Corticosteroids |
Anti-inflammatory response, inhibits IL-1, decreases IL-2 and suppresses lymphocyte proliferation |
Sodium and water retention, hyperglycemia, hypercholesterolemia, increased appetite, weight gain, bone demineralization and muscular effects |
Cyclosporine/tacrolimus |
Inhibits T lymphocyte proliferation/response and alters IL-2 production |
Hypertension, dyslipidemia, hyperglycemia, hypomagnesemia, hyperkalemia, nephrotoxicity, neurotoxicity, nausea, vomiting, taste changes and diarrhea |
Methotrexate |
Antimetabolite and immunosuppressive |
Anorexia, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, stomatitis, mucositis, hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity |
Mycophenolate mofetil |
Decreases lymphocytic activation and proliferation of B and T cells; suppresses antibody formation |
Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, constipation, gastrointestinal bleeding and peripheral edema |
Sirolimus |
Inhibits B and T lymphocyte proliferation |
Dyslipidemia, hypertension, and peripheral edema |
Thalidomide |
Immunosuppressive and anti-inflammatory properties |
Neuropathy and constipation |
Antithymocyte globulin (ATG) |
Decreases circulating lymphocytes |
Abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, hyperkalemia, hypertension, and peripheral edema |
Etarnecept |
TNF-α antagonist |
Abdominal pain and vomiting |
Ursodeoxycholic acid |
Replaces native human bile acids; decreases HLA antigen expression in hepatocytes |
Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea and abdominal pain |
Daclizumab |
Anti-IL-2 antibody |
Vomiting, edema, hypertension and hypotension |
Azathioprine |
Prevents cytotoxic T and B lymphocyte proliferation by inhibiting DNA and RNA synthesis |
Gastrointestinal hypersensitivity, hepatotoxicity, megaloblastic anemia and pancreatitis |
Hydroxychloroquine |
Interferes with antigen processing and presentation, proliferation, TNF-α production and cytotoxicity |
Nausea, vomiting and diarrhea |
Infliximab |
Anti-TNF-α antibody |
Abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting |
Psoralen and PUVA |
Interferes with antigen presentation and pro-inflammatory cytokine production |
Nausea, hepatotoxicity |
Extracorporeal photopheresis |
Induces alloreactive T cell apoptosis, photoinactivation of antigen presenting cells |
Hypocalcemia (citrate use) and gastrointestinal disorders |
Cyclophosphamide |
Immunosuppressive activity and blockade of cell growth by DNA metabolite binding |
Anorexia, nausea, vomiting and mucositis |
Rituximab |
Anti-CD20 antibody |
Abdominal pain, diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, hypertension and hyperglycemia |
Pentostatin |
DNA synthesis block |
Nausea, vomiting, fatigue, diarrhea, anorexia and stomatitis |
Imatinib |
PDGF-r inhibition |
Nausea, fatigue, diarrhea, abdominal pain, vomiting, weight gain, hepatotoxicity, hyperglycemia and myopathy |