions. Papers were independently extracted by two investigators. The top 100 cited articles were identified and ranked according to number of citations. The articles were then sorted by author, journal, institution, country and publication date. The study subject was divided into 5 groups.

Results

The most frequently cited article received 1307 citations whereas the least cited received 154 citations. The earliest recorded article was published in 1960 and the most recent was from 2010. More than half of the articles addressed faecal incontinence and sphincter related literature (n = 54). The articles were published in 29 different journals. A majority (69%) of manuscripts originated from the USA (n = 35; 9221 citations) and UK (n = 34; 7796 citations). The origin of these top 100 classic papers was from 53 different institutions. St. Mark's Hospital in the UK had the highest number of articles (n = 21), followed by Cleveland clinic (n = 5) and University of Minnesota (n = 5).

Conclusion

The most highly cited manuscripts in benign anorectal disease cover a wide range of topics. Faecal incontinence and sphincter related articles had the highest number of citations. This review serves as a reference for researchers to find the influential papers in this field.

Keywords:
Anorectal; Benign; Bibliometric; Citations; Classics

RESUMO

Justificativa e objetivo

A análise bibliométrica é usada para explorar o desenvolvimento histórico em um campo específico. O objetivo é identificar e analisar os artigos mais citados em doença anorretal benigna nas últimas 7 décadas (1950-2018).

Método

A base de dados Thomson Reuters Web of Science foi usada para encontrar os 100 artigos mais citados em doenças anorretais benignas. Os artigos foram extraídos de forma independente por dois pesquisadores. Os 100 artigos mais citados foram identificados e classificados de acordo com o número de citações. Os artigos foram classificados por autor, revista médica, instituição, país e data de publicação. Os sujeitos do estudo foram divididos em cinco grupos.

Resultados

O artigo mais citado recebeu 1.307 citações, enquanto o menos citado recebeu 154 citações. O artigo mais antigo foi publicado em 1960 e o mais recente a partir de 2010. Mais da metade dos artigos abordou a incontinência fecal e a literatura relacionada ao esfíncter (n = 54). Os artigos foram publicados em 29 revistas diferentes. A maioria (69%) dos manuscritos é originária dos EUA (n = 35; 9.221 citações) e do Reino Unido (n = 34; 7.796 citações). Os 100 artigos clássicos mais citados são originários de 53 instituições diferentes. O St. Mark’s Hospital, no Reino Unido, teve o maior número de artigos (n = 21), seguido pela Clínica de Cleveland (n = 5) e pela Universidade de Minnesota (n = 5).

Conclusão

Os manuscritos mais citados em doença anorretal benigna abrangem uma grande variedade de tópicos. Os artigos relacionados à incontinência fecal e ao esfíncter tiveram o maior número de citações. Esta revisão serve de referência para os pesquisadores encontrarem os artigos influentes nesse campo.

Palavras-chave:
Anorretal; Benigna; Bibliométrica; Citações; Clássicos

Introduction

The diagnosis and management of benign anorectal conditions represent a significant part of the workload of colorectal surgeons.11 Sud A, Khan A. Benign anal conditions: haemorrhoids, fissures, perianal abscess, fistula-in-ano and pilonidal sinus. Surgery (Oxford). 2014;32:421-6. They are also frequently encountered by community doctors who initially see and assess these patients before hospital referral.22 Nelson RL, Abcarian H, Davis FG, Persky V. Prevalence of benign anorectal disease in a randomly selected population. Dis Colon Rectum. 1995;38:341-4.

There are landmark publications addressing benign anorectal disease that have made significant contributions to working knowledge and clinical practice. Sadly, many of these studies are not widely known among some clinicians. It would be a useful resource to have these high-impact publications in one source, enabling easy and ready access. High quality studies are more often associated with an increased number of citations.33 Moed HF. The impact-factors debate: the ISI’s uses and limits. Nature. 2002;415:731. Clinicians often base their decision-making process on findings from high impact studies.44 Sackett DL, Rosenberg WM, Gray JM, Haynes RB, Richardson WS. Evidence based medicine: what it is and what it isn’t. In: Editor ed, editor. Book Evidence based medicine: what it is and what it isn’t. City. British Medical Journal Publishing Group; 1996.

Garfield defines a citation classic as “an individual work which is cited frequently and consistently over time”.55 Garfield E. The 100 most-cited papers ever and how we select citation-classics. In: Current Contents; 1984. p. 3–9.

Bibliometric analysis is the main tool used to explore the historical development in a particular field. There are more than 140 publications in the literature on the most cited work in different disciplines. The majority of this literature has been produced in the last 5 years. These publications cover citation classics in specialties such as neurology,66 Kim JE, Park KM, Kim Y, Yoon DY, Bae JS. Citation classics in central nervous system inflammatory demyelinating disease. Brain Behav. 2017;7(6):e00700. bariatric surgery,77 Nowrouzi-Kia B, Chidu C, Carter L, McDougall A, Casole J. The top cited articles in occupational therapy: a citation analysis study. Scand J Occup Ther. 2018;25:15-26.,88 Ahmad SS, Ahmad SS, Kohl S, Ahmad S, Ahmed AR. The hundred most cited articles in bariatric surgery. Obes Surg. 2015;25:900-9. and orthopedic surgery.99 Gheiti AJC, Downey RE, Byrne DP, Molony DC, Mulhall KJ. The 25 most cited articles in arthroscopic orthopaedic surgery. Arthroscopy. 2012;28:548-64.

The importance in defining a citation classic is best explained by Dubin et al. The authors state that, acknowledgement of the most read articles in a certain field, not only emphasize the impact of the distinguished work presented by colleagues in the respective field, but also fulfils our intrigue into the historical developments of that Field.1010 Dubin D, Häfner AW, Arndt KA. Citation classics in clinical dermatologic journals: citation analysis, biomedical journals, and landmark articles, 1945‒1990. Arch Dermatol. 1993;129:1121-9.

To date, there is no similar study addressing the most influential papers in benign anorectal disease. In the present consideration, we identify and analyze the top 100 most cited papers on benign anorectal diseases. We have excluded publications on the subject of cancer as this most certainly requires a separate analysis and also is partially covered in a previous work.1111 Wrafter PF, Connelly TM, Khan J, Devane L, Kelly J, Joyce WP. The 100 most influential manuscripts in colorectal cancer: a bibliometric analysis. Surgeon. 2016;14:327-36.

Materials and methods

Thomson Reuters Web of Science database was searched on 8th July 2019. The search terms used were: “anus”, “anal”, “anorectal”, “rectal”, “rectum”, “anal fissure”, “fissure-in-ano”, “Anal fistula*”, “perianal fistula*”, “anal sepsis”, “hemorrhoid*”, “pruritus ani”, “rectal prolapse”, “procidentia”, “rectal intussusception”, “rectocele”, “proctalgia”, “Obstructed defecation”, “incontinence”, with the use of Boolean operator AND or OR.

The database was searched from the earliest available citation until the present day (1950-2019). Papers on cancer or premalignant conditions (such as AIN, HIV, HPV infections) were excluded.

The first two authors screened and extracted the papers independently. After consensus, the full text of all chosen articles was obtained for analysis.

The 100 most cited papers were retrieved and ranked according to the number of citations in descending order (Table 1).

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Table 1
The top 100 citation classics.

The full text of all chosen articles was obtained for further analysis. The compiled 100 articles were then sorted by author, journal, institution, country, and publication date.

The study subject was divided into five groups: Fecal Incontinence and sphincter related studies, anal fissures, hemorrhoids, perianal fistula and sepsis and functional disorders except fecal incontinence (rectal prolapse, solitary ulcer and obstructed defecation).

Results

Analysis of the 100 articles under consideration (Table 1 shows the ranking in descending order) revealed that the most frequently cited article received 1307 citations whereas the least cited received 154 citations. More than half of the articles addressed fecal incontinence and sphincter-related literature (n = 54). Table 2 shows the number of articles for each subject.

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Table 2
Main fields of articles.

The earliest recorded article was published in 1960 and the most recent was from 2010. The years in which the highest number of citations was published were 1999 and 2004. There was a steady increase in the number of articles across the decades that peaked in the 1990s and 2000s (34 and 33 articles respectively).

The latest publication (nº 99, 2010) in the citation classics is on “Sacral nerve stimulation for fecal incontinence: results of a 120 patient prospective multicenter study.” Whereas the oldest article (nº 36, 1960) was on “Sensory nerve‐endings and sensation in the anal region of man”.

The top 100 articles were published in 29 different journals. 69 of the 100 articles were published in 6 Journals (Table 3). DCR and BJS are the top two journals with 23 and 15 publications respectively.

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Table 3
Top 6 journals with largest number of citations.

A majority (69%) of manuscripts originated from the USA (n = 35; 9221 citations) and UK (n = 34; 7796 citations). Table 4 displays the top 8 countries of origin.

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Table 4
Top countries of origin.

The origin of these top 100 classic papers was from 53 different institutions. St. Mark's Hospital in the UK had the highest number of articles (n = 21), followed by Cleveland clinic (n = 5) and University of Minnesota (n = 5). The leading 5 institutions are shown in Table 5.

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Table 5
Top institutions.

Kamm was the most cited author with 10 publications and 3126 citations, followed by Wexner with 5 publications and 2673 citations. Table 6 shows the most frequent authors cited.

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Table 6
Most frequent authors and their institutions.

The number of authors of these manuscripts ranged from 1 to 36 with a median of 4.5 per manuscript.

Discussion

Impact factor has always been the metric used to assess the quality of published research. It has been used since 1955.1212 Garfield E. Citation indexes for science. A new dimension in documentation through association of ideas. Int J Epidemiol. 2006;35:1123-7. This has led to a skewed focus on impact factor that has made some compare it to a disease “impactitis”.1313 Casadevall A, Fang FC. Impacted science: impact is not importance. In: Editor ed, editor. Book Impacted science: impact is not importance. City: Am Soc Microbiol; 2015. Garfield suggests citation count as an alternative indicator of the quality of an article as a way to assess its impact. He introduced the concept of “citation classics”.1414 Garfield E. What is a citation classic. In: Current Contents; 2013.

We have found that most of the classics in this field were published between 1990 and 2010, an observation similar to citation classics in other medical fields.1515 Brandt J, Downing A, Howard D, Kofinas J, Chasen S. Citation classics in obstetrics and gynecology: The 100 Most Frequently Cited Journal Articles in the Last 50 Years. Obstet Anesth Digest. 2011;31:148.,1616 Ibrahim GM, Carter Snead O, Rutka JT, Lozano AM. The most cited works in epilepsy: Trends in the “Citation Classics”. Epilepsia. 2012;53:765-70. This is in contrast to the belief that older papers have more time to be cited.1717 Picknett T, Davis K. The 100 most-cited articles from JMB. J Mol Biol. 1999;293:171-4. It appears that the classics gradually get fewer citations as their substance gets absorbed by current knowledge. This phenomenon is termed “obliteration by incorporation”.1818 Garfield E. 100 citation classics from the Journal of the American Medical Association. JAMA. 1987;257:52-9.

An interesting observation in the current analysis is that the 2 journals with the highest number of cited articles (38 from the 100 list) also had the lowest impact factors (DCR, 3.6; BJS 5.4) among the most cited 7 journals (Table 3). This is unlike the pattern observed in other reviews where impact factor was a strong predictor of citation frequency.88 Ahmad SS, Ahmad SS, Kohl S, Ahmad S, Ahmed AR. The hundred most cited articles in bariatric surgery. Obes Surg. 2015;25:900-9.,1515 Brandt J, Downing A, Howard D, Kofinas J, Chasen S. Citation classics in obstetrics and gynecology: The 100 Most Frequently Cited Journal Articles in the Last 50 Years. Obstet Anesth Digest. 2011;31:148.,1919 Ponce FA, Lozano AM. Highly cited works in neurosurgery. part ii: the citation classics: A review. J Neurosurg. 2010;112:233-46. Those journals with very high impact factors (NEJM, Lancet, BMJ, Gastroenterology and Gut) represent only one third of the top 100 publications (n = 33).

USA and UK are the 2 countries at the forefront of anorectal research. More than two-thirds of the articles (n = 69) originated from these 2 countries. This might reflect better funding and high quality research that was conducted in eminent institutions such as St Marks Hospital in London and Cleveland Clinic in Florida. The authors received the highest citation numbers (Table 6) also reflected that. It must also be emphasized that the search was restricted to publications in the English language.

Seven authors contribute to at least 4 classics (Table 6). These 7 authors are all contemporary apart from Sir Alan Parks (1920-1982) whose paper on the classification of fistula-in-ano is still one of the most important cited classics (nº 3) despite being published more than 4 decades ago. All these authors are from St Marks, London except Wexner who is based in Cleveland Clinic, Florida.

The average number of authors per article has seen sustained rise over the years. For example, there are 2 articles from 2010 (nº 6 & 99) which had 36 and 19 authors respectively. This might be explained by increased multicenter collaboration.

Fecal incontinence

The most cited article in this field is a comprehensive review of fecal incontinence by Jorge and Wexner (nº 1). It is highly cited because it provides an overview of the pathophysiology, etiology and management of fecal incontinence. This reflects the importance of fecal incontinence and its complexity. Maybe one of the important reasons for the numerous citations is the inclusion of the Wexner score of fecal incontinence which was first published in this article. Sacral Nerve Stimulation (SNS) is not included in the management options outlined in the article as this pre-dated the era when SNS was widely accepted as a management option.

The highest number of articles on fecal incontinence were experimental and physiological studies (n = 14) of the sphincter complex and its innervations (nº 10, 13, 21, 26, 29, 34, 36, 40, 47, 57, 70, 82, 86, 100). All of these studies bar one (nº 34) are from the 1960’s, 1970’s and 1980’s. This makes perfect sense, as these papers represent the early attempts to understand the pathophysiology of the anal sphincter complex as well as its abnormalities.

There were 8 classics on obstetric-related anal sphincter injuries and its prevalence (nº 2, 5, 19, 38, 41, 63, 95 & 99). Sultan et al. (nº 2 & 5) highlighted the prevalence of occult sphincter damage and underlying risk factors. Sphincter-related surgical procedures and repairs were covered in 7 articles (nº 22, 72, 73, 85 and 97). Halverson (nº 85) documented the disappointing long-term results of sphincter repair, as more than half of patients remain incontinent to liquid or solid stool.

Six classics addressed the epidemiology of fecal incontinence. This reflects how little was appreciated about the severity of the problem (nº 7, 14, 25, 58, 65 & 90). These classics highlighted the prevalence of the problem in normal population (nº 7 & 25) and institutionalized patients (nº 90).

SNS as a subject first appeared in this list in 1995. The seminal paper by Matzel et al. (nº 12) demonstrated how electrostimulation to the sacral spinal nerves could increase function of the striated muscles of the anal sphincter. After that, further publications verified the effectiveness of SNS (nº 71, 76, 81 & 96). A recent Cochrane review demonstrated evidence that SNS can improve continence in a proportion of patients with fecal incontinence.2020 Thaha MA, Abukar AA, Thin NN, Ramsanahie A, Knowles CH. Sacral nerve stimulation for faecal incontinence and constipation in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015;(8):CD004464.

There were three classics concerning biofeedback (nº 44, 52 & 69). One of them was a RCT (nº 52). The hypothesis that biofeedback would enhance the therapeutic effect compared with standard care with advice was not upheld.

There were 4 classics focusing on scoring and Quality of Life (QoL) in fecal incontinence patients (nº 4, 8, 50 & 59). Despite the popularity of the St Mark’s scoring system,2121 Vaizey C, Carapeti E, Cahill J, Kamm M. Prospective comparison of faecal incontinence grading systems. Gut. 1999;44:77-80. it hasn’t made it into the classics list.

Anal fistulas & sepsis

There were 18 classics of the top 100 addressing anal fistulas and sepsis. The seminal paper by Park in 1976 (nº 3) is a highly cited paper as it was the first in the literature to propose a classification for anal fistulas which was widely accepted. This standard classification has made it possible to compare results from different institutions using the same system.

There are 3 classics on the use of anal fistula plug and fibrin glue in the management anal fistulas. They clearly showed that biologic anal plug is effective and more reliable than fibrin glue closure. Despite the initial encouraging results of using an anal fistula plug, the success rates could not be reproduced and most subsequent healing rates were below 50% with some as low as 24%.2222 Lewis R, Lunniss P, Hammond T. Novel biological strategies in the management of anal fistula. Colorectal Dis. 2012;14:1445-55.

23 Ortiz H, Marzo J, Ciga M, Oteiza F, Armendáriz P, de Miguel M. Randomized clinical trial of anal fistula plug versus endorectal advancement flap for the treatment of high cryptoglandular fistula in ano. Br J Surg. 2009;96:608-12.

24 Ellis CN, Rostas JW, Greiner FG. Long-term outcomes with the use of bioprosthetic plugs for the management of complex anal fistulas. Dis Colon Rectum. 2010;53:798-802.-2525 Adamina M, Ross T, Guenin M, Warschkow R, Rodger C, Cohen Z, et al. Anal fistula plug: a prospective evaluation of success, continence and quality of life in the treatment of complex fistulae. Colorectal Dis. 2014;16:547-54. In a recent UK multicenter study, similar clinical fistula healing rates were observed at 12 months’ follow-up (plug 54% vs. surgeon’s preference 57%).2626 Williams G, Williams A, Tozer P, Phillips R, Ahmad A, Jayne D, et al. The treatment of anal fistula: second ACPGBI Position Statement-2018. Colorectal Dis. 2018;20:5-31.

There were 2 classics on subjects which were “hot” at the time and then became less popular.

One of these concerns LIFT (Ligation of Intersphincteric Fistula Tract) procedure (nº 88). This procedure gained popularity because it appeared to be associated with less functional compromise than some traditional treatments of transsphincteric fistulas. The reported initial results were very encouraging (94.4% success rate). These results could not be subsequently reproduced.

The other subject concerned the use of adipose stem cells in anal fistulas. This article is high on the list (nº 11). Subsequent studies showed disappointing results with a healing rate of 33% at 3 years.2727 Guadalajara H, Herreros D, De-La-Quintana P, Trebol J, Garcia-Arranz M, Garcia-Olmo D. Long-term follow-up of patients undergoing adipose-derived adult stem cell administration to treat complex perianal fistulas. Int J Colorectal Dis. 2012;27:595-600. Another study showed that healing rates were not superior to fibrin adhesive.2828 Herreros M, Garcia-Arranz M, Guadalajara H, De-La-Quintana P, Garcia-Olmo D. Autologous expanded adipose-derived stem cells for the treatment of complex cryptoglandular perianal fistulas: a phase III randomized clinical trial (FATT 1 fistula Advanced Therapy Trial 1) and long-term evaluation. Dis Colon Rectum. 2012;55:762-72.

Hemorrhoids

The highest-ranking paper addressing hemorrhoidal disease is 9th on the list. This was an anatomical and clinical study of the nature of hemorrhoids by Thomson (1975).

New emerging procedures for hemorrhoids are also the subject of a few classics. These are stapled hemorrhoidopexy (nº 48 & 87) and Hemorrhoidal Artery Ligation (HAL) (nº 54).

When hemorrhoidpexy first appeared it was an attractive proposition especially for prolapsing hemorrhoids. However, later on it was found to have several unique complications, such as rectovaginal fistula, staple line bleeding, and stricture at the staple line. A recent systematic review found a median complication rate of 16.1%, with 5 mortalities documented.2929 Porrett LJ, Porrett JK, Ho Y-H. Documented complications of staple hemorrhoidopexy: a systematic review. Int Surg. 2015;100:44-57. Between 2000 and 2009, there were 40 cases published documenting rectal perforation after stapled hemorrhoidopexy. Thirty-five patients required a laparotomy with fecal diversion, and one patient was treated by low anterior resection.3030 Faucheron JL, Voirin D, Abba J. Rectal perforation with life-threatening peritonitis following stapled haemorrhoidopexy. Br J Surg. 2012;99:746-53.

HAL acquired popularity due to its minimally invasive nature and less postoperative pain (nº 54) compared to hemorrhoidoexy and surgical hemorrhoidectomy. Because of that it was welcomed despite the extra cost associated. However, a recent well-designed multicenter RCT was published comparing RBL (Rubber Band Ligation) with HAL for the treatment of Grade II and III hemorrhoids. The RBL group needed additional procedures compared to the HAL group. However, recurrence rates, symptom scores, complications, QoL and continence score were similar, although patients had more pain in the early postoperative period after HAL. HAL was found, as expected, to be more expensive and was not found to be cost-effective compared with RBL.3131 Brown SR, Tiernan JP, Watson AJ, Biggs K, Shephard N, Wailoo AJ, et al. Haemorrhoidal artery ligation versus rubber band ligation for the management of symptomatic second-degree and third-degree haemorrhoids (HubBLe): a multicentre, open-label, randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2016;388:356-64.

Anal fissures

The majority of the classics addressing anal fissures covered the pathophysiology and pathogenesis of anal fissures. Botox and GTN treatments were the subjects of 4 classics (nº 28, 31, 43 & 79). They proved the effectiveness of both treatments, however, Botox was superior. In a recent meta-analysis: Botox was associated with fewer side effects than GTN, but there was no difference in fissure healing or recurrence.3232 Sahebally SM, Meshkat B, Walsh SR, Beddy D. Botulinum toxin injection vs. topical nitrates for chronic anal fissure: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Colorectal Dis. 2018;20:6-15.

Rectal prolapse, solitary ulcer and obstructed defecation

There were seven classics in this field. Since the classic paper on Cineradiography in 1968 by Brodon (nº 24), the next paper to receive similar attention was the study by A. D’Hoore (2004) (nº 51) describing Laparoscopic Ventral Mesh Rectopexy (LVMR). This was the only paper describing a procedure for rectal prolapse which made it to the top 100 list. LVMR has gained popularity by colorectal surgeons.3333 Newman PA, Dixon T. Laparoscopic ventral mesh rectopexy: A standardised 14 modular approach. Laparosc Colorectal Surg Lapco Manual. 2017:195. Despite the wide acceptance of this procedure in Europe and the acceptance of its short and long-term complications, it is still not widely approved in the in the United States given the limited data on long-term efficacy when compared with more traditional approaches and the possibility of mesh-related complications.3434 Bordeianou L, Paquette I, Johnson E, Holubar SD, Gaertner W, Feingold DL, et al. Clinical practice guidelines for the treatment of rectal prolapse. Dis Colon Rectum. 2017;60:1121-31.

Limitations of this study

As in previous reports, we choose to address the top 100 cited papers in this field. There is no scientific rationale for this but is an accepted formula.88 Ahmad SS, Ahmad SS, Kohl S, Ahmad S, Ahmed AR. The hundred most cited articles in bariatric surgery. Obes Surg. 2015;25:900-9.,1515 Brandt J, Downing A, Howard D, Kofinas J, Chasen S. Citation classics in obstetrics and gynecology: The 100 Most Frequently Cited Journal Articles in the Last 50 Years. Obstet Anesth Digest. 2011;31:148.

There are some inherent potential biases in bibliometric analyses. Some articles may receive citations because of the reputation of the publishing institution or from self-citation. Also, some journals tend to cite their own papers in order to improve their impact factor.3535 Hansson S. Impact factor as a misleading tool in evaluation of medical journals. Lancet. 1995;346:906.

Conclusion

This review provides a comprehensive analysis of the 100 most cited articles on the subject of benign anorectal disease. The articles cover a period of over 50 years (1960-2010). The most highly cited manuscripts in benign anorectal disease cover a wide range of topics. Fecal incontinence and sphincter-related articles had the highest number of citations. The three main proctology diseases (fistulas, hemorrhoids and fissures) had comparable weights in representations. Pelvic floor disorders, apart from fecal incontinence, were least represented. This review serves as a reference for researchers to find the influential papers in this field.

  • Funding/support
    None reported.
  • Financial disclosures
    None reported.

References

  • 1
    Sud A, Khan A. Benign anal conditions: haemorrhoids, fissures, perianal abscess, fistula-in-ano and pilonidal sinus. Surgery (Oxford). 2014;32:421-6.
  • 2
    Nelson RL, Abcarian H, Davis FG, Persky V. Prevalence of benign anorectal disease in a randomly selected population. Dis Colon Rectum. 1995;38:341-4.
  • 3
    Moed HF. The impact-factors debate: the ISI’s uses and limits. Nature. 2002;415:731.
  • 4
    Sackett DL, Rosenberg WM, Gray JM, Haynes RB, Richardson WS. Evidence based medicine: what it is and what it isn’t. In: Editor ed, editor. Book Evidence based medicine: what it is and what it isn’t. City. British Medical Journal Publishing Group; 1996.
  • 5
    Garfield E. The 100 most-cited papers ever and how we select citation-classics. In: Current Contents; 1984. p. 3–9.
  • 6
    Kim JE, Park KM, Kim Y, Yoon DY, Bae JS. Citation classics in central nervous system inflammatory demyelinating disease. Brain Behav. 2017;7(6):e00700.
  • 7
    Nowrouzi-Kia B, Chidu C, Carter L, McDougall A, Casole J. The top cited articles in occupational therapy: a citation analysis study. Scand J Occup Ther. 2018;25:15-26.
  • 8
    Ahmad SS, Ahmad SS, Kohl S, Ahmad S, Ahmed AR. The hundred most cited articles in bariatric surgery. Obes Surg. 2015;25:900-9.
  • 9
    Gheiti AJC, Downey RE, Byrne DP, Molony DC, Mulhall KJ. The 25 most cited articles in arthroscopic orthopaedic surgery. Arthroscopy. 2012;28:548-64.
  • 10
    Dubin D, Häfner AW, Arndt KA. Citation classics in clinical dermatologic journals: citation analysis, biomedical journals, and landmark articles, 1945‒1990. Arch Dermatol. 1993;129:1121-9.
  • 11
    Wrafter PF, Connelly TM, Khan J, Devane L, Kelly J, Joyce WP. The 100 most influential manuscripts in colorectal cancer: a bibliometric analysis. Surgeon. 2016;14:327-36.
  • 12
    Garfield E. Citation indexes for science. A new dimension in documentation through association of ideas. Int J Epidemiol. 2006;35:1123-7.
  • 13
    Casadevall A, Fang FC. Impacted science: impact is not importance. In: Editor ed, editor. Book Impacted science: impact is not importance. City: Am Soc Microbiol; 2015.
  • 14
    Garfield E. What is a citation classic. In: Current Contents; 2013.
  • 15
    Brandt J, Downing A, Howard D, Kofinas J, Chasen S. Citation classics in obstetrics and gynecology: The 100 Most Frequently Cited Journal Articles in the Last 50 Years. Obstet Anesth Digest. 2011;31:148.
  • 16
    Ibrahim GM, Carter Snead O, Rutka JT, Lozano AM. The most cited works in epilepsy: Trends in the “Citation Classics”. Epilepsia. 2012;53:765-70.
  • 17
    Picknett T, Davis K. The 100 most-cited articles from JMB. J Mol Biol. 1999;293:171-4.
  • 18
    Garfield E. 100 citation classics from the Journal of the American Medical Association. JAMA. 1987;257:52-9.
  • 19
    Ponce FA, Lozano AM. Highly cited works in neurosurgery. part ii: the citation classics: A review. J Neurosurg. 2010;112:233-46.
  • 20
    Thaha MA, Abukar AA, Thin NN, Ramsanahie A, Knowles CH. Sacral nerve stimulation for faecal incontinence and constipation in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015;(8):CD004464.
  • 21
    Vaizey C, Carapeti E, Cahill J, Kamm M. Prospective comparison of faecal incontinence grading systems. Gut. 1999;44:77-80.
  • 22
    Lewis R, Lunniss P, Hammond T. Novel biological strategies in the management of anal fistula. Colorectal Dis. 2012;14:1445-55.
  • 23
    Ortiz H, Marzo J, Ciga M, Oteiza F, Armendáriz P, de Miguel M. Randomized clinical trial of anal fistula plug versus endorectal advancement flap for the treatment of high cryptoglandular fistula in ano. Br J Surg. 2009;96:608-12.
  • 24
    Ellis CN, Rostas JW, Greiner FG. Long-term outcomes with the use of bioprosthetic plugs for the management of complex anal fistulas. Dis Colon Rectum. 2010;53:798-802.
  • 25
    Adamina M, Ross T, Guenin M, Warschkow R, Rodger C, Cohen Z, et al. Anal fistula plug: a prospective evaluation of success, continence and quality of life in the treatment of complex fistulae. Colorectal Dis. 2014;16:547-54.
  • 26
    Williams G, Williams A, Tozer P, Phillips R, Ahmad A, Jayne D, et al. The treatment of anal fistula: second ACPGBI Position Statement-2018. Colorectal Dis. 2018;20:5-31.
  • 27
    Guadalajara H, Herreros D, De-La-Quintana P, Trebol J, Garcia-Arranz M, Garcia-Olmo D. Long-term follow-up of patients undergoing adipose-derived adult stem cell administration to treat complex perianal fistulas. Int J Colorectal Dis. 2012;27:595-600.
  • 28
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Publication Dates

  • Publication in this collection
    10 June 2020
  • Date of issue
    Apr-Jun 2020

History

  • Received
    8 Aug 2019
  • Accepted
    6 Oct 2019
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