Brazilian edition
Russian edition
“How sleep configures memory,”29Scientific American Brasil, n. 136, cover and pp.28-33, Sept. 2013.
“How sleep builds memory,”30V míre naúki (“In the world of science”), n. 4, cover and pp.42-49, 2015.
“A scar of the Big Bang,”31Scientific American Brasil, n. 150, cover and pp.46-55, nov.2014.
“Distant echoes of the Big Bang,”32V míre naúki (“In the world of science”), n. 12, cover and pp.22-32, 2014.
“The intriguing minds of our Neanderthal cousin,”33Scientific American Brasil, n. 154, cover and pp.26-33, mar. 2015.
“Our brothers by intellect,”34V míre naúki (“In the world of science”), n. 4, cover and pp.4-14, 2015.
Scientific American Brasil, n. 154, mar. 2015, emphasis added
V míre naúki, n. 4, april. 2015, p.4, emphasis added
Author journalist (Kate Wong, senior editor of Scientific American)
Human evolution 37
Evolution of a man 41
Neanderthal Minds38
Intellect of a Neanderthal42
Anatomy analyses, DNA and cultural legacies produce fascinating information about the inner life of our mysterious extinct cousins [...] (emphasis added)39
Studying the anatomy and DNA traces of Neanderthal culture, we can penetrate into the mysterious inner world of our extinct relatives [...] (emphasis added)43
Some experts suggest that interbreeding between the lower Neanderthal population and the more numerous modern one perhaps has taken the Neanderthals to extinction by “flooding” or mastering their gene pool. (emphasis added)40
Some experts even believe that, perhaps, mixing a large population of Homo sapiens and a smaller Neanderthals population has led to a decline in the past by dissolving their genes in the general mass. (emphasis added)44
Authors scientists (G. Tononi and Chiara Cirelli, a psychiatry research professors)
Scientific American Brasil, n. 136, sept. 2013
V míre naúki, n. 10, oct. 2013
Why do we sleep 45
Why do we sleep 49
When we are awake, memories are formed as neurons that are activated jointly strengthen their links. (emphasis added)46
When we are awake, remembering is due to the fact that neurons are activated at the same time links are strengthened. (emphasis added)50
In contrast, the synaptic decay during sleep would restore brain circuits to a baseline level of power and efficiency, avoiding the consumption of excessive energy and cellular stress. We designate this restorative function of sleep baseline as the preservation of synaptic homeostasis and name our general hypothesis about the role of sleep the synaptic homeostasis hypothesis, or SNY, its acronym in English. (emphasis added)47
Conversely, during sleep synaptic transmission attenuation restores its original level in nerve circuits that avoid excessive power consumption and reduce the load on individual neurons. We believe that the restoration of the initial level when sleeping is needed to save the synaptic homeostasis, and named our hypothesis about the role of sleep the hypothesis of synaptic homeostasis. (emphasis added)51
We look forward to testing predictions of SNY and exploring its further implications. We hope to find out if sleep deprivation during neural development leads to changes in the organization of brain circuits, for example. (emphasis added)48
We plan to check the predictions obtained by the synaptic homeostasis hypothesis and continue to explore the possibilities of its application. For example, we hope to find out whether sleep deprivation during development of the nervous system leads to changes in the organization of neural circuits. (emphasis added)52
Scientific American Brasil, n. 154, march 2015.
V míre naúki, n. 4, april 2015.
Reported speech
Neanderthals’ brains were a little flatter than ours, but equally bulky; in fact, in many cases they were larger, paleoneurolog Ralph Holloway of Columbia University explains.57
Paleonthologist Ralph Holloway of Columbia University writes that the Neanderthal brain is flatter than ours, but of the same, and often larger size.60
Hawks highlights that a major problem in trying to figure out how Neanderthal brains functioned from their genes is that, generally speaking, researchers do not know how genes affect thoughts in our own species. “We know next to nothing about Neanderthal cognition from genetics, because we know next to nothing about (modern) human cognition from genetics,” he summarizes.58
Hawks says that the influence of genes on the features of the ancient people’s brains is still a big problem, because researchers do not know much about the influence of genes even on the thinking of modern man.61
The similarities within findings at sites of early modern human beings were remarkable. “Regardless of how we classify the data, there were no significant differences between the groups,” says Henry. “The evidence we now have does not suggest that the earliest modern human beings in Eurasia had more efficient access to foods of plant origin.”59
The similarity within the findings at sites of Homo sapiens was simply astounding. According to Henry, “Attitudes have changed: no significant difference between these groups exists now.” She notes that, according to their data, the anatomically modern humans did not have an advantageous access to the benefits of plant foods.62
Scientific American Brasil, n. 136, sept. 2013, emphasis added
V míre naúki, n. 10, oct. 2013, emphasis added
Sleep, in this narrative, would preserve the ability of the brain circuit to continuously form new memories over the life of a person without saturation or obstruction of older memories.65
Thus, sleep allows the brain throughout life to continuously retain the ability to form new memories, avoiding over-saturation or destruction of old memories.66
Scientific American Brasil, n. 150, cover and pp.46-55, nov. 2014.
V míre naúki (“Mundo da ciência”), n. 12, cover and pp.22-32, 2014.
In 1980, Alan Guth, a young physicist-with a PhD, thought about these paradoxes when he found the solution: the Universe imagined by him, based on particle physics, could have inflated quickly long after the Big Bang.67
In 1980, a young physicist Alan Guth pondered over these two paradoxes, and found a solution: our Universe could quickly swell immediately after the Big Bang.70
As in the case of the Higgs field, the symmetry breaking field would produce massive and exotic particles, but the masses involved in the process were much larger than the mass of the Higgs particle. In fact, it would be necessary to build an accelerator 10 trillion68 times more powerful than the LHC to directly explore the theories that support this phenomenon.69
As in the case of the Higgs field, the hypothetical field that breaks the symmetry should produce exotic and very massive particles. In practice this means that for the direct search of relevant experimental evidence it is necessary to create an accelerator 10 billion times more powerful than the LHC.71