The Indeterminate Form of Chagas Disease

Keywords
Chagas Disease/physiopathology; Chagas Cardiomyopathy; Ventricular Dysfunction; Endomyocardial Fibrosis; Diagnostic Imaging, Epidemiology

The presence of diffuse fibrosis in the myocardial tissue is a characteristic of Chagas heart disease.¹ The mechanisms proposed to explain such fibrosis areas vary and include direct injury by Trypanosoma cruzi to the cardiac tissue, as well as tissue ischemia due to microcirculation changes and microvascular thrombosis mediated by inflammatory² and immune³ processes. The myocardial fibrosis not only reveals important aspects of the pathophysiology of the disease, but has a clinical significance,⁴ because its progression can lead to injury to the heart conduction system, contributing to generate arrhythmia, as well as systolic and diastolic ventricular dysfunction, in addition to favoring the appearance of thromboembolic phenomena from the hypokinetic or akinetic areas.

This issue of the Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia presents the results of a study jointly conducted by three different centers in the city of Salvador, Bahia state, about the clinical significance of the fibrosis found in patients with Chagas disease, in both the indeterminate and heart disease (with and without left ventricular dysfunction) stages. The search for fibrosis was performed by use of late enhancement cardiac magnetic resonance imaging. The authors have reported late enhancement compatible with fibrosis in 41% of the patients with the indeterminate form, a figure similar to that found in patients with heart disease without ventricular dysfunction. In addition, it is worth noting the similar findings in the other groups regarding the clinical characteristics and the levels of type B natriuretic peptide, troponin, interleukins 2, 4, 6 and 10, tumor necrosis factor alpha and gamma interferon.⁵

Previous studies have identified myocardial fibrosis in patients with Chagas disease and correlated its intensity with the severity of ventricular dysfunction and symptoms. A study of 51 patients with Chagas disease using late enhancement technique has identified images compatible with myocardial fibrosis in 20% of the 15 patients with the indeterminate form.⁶ Similar results have been found by using other imaging techniques: a study of 40 patients with the indeterminate form of Chagas disease, using echocardiography and single photon emission computed tomography (gated-SPECT) myocardial perfusion imaging, has detected some changes in perfusion and myocardial motion in 25% of the individuals, including perfusion defects, reduced ejection fraction and intraventricular dyssynchrony.⁷

The finding by Rabelo et al.⁵ of similar phenotypes in patients with the indeterminate form and those with heart disease (and normal left ventricular function) draws attention to the discussion on the meaning of the indeterminate form definition. This concept has been applied to patients with positive serology for Trypanosoma cruzi and neither gastrointestinal disease nor myocardial injury identified on clinical assessment, chest X-rays and electrocardiogram. However, the value of that definition has been questioned based on the current methods to assess cardiac function and morphology. One way to estimate the value of those findings is to assess the long-term outcome of patients.⁸ A study from 2001 of 160 patients with the indeterminate form, followed up for 98 months, and based on clinical, electrocardiographic and echocardiographic findings (two-dimensional and M mode) has reported stable ejection fraction during follow-up despite the appearance of electrocardiographic changes.⁹ A study with a 10-year follow-up of blood donors with positive serology for Trypanosoma cruzi has estimated the incidence of the progression to heart disease in 1.85 per 100 individuals-year, with heart disease diagnosis based on electrocardiographic and two-dimensional echocardiographic changes.¹⁰ However, studies assessing the long-term follow-up of patients with the indeterminate form of Chagas disease by using the currently available techniques for analysis of myocardial function and morphology and mortality data still lack.

Finally, despite the progression over the last decades of the methods to identify the patients at higher risk or with subclinical morphological changes, the likelihood of the patients' prognostic improvement still faces the limitations of therapy, especially considering the negative results of the etiological treatment of Chagas disease's chronic forms.¹¹ Those and other difficulties that persist in the management of patients with Chagas disease are a constant challenge for the doctors and researchers who cope with such a severe condition.

References

• ¹
  Rossi MA. The pattern of myocardial fibrosis in chronic Chagas' heart disease. Int J Cardiol. 1991;30(3):335-40.
• ²
  Mocelin AO, Issa VS, Bacal F, Guimarães GV, Cunha E, Bocchi EA, et al. The influence of aetiology on inflammatory and neurohumoral activation in patients with severe heart failure: a prospective study comparing Chagas' heart disease and idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy. Eur J Heart Fail .2005;7(5):869-73.
• ³
  Bocchi EA, Bestetti RB, Scanavacca MI, Cunha Neto E, Issa VS. Chronic Chagas heart disease management: from etiology to cardiomyopathy treatment. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2017;70(12):1510-24.
• ⁴
  Bestetti RB. Chagas heart failure in patients from Latin America. Card Fail Rev. 2016;2(2):90-4.
• ⁵
  Rabelo MMN, Macedo CT, Larocca T, et al. Presença e Extensão da Fibrose Miocárdica na Forma Indeterminada da Doença de Chagas: Estudo de Ressonância Magnética de. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2018; 110(2):124-131.
• ⁶
  Rochitte CE, Oliveira PF, Andrade JM, Ianni BM, Parga JR, Avila LF,et al. Myocardial delayed enhancement by magnetic resonance imaging in patients with Chagas' disease: a marker of disease severity. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2005;46(8):1553-8.
• ⁷
  Peix A, García R, Sánchez J, Cabrera LO, Padrón K, Vedia O, et al. Myocardial perfusion imaging and cardiac involvement in the indeterminate phase of Chagas disease. Arq Bras Cardiol.2013;100(2):114-7.
• ⁸
  Espinosa R, Carrasco HA, Belandria F, Fuenmayor AM, Molina C, González R, et al. Life expectancy analysis in patients with Chagas' disease: prognosis after one decade (1973-1983). Int J Cardiol. 1985;8(1):45-56.
• ⁹
  Ianni BM, Arteaga E, Frimm CC, Pereira Barretto AC, Mady C. Chagas' heart disease: evolutive evaluation of electrocardiographic and echocardiographic parameters in patients with the indeterminate form. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2001;77(1):59-62.
• ¹⁰
  Sabino EC, Ribeiro AL, Salemi VM, Di Lorenzo Oliveira C, Antunes AP, et al. National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Retrovirus Epidemiology Donor Study-II (REDS-II), International Component. Ten-year incidence of Chagas cardiomyopathy among asymptomatic Trypanosoma cruzi-seropositive former blood donors. Circulation. 2013;127(10):1105-15.
• ¹¹
  Morillo CA, Marin-Neto JA, Avezum A,Sosa-Estani S, Rassi A Jr, Rosas F, et al. ,for the BENEFIT Investigators. Randomized trial of benznidazole for chronic Chagas' cardiomyopathy. N Engl J Med. 2015;373(14):1295-306.

Publication Dates

• Publication in this collection
  Feb 2018