topology
|
Cheng et al. (2004)Cheng KWE, Lu Y, Tong KY, Rad AB, Chow DHK, Sutanto D. Development of a circuit for functional electrical stimulation. IEEE Transactions on Neural Systems and Rehabilitation Engineering. 2004; 12(1):43-7. PMid:15068186. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/TNSRE.2003.819936. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/TNSRE.2003.819...
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I
|
Biphasic |
f: 200 Hz |
Op-amp |
(Figure 4a) |
(due to transformer current magnetization) |
I: 100 mA |
Step-up voltage transformer |
V: 9 – 200 V |
Velloso and Souza (2007)Velloso JB, Souza MN. A programmable system of functional electrical stimulation (FES). In: Proceedings of the 29th Annual International Conference of the IEEE EMBS; 2007; Lyon. USA: IEEE; 2007. p. 23-6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/IEMBS.2007.4352769. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/IEMBS.2007.435...
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I
|
Biphasic |
PW: 50 – 500 μs |
Op-amp, Darlington BJT, step-up transformer |
(Figure 4b) |
(negative phase is consequence of analog driver) |
f: 20 to 200 Hz |
I: 0 to 100 mA |
Chen et al. (2013)Chen M, Wu B, Lou X, Zhao T, Li J, Xu Z, Hu X, Zheng X. A self-adaptive foot-drop corrector using functional electrical stimulation (FES) modulated by tibialis anterior electromyography (EMG) dataset. Medical Engineering & Physics. 2013; 35(2):195-204. PMid:22621781. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.medengphy.2012.04.016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.medengphy.20...
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V
|
Monophasic |
V: up to 150 V |
Step-up transformer, |
(Figure 4c) |
(single channel) |
PW: 20-400 μs |
MOSFET, PWM controller, output voltage limiter |
f: 40Hz |
|
I
|
Monophasic |
I: 0 – 20 mA |
Step-up transformer, self-biased current mirror |
Lima and Cordeiro (2002)Lima JA, Cordeiro AS. A low-cost neurostimulator with accurate pulsed-current control. IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering. 2002; 49(5):497-500. PMid:12002182. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/10.995689. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/10.995689...
|
V: 0 – 220 V |
(Figure 5) |
PW: 50 μs – 1ms |
|
f: 1 – 10 Hz |
Khosravani et al. (2011)Khosravani S, Lahimgarzadeh N, Maleki A. Developing a stimulator and an interface for FES-cycling rehabilitation system. In: Proceedings of the 18th Iranian Conference of Biomedical Engineering; 2011; Tehran. USA: IEEE; 2011. p. 175-80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ICBME.2011.6168550. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ICBME.2011.616...
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I
|
Monophasic/biphasic |
I: 0 – 150 mA |
Op-amp followed by Wilson current source |
(Figure 5a) |
(6 channels) |
f: 50 Hz
|
Yochum et al. (2010)Yochum M, Binczak S, Bakir T, Jacquir S, Lepers R. A mixed FES/EMG system for real time analysis of muscular fatigue. In: Proceedings of the 32nd Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society; 2010; Buenos Aires. USA: IEEE; 2010. p. 4882-5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/IEMBS.2010.5627264. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/IEMBS.2010.562...
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I
|
Monophasic/biphasic |
I: 100 mA |
BJT op-amp followed by Wilson bridge |
(Figure 5b) |
V: 150V |
PW: 100-600 μs |
Qu et al. (2011)Qu H, Wang T, Hao M, Shi P, Zhang W, Wang G, Lan N. Development of a network FES system for stroke rehabilitation. In: Proceedings of the 33rd Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society; 2011; Boston. USA: IEEE; 2011. p. 3119-22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/IEMBS.2011.6090851. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/IEMBS.2011.609...
|
I
|
Monophasic/biphasic |
V: 100 V |
H-bridge with two voltage controlled current sources, ARM microcontroller |
(Figure 6a) |
(multi channel) |
I: 150 mA |
|
V
|
|
V: 600Vpp |
H-bridge and one voltage control source, IR2111 regulator, optical isolation |
Gaiotto et al. (2012)Gaiotto MCC, Nogueira-Neto GN, Krueger E, Magnani CEF, Nohama P. Uma contribuição ao projeto de saída de estimuladores elétricos neuromusculares bifásicos. In: Anais do XXIII Congresso Brasileiro de Engenharia Biomédica; 2012; Porto de Galinhas, PE, Brazil. Recife: Adaltech; 2012. p. 670-4.
|
Monophasic/biphasic |
PW: 4 – 65535 μs |
(Figure 6b) |
(multi channel) |
Fburst: 13-1000 Hz |
|
|
I: up to 300 mA |
|
I
|
Monophasic/biphasic |
f: n/a |
Symmetric DC sources, LM675 power op-amp |
Masdar et al. (2012)Masdar A, Ibrahim BSKK, Jamil MMA, Hanafi D, Ahmad MKI, Rahman KAA. Development of wireless-based low-cost current controlled stimulator for patients with spinal cord injuries. In: Proceedings of the IEEE EMBS International Conference on Biomedical Engineering and Sciences; 2012; Langkawi. USA: IEEE; 2012. p. 493-8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/IECBES.2012.6498175. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/IECBES.2012.64...
|
V: n/a |
(Figure 7a) |
PW:10-500 μs |
|
I: 10 - 120 mA |
|
V
|
|
f: 1 Hz – 15 kHz |
Flyback transformer, electric isolation, switch capacitors |
Huerta et al. (2012)Huerta SC, Tarulli M, Prodic A, Popovic MR, Lehn PW. A universal functional electrical stimulator based on merged flyback-SC circuit. In: Proceedings of the 15th International Power Electronics and Motion Control Conference; 2012; Novi Sad, Serbia. USA: IEEE; 2012; p. LS5a.3-1-LS5a.3-5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/EPEPEMC.2012.6397471. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/EPEPEMC.2012.6...
|
Biphasic |
I: 0.5 – 125 mA |
(Figure 7b) |
(symmetric/asymmetric outputs, 4 channels) |
PW: 10 us – 10ms |
|
|
V: up to 300V |
|
I
|
Monophasic |
f: 20 Hz |
Op-amp activates a high voltage BJT, LabVIEW control |
Willand and De Bruin (2008)Willand MP, De Bruin H. Design and testing of an instrumentation system to reduce stimulus pulse amplitude requirements during FES. In: Proceedings of the 30th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society; 2008; Vancouver. USA: IEEE; 2008. p. 2764-7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/IEMBS.2008.4649775. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/IEMBS.2008.464...
|
PW: 5 ms |
(Figure 8a) |
V: 250 V |
|
I: up to 22mA |
|
I
|
|
I: 0 – 120 mA |
High voltage op-amp, electronic switches |
Brunetti et al. (2011)Brunetti F, Garay Á, Moreno JC, Pons JL. Enhancing functional electrical stimulation for emerging rehabilitation robotics in the framework of hyper project. In: Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Rehabilitation Robotics; 2011; Zurich. USA: IEEE; 2011. p. 1-6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ICORR.2011.5975370. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ICORR.2011.597...
|
Biphasic |
Vmax: 250 V |
(Figure 8b) |
(up to 32 channels; 2x16 independent channels) |
f: 0 – 100 Hz |
|
|
PW: 10 μs – 5 ms |