Vegetation Cover Development Resulting from Different Restoration Approaches of Exploited Mines

Corrêa, Rodrigo Studart; Balduíno, Alexander Paulo do Carmo; Teza, Cláusio Tavares Viana; Baptista, Gustavo Macedo de Mello

doi:10.1590/2179-8087.111617

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Original Article, Conservation of Nature • Floresta Ambient. 25 (4) • 2018 • https://doi.org/10.1590/2179-8087.111617 copy

Vegetation Cover Development Resulting from Different Restoration Approaches of Exploited Mines

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

ABSTRACT

The vegetation cover development is an essential step towards the restoration of the ecosystems. In this work, we applied remote sensing to evaluate the temporal development of vegetation cover on exploited mines revegetated with five approaches: natural regeneration, tree plantation, cultivation of trees + herbs, topsoil replacement + tree plantation, and sewage sludge incorporation into mining substrate. Results showed that the natural regeneration approach would require a secular time to provide satisfactory vegetation cover on the exploited mine. Tree plantation required fifteen years to provide 80% of vegetation cover. The use of topsoil + trees or the incorporation of sewage sludge into mining substrates achieved the fastest development of vegetation cover (2.5-5 years) and the highest percentages of revegetated surface (80-95%). However, the floristic composition of vegetation covers is as important as their development, and some restoration approaches are reported to stimulate weed invasion while others prevent it.

Keywords:
mining; rehabilitation; restoration; NDVI; Cerrado

Revegetation approach	Equation	R²	Time up to 80% vegetation cover
Revegetation approach	Vegetation cover	R²	Time up to 80% vegetation cover
A₁ - Natural regeneration (control)	Ŷ = 5.25 + 0.79X	0.90 ^ Significant at p < 0.01.	94 years
A₂ - Tree plantation	Ŷ = 65.54 - 60.65e^-0.77X	0.86 ^* * Significant at p < 0.05;	15 years
A₃ - Tree plantation + herbs	Ŷ = 79.01 - 73.95e^-1.92X	0.99**	6 years
A₄ - Topsoil replacement + tree plantation	Ŷ = 94.56 - 81.49e^-0.69X	0.99**	2.5 years
A₄ - Topsoil replacement + tree plantation	Ŷ = 97.64 - 93.34e^-0.45X	0.95**	3.8 years
A₅ - Sewage sludge incorporation into substrate + natural regeneration	Ŷ = 96.76 - 90.21e^-0.35X	0.83*	4.9 years
A₅ - Sewage sludge incorporation into substrate + natural regeneration	Ŷ = 81.15 - 67.39e^-1.10X	0.97**	3.8 years

Revegetation approach	A1 - Natural regeneration	A2 – Tree plantation	A3 - Tree plantation + herbs	A4 - Topsoil replacement + tree plantation	A4 - Topsoil replacement + tree plantation	A5 - Sewage sludge incorporation into substrate + natural regeneration	A5 - Sewage sludge incorporation into substrate + natural regeneration
Parameter
Organic matter (g kg^-1)	0.8 ± <0.1	20.3 ± 0.6	44.7 ± 0.8	11.8 ± 0.1	20.8 ± 0.3	57.1 ± 0.3	79.7 ± 0.5
pH (H₂O)	5.4 ± 0.2	6.8 ± 0.1	6.3 ± 0.3	5.6 ± 0.2	5.3 ± 0.2	5.1 ± 0.1	5.1 ± 0.3
pH (CaCl₂)	4.9 ± 0.1	6.2 ± 0.3	5.7 ± 0.2	5.2 ± 0.3	4.9 ± <0.1	5.0 ± 0.1	4.9 ± <0.1
Total-N (g kg^-1)	0.1 ± <0.1	1.4 ± 0.2	2.9 ± 0.2	0.9 ± <0.1	1.3 ± 0.1	3.5 ± 0.2	4.6 ± 0.3
Available-P (mg kg^-1)	0.1 ± <0.1	2.2 ± 0.1	3.7 ± 0.3	1.4 ± 0.2	1.6 ± 0.1	1,380.3 ± 10.3	1,055.0 ± 7.1
CEC (cmolc kg^-1)	2.3 ± 0.4	3.1 ± 0.2	5.9 ± 0.2	12.0 ± 0.5	7.8 ± 0.3	23.8 ± 4.3	18.5 ± 1.5
Base saturation (%)	30.4 ± 4.3	77.7 ± 6.1	62.7 ± 2.3	9.0 ± 0.3	8.0 ± 1.3	57.3 ± 3.2	47.7 ± 3.8
Exchangeable-K (cmolc kg^-1)	0.1 ± <0.1	0.2 ± <0.1	1.3 ± <0.1	0.6 ± 0.2	0.3 ± <0.1	2.8 ± 0.3	2.5 ± 0.1
Ca²⁺ + Mg²⁺ (cmolc kg^-1)	0.6 ± <0.1	2.2 ± 0.2	2.4 ± 0.2	0.5 ± <0.1	0.3 ± <0.1	10.8 ± 1.1	6.3 ± 0.3
S (cmolc kg^-1)	0.7 ± 0.1	2.4 ± 0.2	3.7 ± 0.2	1.1 ± 0.1	0.6 ± 0.2	13.6 ± 2.1	8.8 ± 2.3
H⁺ + Al³⁺ (cmolc kg^-1)	1.6 ± 0.1	0.7 ± <0.3	2.2 ± 0.1	10.9 ± 0.9	7.2 ± 1.2	10.2 ± 1.8	9.7 ± 0.9

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[1] *Rodrigo Studart CorrêaPrograma de Pós-graduação em Ciências Ambientais – PPGCA/FUP, Universidade de Brasília – UnB, CP 04401, CEP 70842970, Planaltina, DF, Brasil e-mail: rodmanga@yahoo.com.br