Alternative Methods of Reference Evapotranspiration for Brazilian Climate Types

Gurski, Bruno César; Jerszurki, Daniela; Souza, Jorge Luiz Moretti de

doi:10.1590/0102-7786333015

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Article • Rev. bras. meteorol. 33 (3) • Jul-Sep 2018 • https://doi.org/10.1590/0102-7786333015 copy

Alternative Methods of Reference Evapotranspiration for Brazilian Climate Types

Métodos Alternativos de Evapotranspiração de Referência para Tipos Climáticos Brasileiros

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Abstract

The choice of consistent alternative methods is essential for the improvement of reference evapotranspiration (ETo) estimation for different climatic regions. Due to a critical gap in knowledge concerning the most adequate alternative ETo methods for the climatic conditions in Paraná, Brazil, this study aimed to test and to evaluate the main estimation alternative methods (Thornthwaite - ETo_TH; Camargo - ETo_C; Hargreaves and Samani - ETo_HS; Linacre - ETo_L; and, Budyko - ETo_B) for the subtropical (Cfb) and semi-arid (Bsh) climate types in Brazil. We compared our results with standard ETo_PM (Penman-Monteith) estimated between 1970 and 2015, using the minimum and maximum air temperature (T), sunshine hours (n), relative humidity (RH) and wind speed (U₂). Least square regression analysis of ETo estimated by alternative methods vs ETo_PM were used to calibrate the methods for each analyzed climate type. The performance of calibrated and noncalibrated methods was evaluated by index of agreement “d” and performance “c”, root mean square error (RMSE) and mean error (ME). Our results showed the importance of calibration process of alternative methods for the improvement of ETo estimations in Brazil. The Hargreaves and Samani and Linacre calibrated methods showed better performance in the subtropical and semi-arid climates, respectively. Also, the Linacre and Budyko calibrated methods were particularly robust in subtropical and semi-arid climates, outlining the importance of continuous measurements of T used in the ETo_L and ETo_B modeling effort. The results presented here showed the importance to calibrate the alternative methods on ETo estimations and outlined the need for improvement and proposition of new ETo methods based on a limited number of climatic variables commonly available in subtropical and semi-arid climates in Brazil.

Keywords:
modeling; Penman Monteith ASCE; semi-arid; subtropical zones

Climatic classification	State	Station	Latitude (degrees)	Longitude (degrees)	Altitude (m)
Bsh	Pernambuco	Petrolina	-9.38	-40.48	370.46
Cfb	Paraná	Curitiba	-25.43	-49.26	923.50

Month	R ²		R		“d”		“c”		RMSE (mm day^-1)		ME (%)		a (mm day^-1)		b (dimensionless)
	NC	C	NC	C	NC	C	NC	C	NC	C	NC	C	NC	C	NC	C
Thornthwaite (1948)THORNTHWAITE, C.W. An approach toward a rational classification of climate. Geographical Review, v. 38, n. 1, p. 55-94, 1948.
Annual	0.55	0.55	0.74	0.74	0.81	0.84	0.60	0.62	0.90	0.77	-14.60	9.99	0.79	1.34	0.87	0.55
January	0.20	0.32	0.45	0.56	0.79	0.88	0.35	0.50	0.93	0.90	-8.60	15.17	1.48	3.38	0.70	0.20
February	0.18	0.41	0.42	0.64	0.76	0.87	0.32	0.56	0.83	0.86	-5.32	12.87	1.22	3.09	0.73	0.24
March	0.21	0.35	0.46	0.59	0.64	0.73	0.29	0.43	0.71	0.82	-6.20	15.21	1.32	2.84	0.63	0.19
April	0.13	0.14	0.36	0.38	0.76	0.62	0.27	0.23	0.69	0.59	-7.23	15.13	1.63	2.41	0.37	0.10
May	0.10	0.07	0.31	0.26	0.93	0.94	0.29	0.24	0.62	0.52	-10.44	17.96	1.33	1.87	0.30	0.06
June	0.07	0.45	0.26	0.67	0.96	0.97	0.25	0.64	0.57	0.47	-9.38	13.68	1.23	1.62	0.23	0.04
July	0.23	0.22	0.48	0.47	0.94	0.93	0.45	0.43	0.67	0.53	-19.82	24.52	1.01	1.74	0.53	0.20
August	0.32	0.39	0.57	0.63	0.84	0.72	0.48	0.45	0.90	0.60	-27.71	16.05	1.18	1.96	0.66	0.29
September	0.29	0.33	0.54	0.57	0.72	0.61	0.39	0.35	1.01	0.80	-25.88	17.44	1.39	2.31	0.63	0.25
October	0.20	0.23	0.45	0.48	0.50	0.69	0.22	0.33	1.10	0.89	-21.81	16.29	1.77	2.88	0.56	0.17
November	0.17	0.13	0.41	0.36	0.50	0.78	0.21	0.28	1.29	1.03	-21.75	21.55	2.11	3.53	0.56	0.13
December	0.14	0.18	0.38	0.43	0.69	0.87	0.26	0.37	1.10	0.97	-13.83	15.80	2.05	3.63	0.57	0.15
Camargo (1971)CAMARGO, A.P. Balanço hídrico no estado de São Paulo. Campinas: IAC, 1971.
Annual	0.63	0.58	0.79	0.76	0.86	0.84	0.68	0.64	0.76	0.81	-8.96	-7.47	0.56	0.68	0.91	0.65
January	0.19	0.30	0.44	0.55	0.86	0.88	0.38	0.48	0.81	0.84	0.21	8.46	-0.13	3.09	1.08	0.22
February	0.17	0.42	0.42	0.65	0.81	0.86	0.34	0.56	0.76	0.81	1.02	5.18	-0.26	2.73	1.11	0.26
March	0.21	0.36	0.46	0.60	0.62	0.70	0.28	0.42	0.65	0.77	-2.99	6.17	0.47	2.49	0.91	0.22
April	0.15	0.17	0.39	0.41	0.79	0.77	0.31	0.32	0.63	0.54	-8.64	7.04	1.13	2.13	0.61	0.14
May	0.11	0.09	0.33	0.30	0.95	0.95	0.31	0.29	0.57	0.48	-13.53	7.45	1.05	1.66	0.50	0.08
June	0.05	0.03	0.23	0.18	0.97	0.97	0.22	0.17	0.53	0.47	-15.71	4.48	1.10	1.49	0.35	0.03
July	0.23	0.22	0.48	0.47	0.94	0.96	0.45	0.45	0.66	0.45	-20.74	4.81	0.60	1.37	0.88	0.22
August	0.31	0.40	0.56	0.63	0.85	0.82	0.47	0.52	0.82	0.59	-22.08	-1.01	0.67	1.54	0.94	0.31
September	0.26	0.26	0.51	0.51	0.73	0.61	0.37	0.31	0.81	0.81	-12.28	3.66	0.74	2.02	0.86	0.23
October	0.20	0.23	0.44	0.48	0.57	0.64	0.25	0.31	0.81	0.85	-5.96	6.94	0.97	2.55	0.77	0.19
November	0.18	0.13	0.42	0.36	0.71	0.77	0.30	0.28	0.97	0.95	-7.81	14.21	1.03	3.25	0.82	0.14
December	0.14	0.18	0.38	0.42	0.83	0.86	0.31	0.36	0.88	0.91	-2.77	10.11	0.82	3.39	0.85	0.16
Hargreaves and Samani (1985)HARGREAVES, G.H.; SAMANI, Z.A. Reference crop evapotranspiration from temperature. Applied Engineering Agriculture, v. 1, n. 2, p. 96-99, 1985.
Annual	0.72	0.71	0.85	0.85	0.81	0.84	0.69	0.71	1.09	1.01	36.54	31.18	0.10	0.93	0.74	0.93
January	0.41	0.55	0.64	0.74	0.86	0.91	0.55	0.68	1.34	0.69	34.01	2.10	0.32	2.16	0.71	0.42
February	0.41	0.58	0.64	0.76	0.83	0.90	0.54	0.69	1.22	0.70	33.17	-1.25	0.13	1.75	0.75	0.48
March	0.45	0.60	0.67	0.77	0.74	0.82	0.50	0.64	1.01	0.63	30.49	0.64	0.49	1.72	0.66	0.43
April	0.38	0.39	0.62	0.62	0.54	0.87	0.33	0.54	0.81	0.46	29.80	3.34	0.53	1.51	0.62	0.38
May	0.27	0.34	0.52	0.58	0.81	0.97	0.42	0.56	0.74	0.42	38.20	1.86	0.57	1.22	0.52	0.29
June	0.12	0.17	0.35	0.41	0.88	0.97	0.31	0.40	0.73	0.45	44.84	1.34	0.80	1.32	0.35	0.12
July	0.28	0.43	0.53	0.65	0.84	0.97	0.45	0.63	0.75	0.40	41.41	-1.19	0.37	0.99	0.59	0.39
August	0.36	0.46	0.60	0.68	0.62	0.85	0.37	0.57	0.94	0.59	39.22	-5.37	0.49	1.26	0.59	0.39
September	0.46	0.48	0.68	0.69	0.58	0.75	0.40	0.52	1.14	0.71	41.27	-2.00	0.53	1.50	0.58	0.38
October	0.47	0.44	0.69	0.66	0.70	0.78	0.48	0.52	1.30	0.73	40.25	1.88	0.57	1.77	0.60	0.41
November	0.40	0.46	0.63	0.68	0.84	0.87	0.53	0.59	1.32	0.73	34.16	5.11	0.52	2.03	0.67	0.42
December	0.42	0.40	0.65	0.63	0.86	0.90	0.56	0.57	1.37	0.77	34.20	3.11	0.46	2.32	0.68	0.39
Linacre (1977)LINACRE, E.T. A simple formula for estimating evapotranspiration rates in various climates, using temperature data alone. Agricultural Meteorology, v. 18, p. 409-424, 1977.
Annual	0.46	0.53	0.68	0.73	0.76	0.81	0.52	0.59	0.87	0.81	-3.67	0.84	0.29	1.19	1.02	0.51
January	0.35	0.47	0.59	0.69	0.62	0.92	0.37	0.63	1.12	0.74	-20.13	9.37	1.08	2.37	0.93	0.43
February	0.30	0.53	0.55	0.72	0.64	0.91	0.35	0.66	0.94	0.72	-15.08	6.59	1.04	2.23	0.86	0.42
March	0.28	0.48	0.53	0.70	0.61	0.82	0.32	0.57	0.71	0.68	-9.27	9.06	0.97	2.09	0.78	0.38
April	0.26	0.31	0.51	0.55	0.80	0.81	0.41	0.45	0.54	0.50	3.83	7.61	1.06	1.90	0.57	0.24
May	0.25	0.38	0.50	0.62	0.92	0.97	0.46	0.60	0.57	0.41	19.30	8.63	0.91	1.36	0.43	0.27
June	0.28	0.36	0.53	0.60	0.92	0.98	0.49	0.59	0.64	0.39	31.10	5.47	0.82	1.15	0.36	0.27
July	0.48	0.52	0.69	0.72	0.93	0.98	0.65	0.71	0.60	0.35	21.87	4.47	0.65	0.90	0.53	0.50
August	0.52	0.53	0.72	0.73	0.90	0.88	0.64	0.64	0.63	0.51	3.06	-0.93	0.95	1.04	0.56	0.53
September	0.44	0.51	0.66	0.72	0.82	0.81	0.54	0.58	0.74	0.65	-9.09	3.46	1.16	1.38	0.61	0.47
October	0.29	0.35	0.53	0.59	0.60	0.73	0.32	0.43	0.95	0.78	-17.07	5.84	1.46	2.15	0.65	0.31
November	0.33	0.41	0.58	0.64	0.56	0.86	0.32	0.55	1.21	0.79	-22.81	12.06	1.50	2.49	0.79	0.35
December	0.24	0.42	0.49	0.65	0.54	0.91	0.26	0.59	1.25	0.79	-22.21	10.67	1.70	2.59	0.75	0.38
Budyko (1974)BUDYKO, M. I. Climate and life. New York: Academic Press, 1974.
Annual	0.44	0.46	0.67	0.68	0.71	0.70	0.47	0.47	1.08	1.14	39.81	42.06	-0.58	2.38	0.96	0.44
January	0.19	0.31	0.44	0.56	0.89	0.88	0.39	0.49	0.88	0.84	15.49	8.38	-0.08	3.08	0.93	0.22
February	0.17	0.39	0.41	0.62	0.84	0.86	0.35	0.53	0.99	0.83	24.04	5.38	-0.39	2.82	0.94	0.24
March	0.19	0.31	0.44	0.55	0.67	0.68	0.29	0.37	1.11	0.79	35.51	6.39	0.12	2.59	0.74	0.19
April	0.11	0.13	0.33	0.36	0.21	0.76	0.07	0.27	1.31	0.55	54.18	7.19	1.15	2.23	0.36	0.10
May	0.08	0.05	0.28	0.22	0.26	0.95	0.07	0.21	1.36	0.49	78.17	7.64	1.09	1.71	0.23	0.05
June	0.05	0.03	0.23	0.18	0.39	0.97	0.09	0.17	1.42	0.47	94.34	4.50	1.10	1.49	0.15	0.03
July	0.20	0.18	0.44	0.42	0.52	0.96	0.23	0.41	1.21	0.46	73.62	5.19	0.65	1.43	0.38	0.19
August	0.27	0.34	0.52	0.59	0.56	0.81	0.29	0.47	0.99	0.61	42.60	-0.49	0.64	1.61	0.53	0.28
September	0.26	0.29	0.51	0.54	0.58	0.63	0.30	0.34	0.92	0.79	31.32	3.91	0.65	1.97	0.60	0.25
October	0.18	0.21	0.43	0.46	0.71	0.63	0.30	0.29	0.87	0.86	20.43	7.27	0.92	2.61	0.61	0.17
November	0.17	0.13	0.41	0.36	0.85	0.77	0.35	0.28	0.87	0.95	8.20	14.29	1.05	3.26	0.70	0.14
December	0.14	0.18	0.38	0.42	0.89	0.86	0.34	0.36	0.86	0.91	10.46	10.14	0.80	3.40	0.75	0.16

Month	R ²		R		“d”		“c”		RMSE (mm day^-1)		ME (%)		a (mm day^-1)		b (dimensionless)
	NC	C	NC	C	NC	C	NC	C	NC	C	NC	C	NC	C	NC	C
Thornthwaite (1948)THORNTHWAITE, C.W. An approach toward a rational classification of climate. Geographical Review, v. 38, n. 1, p. 55-94, 1948.
Annual	0.45	0.49	0.67	0.70	0.72	0.79	0.48	0.55	1.55	1.28	-17.46	-10.13	2.75	0.14	0.65	0.87
January	0.49	0.32	0.70	0.56	0.79	0.84	0.55	0.48	1.15	1.04	-6.60	9.41	1.31	3.38	0.86	0.20
February	0.57	0.41	0.75	0.64	0.81	0.88	0.61	0.57	1.05	0.90	-8.26	10.98	1.29	3.09	0.87	0.24
March	0.61	0.35	0.78	0.59	0.88	0.84	0.69	0.49	0.90	0.92	-5.53	9.62	1.03	2.84	0.88	0.19
April	0.50	0.14	0.71	0.38	0.88	0.80	0.62	0.30	0.94	0.90	-9.67	11.56	1.21	2.41	0.86	0.10
May	0.44	0.07	0.67	0.26	0.88	0.88	0.59	0.23	1.14	0.71	-15.97	9.02	1.92	1.87	0.73	0.06
June	0.36	0.45	0.60	0.67	0.83	0.88	0.50	0.59	1.56	0.77	-28.78	11.95	2.01	1.62	0.82	0.04
July	0.22	0.22	0.47	0.47	0.75	0.86	0.35	0.40	1.97	0.72	-36.23	10.67	2.78	1.74	0.68	0.20
August	0.24	0.39	0.49	0.63	0.38	0.51	0.19	0.32	2.46	0.76	-39.69	9.76	3.66	1.96	0.62	0.29
September	0.19	0.33	0.43	0.57	0.22	0.87	0.10	0.50	2.30	0.74	-30.95	6.66	4.75	2.31	0.41	0.25
October	0.26	0.23	0.51	0.48	0.56	0.89	0.28	0.42	1.64	0.92	-16.72	7.24	4.08	2.88	0.50	0.17
November	0.44	0.13	0.67	0.36	0.77	0.84	0.52	0.31	1.33	1.20	-8.31	9.78	2.08	3.53	0.77	0.13
December	0.44	0.18	0.66	0.43	0.78	0.84	0.52	0.36	1.17	1.06	-6.61	12.96	2.41	3.63	0.68	0.15
Camargo (1971)CAMARGO, A.P. Balanço hídrico no estado de São Paulo. Campinas: IAC, 1971.
Annual	0.45	0.47	0.67	0.69	0.52	0.56	0.35	0.38	2.18	1.92	-29.60	-27.29	2.75	1.99	0.65	0.35
January	0.49	0.37	0.70	0.61	0.46	0.20	0.33	0.13	1.99	1.49	-21.45	-13.21	1.31	4.67	0.86	0.09
February	0.57	0.70	0.75	0.84	0.50	0.44	0.37	0.37	1.85	1.29	-21.17	-6.71	1.29	4.26	0.87	0.16
March	0.61	0.59	0.78	0.77	0.66	0.54	0.51	0.42	1.65	1.32	-18.72	-10.56	1.03	3.97	0.88	0.15
April	0.50	0.44	0.71	0.66	0.73	0.76	0.52	0.50	1.64	1.08	-23.66	-6.27	1.21	3.84	0.86	0.14
May	0.44	0.30	0.67	0.55	0.78	0.90	0.52	0.49	1.75	0.77	-28.45	-3.38	1.92	3.89	0.73	0.10
June	0.36	0.30	0.60	0.55	0.77	0.92	0.46	0.51	1.92	0.68	-35.46	3.80	2.01	4.09	0.82	0.09
July	0.22	0.30	0.47	0.55	0.73	0.88	0.34	0.48	2.05	0.69	-37.07	8.46	2.78	4.49	0.68	0.08
August	0.24	0.30	0.49	0.55	0.35	0.26	0.17	0.14	2.55	0.73	-40.92	8.55	3.66	5.18	0.62	0.11
September	0.19	0.31	0.43	0.56	0.13	0.83	0.05	0.46	2.77	0.72	-38.87	2.28	4.75	5.83	0.41	0.09
October	0.26	0.20	0.51	0.45	0.12	0.77	0.06	0.34	2.71	0.97	-34.59	-2.80	4.08	5.92	0.50	0.06
November	0.44	0.26	0.67	0.51	0.27	0.23	0.18	0.12	2.50	1.39	-28.22	-12.10	2.08	5.02	0.77	0.09
December	0.44	0.59	0.66	0.77	0.30	0.28	0.20	0.22	2.20	1.36	-26.50	-4.34	2.41	4.86	0.68	0.10
Hargreaves and Samani (1985)HARGREAVES, G.H.; SAMANI, Z.A. Reference crop evapotranspiration from temperature. Applied Engineering Agriculture, v. 1, n. 2, p. 96-99, 1985.
Annual	0.45	0.49	0.67	0.70	0.70	0.78	0.47	0.55	1.37	1.09	-15.90	-12.92	2.75	0.14	0.65	0.87
January	0.49	0.32	0.70	0.56	0.65	0.80	0.46	0.45	1.24	0.87	-8.07	-0.78	1.31	3.38	0.86	0.20
February	0.57	0.41	0.75	0.64	0.65	0.72	0.49	0.46	1.19	0.97	-8.88	5.71	1.29	3.09	0.87	0.24
March	0.61	0.35	0.78	0.59	0.79	0.73	0.62	0.43	1.07	0.87	-7.27	-0.14	1.03	2.84	0.88	0.19
April	0.50	0.14	0.71	0.38	0.83	0.86	0.59	0.32	1.13	0.74	-14.19	1.67	1.21	2.41	0.86	0.10
May	0.44	0.07	0.67	0.26	0.87	0.93	0.58	0.24	1.20	0.59	-18.20	3.82	1.92	1.87	0.73	0.06
June	0.36	0.45	0.60	0.67	0.86	0.88	0.51	0.59	1.32	0.74	-22.99	14.00	2.01	1.62	0.82	0.04
July	0.22	0.22	0.47	0.47	0.83	0.67	0.39	0.31	1.36	0.92	-22.87	18.73	2.78	1.74	0.68	0.20
August	0.24	0.39	0.49	0.63	0.51	0.34	0.25	0.21	1.58	1.11	-24.37	19.56	3.66	1.96	0.62	0.29
September	0.19	0.33	0.43	0.57	0.22	0.86	0.10	0.49	1.68	0.84	-21.59	10.07	4.75	2.31	0.41	0.25
October	0.26	0.23	0.51	0.48	0.34	0.90	0.17	0.43	1.60	0.81	-18.45	5.91	4.08	2.88	0.50	0.17
November	0.44	0.13	0.67	0.36	0.53	0.86	0.35	0.31	1.53	0.86	-12.87	0.66	2.08	3.53	0.77	0.13
December	0.44	0.18	0.66	0.43	0.53	0.75	0.35	0.32	1.32	1.00	-12.05	5.24	2.41	3.63	0.68	0.15
Linacre (1977)LINACRE, E.T. A simple formula for estimating evapotranspiration rates in various climates, using temperature data alone. Agricultural Meteorology, v. 18, p. 409-424, 1977.
Annual	0.36	0.21	0.60	0.46	0.31	0.32	0.19	0.15	4.09	3.80	-61.09	-59.05	10.18	2.89	-2.12	-0.13
January	0.56	0.39	0.75	0.62	0.28	0.82	0.21	0.51	4.13	1.03	-58.62	-1.90	12.33	2.24	-2.85	0.61
February	0.51	0.47	0.71	0.69	0.29	0.80	0.21	0.55	3.88	0.94	-56.99	2.65	12.32	3.03	-2.80	0.48
March	0.54	0.47	0.74	0.68	0.43	0.80	0.32	0.55	3.43	0.93	-52.14	-2.25	12.42	2.24	-2.94	0.56
April	0.51	0.34	0.71	0.59	0.53	0.82	0.38	0.48	3.10	0.88	-51.55	1.28	10.56	2.90	-2.32	0.41
May	0.46	0.26	0.68	0.51	0.63	0.91	0.43	0.46	2.93	0.72	-51.73	1.43	9.75	2.70	-2.27	0.41
June	0.40	0.33	0.63	0.57	0.65	0.93	0.41	0.53	2.92	0.64	-55.61	5.89	8.65	2.87	-1.93	0.40
July	0.40	0.29	0.63	0.54	0.60	0.92	0.38	0.50	3.17	0.61	-59.27	4.95	8.49	2.95	-1.92	0.39
August	0.33	0.23	0.57	0.48	0.23	0.59	0.13	0.28	4.17	0.68	-68.28	6.39	8.78	4.19	-1.67	0.27
September	0.42	0.17	0.65	0.42	0.07	0.85	0.04	0.35	4.94	0.74	-71.85	2.99	10.17	4.63	-2.03	0.29
October	0.42	0.40	0.65	0.63	0.06	0.92	0.04	0.58	5.27	0.74	-71.96	1.74	10.91	3.52	-2.17	0.47
November	0.58	0.42	0.76	0.65	0.15	0.88	0.11	0.57	5.00	0.93	-66.64	-2.16	12.27	1.96	-2.84	0.67
December	0.48	0.41	0.69	0.64	0.17	0.81	0.12	0.52	4.55	1.05	-64.08	1.13	11.67	2.94	-2.51	0.49
Budyko (1974)BUDYKO, M. I. Climate and life. New York: Academic Press, 1974.
Annual	0.36	0.21	0.60	0.46	0.33	0.35	0.20	0.16	2.88	2.55	-33.56	-30.32	10.91	4.74	-1.44	-0.20
January	0.56	0.38	0.75	0.62	0.27	0.82	0.20	0.51	2.88	1.02	-30.19	-1.75	13.57	2.27	-2.01	0.60
February	0.50	0.48	0.71	0.69	0.31	0.80	0.22	0.55	2.57	0.94	-27.72	2.66	13.71	3.04	-2.02	0.47
March	0.54	0.47	0.74	0.68	0.46	0.80	0.34	0.55	2.18	0.93	-19.97	-2.17	14.00	2.25	-2.14	0.56
April	0.51	0.35	0.71	0.59	0.61	0.82	0.43	0.48	1.84	0.88	-18.64	1.37	11.71	2.91	-1.67	0.41
May	0.45	0.27	0.67	0.52	0.72	0.91	0.49	0.47	1.74	0.71	-17.91	1.43	10.68	2.73	-1.58	0.41
June	0.40	0.33	0.63	0.57	0.77	0.93	0.48	0.54	1.69	0.63	-23.46	5.93	9.27	2.89	-1.30	0.39
July	0.39	0.29	0.63	0.54	0.70	0.92	0.44	0.50	1.96	0.61	-29.24	4.96	8.99	2.99	-1.25	0.38
August	0.32	0.23	0.57	0.48	0.27	0.59	0.15	0.28	2.94	0.67	-44.51	6.32	9.13	4.22	-1.07	0.27
September	0.41	0.17	0.64	0.41	0.07	0.85	0.04	0.35	3.69	0.74	-50.81	2.90	10.65	4.65	-1.31	0.28
October	0.41	0.39	0.64	0.62	0.06	0.91	0.04	0.57	4.01	0.75	-51.28	1.83	11.44	3.67	-1.41	0.45
November	0.57	0.41	0.76	0.64	0.13	0.88	0.10	0.56	3.79	0.94	-42.88	-2.10	13.14	2.07	-1.90	0.65
December	0.48	0.39	0.69	0.62	0.16	0.80	0.11	0.50	3.25	1.08	-38.81	1.71	12.67	2.96	-1.74	0.50

Sociedade Brasileira de Meteorologia Rua. Do México - Centro - Rio de Janeiro - RJ - Brasil, +55(83)981340757 - São Paulo - SP - Brazil
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[1] Corresponding author: Bruno César Gurski, brunocep@gmail.com.