New antithrombotic aryl-sulfonylthiosemicarbazide derivatives synthesized from natural safrole

Article

New Antithrombotic Aryl-sulfonylthiosemicarbazide Derivatives Synthesized from Natural Safrole

Lídia M. Lima ^a,b , Claudia B. Ormelli ^a , Carlos A.M. Fraga ^a , Ana L.P. Miranda ^a , and Eliezer J. Barreiro ^{a *}

^a Laboratório de Avaliação e Síntese de Substâncias Bioativas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, C.P. 68006, 21944-970 Rio de Janeiro - RJ, Brazil

^b Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro - RJ, Brazil

No âmbito de uma linha de pesquisas que trata da síntese e avaliação farmacológica de novos candidatos a protótipos de agentes antitrombóticos, explorando a hibridação molecular como estratégia de planejamento estrutural, descrevemos neste trabalho a síntese e avaliação farmacológica de novas sulfonilsemicarbazidas (10a-d), planejadas por analogia estrutural a antagonistas de receptores de TXA₂, utilizando o safrol (9), produto natural brasileiro abundante, isolado do óleo de Sassafrás, como matéria-prima sintética.

A avaliação das propriedades antiagregantes plaquetárias das sulfonilsemicarbazidas (10a-d) no modelo induzido por ADP, colágeno, ácido araquidônico e U46619, permitiu evidenciar um importante perfil antitrombótico ao nível da cascata do ácido araquidônico para o derivado 6-metil-3,4-metilenodioxifenil-sulfonil-N-feniltiosemicarbazida (10d), que representa um novo protótipo de agentes anti-trombóticos.

As part of a research program aiming at the synthesis and pharmacological evaluation of novel lead-compounds exploring Brazilian abundant natural products, we describe herein the synthesis and the antithrombotic profile of new aryl-sulfonylsemicarbazides and aryl-sulfonylthiosemicarbazides (10a-d). The new derivatives, designed with basis on the molecular hybridization concept, were prepared in good yields from natural safrole (9), isolated from sassafras oil.

The anti-aggregating activity of these new derivatives (10a-d) on platelet aggregation induced by ADP, collagen, arachidonic acid and U-46619, indicates an important antithrombotic profile for the 6-methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyphenyl-sulfonyl-N-phenylthiosemicarbazide derivative (10d), acting at the arachidonic acid cascade and representing a new lead-compound with antithrombotic activity.

Keywords: safrole in synthesis; phenylsulfonylthiosemicarbazide derivative; antithrombotic activity

Introduction

Thromboxane A₂ (TXA₂) (1) is one of the most potent naturally occurring platelet activators and smooth muscle constrictor substances known shows similar activity to, albeit more potent than, the precursor prostaglandin endoperoxide H₂ (PGH₂) (2)¹, which is also the precursor of the natural anti-aggregating prostacyclin (3) (Chart 1). TXA₂ is a potent inductor of the platelet aggregation and constriction of vascular and respiratory smooth muscles². It is considered an important chemical mediator of several physiopathological processes, e.g., thrombosis and bronchial asthma^3,4. The corresponding TXA₂ receptor has recently been isolated and sequenced^5,6. Efforts to modulate the actions of TXA₂ have focused on agents which would either inhibit the biosynthesis of TXA₂ (TXA₂ synthase inhibitor/TXS-I) or alternatively block the actions of TXA₂ at the receptor level (TXA₂ receptor antagonists/TPant)⁷. Another alternative approach is the use of dual acting TPant/TXS-I⁸. A number of TPant have been recently described and these compounds are either structurally related to TXA₂/ PGH₂, such as SQ 29.548 (4)^9,10, SQ 27.825 (5)¹¹ and S-145 (6)¹² or structurally dissimilar such as sulotroban (7)¹³ (Chart 2). Structure activity relationships (SAR) concerning TPant are relatively well-known, and are based on the presence of a hydrogen bond acceptor group, hydrophobic moiety and ionic interaction site^14,15.

As part of an ongoing research program devoted to identifying new antithrombotic candidates on the basis of the structure-activity relationships of TP antagonists, we described previously a new series of sulotroban analogues¹⁶, e.g. derivative (8), exploring natural safrole (9), an abundant Brazilian natural product occurring in the Sassafras oil^17,18, as starting material. Thus, we describe herein the planning, the synthesis and the anti-platelet properties of new aryl-sulfonylsemicarbazide derivatives with the general structure (10), which were structurally planned as a hybrid of both SQ 29.548 (4) and sulotroban-related derivative (8) (Fig. 1).

All these new compounds (10a-d) were structurally designed in order to explore a new possible bioisosteric relationship between the 1,3-benzodioxole ring, present in the natural product used as starting material, and the oxabicyclo[2.2.1]heptane system of (4-6), considering the hydrogen-bonding acceptor character of both subunits as represented by the oxygen atom indicated in Figure 1. The introduction of the sulfonyl group on the semicarbazide side chain, was performed with the aim to study the eventual contribution of this multiple hydrogen-bonding acceptor/donor functionality in the antiplatelet activity of these new compounds (10a-d).

Results and Discussion

The new target derivatives, aryl-sulfonylsemicarbazides, (10a-d) were synthesized as depicted in Scheme 1. Our synthetic approach to these new compounds identified 6-methyl-3,4-methylenedioxy-phenylsulfonyl chloride (14) as the key intermediate (Scheme 1). This compound can be obtained by regioselective aromatic electrophilic substitution at the C-6 position of the precursor 3,4-methylenedioxytoluene (12), which was obtained in ca. 50% overall yield from natural safrole (9). Simple distillation of Sassafras oil yielded 9 in 85% yield. Base catalysed isomerization of the double bond followed by oxidative cleavage and Wolff-Kishner reduction yielded 12^19-22. The arylsulfonyl chloride derivative (14) was next prepared in two steps from (12), applying methodology previously used in this laboratory to promote an efficient and mild sulfonation of the sensitive 1,3-benzodioxole derivatives^16,20. Thus, treatment of (12) with a mixture of acetic anhydride in ethyl acetate, containing 1.1 eq. of sulfuric acid, at 0 °C, followed by careful addition of a solution of potassium acetate in ethanol, furnished as the only product, the potassium salt of 6-methyl-3,4-methylenedioxy-phenylsulfonic acid (13) in 91% yield. The analysis of ¹H-NMR spectra of compound (13), confirmed the anticipated regioselectivity of this process as evidenced by the presence of two singlet signals at d 6.70 and 7.27. The next step in the planned synthetic route was the treatment of the potassium salt (13) with thionyl chloride, catalyzed by the Vilsmeyer-Haack complex, to afford the desired arylsulfonyl chloride derivative (14) in 74% yield^16,19,20.

With an attractive method for access to the key intermediate (14) in hand, we next performed the condensation step of this compound with 40% aqueous hydrazine hydrate in chloroform at 0 °C to obtain the corresponding arylsulfonylhydrazine (15) in 92% yield^16,18. The infrared spectrum of (15) indicated the sulfonylhydrazine moiety by the presence of absorptions at 3398, 3370 and 3327 cm^-1, typical for the group -NH-NH₂. Finally, the synthesis of the novel arylsulfonylsemicarbazide (10a-d) was concluded in good yield (Table 1), by treatment of the arylsulfonylhydrazine derivative (15) with phenylisocyanate, 4-chlorophenylisocyanate, 4-bromophenylisocyanate and phenylisothiocyanate, respectively, in tetrahydrofuran at room temperature²³ (Scheme 1). The ¹³C-NMR spectrum of compounds (10a-d) (Table 2) shows the C=O and C=S signals at d 154.7 and 180.8, corresponding to semicarbazide and thiosemicarbazide moieties, respectively.

The antithrombotic activity of these novel arylsulfonylsemicarbazide derivatives (10a-d) was evaluated by their ability to inhibit platelet aggregation of rabbit platelet-rich plasma (PRP) induced by adenosine diphosphate (ADP, 5 mM), or collagen (90 mM), or arachidonic acid (AA, 200 mM) or U-46619 (3 mM), a stable analogue of TXA₂, used as a pharmacological probe to TP. The results of the anti-platelet profile of (10a-d) are displayed in Table 3.

Consistent with these compounds exerting their effects at the arachidonic acid cascade level was that none of them were effective in preventing platelet aggregation induced by ADP. Compound (10d), belonging to the phenylthiosemicarbazide class, was able to significantly inhibit the platelet aggregation induced by collagen (25.9%) at 90 mM concentration. In contrast, this compound was not able to promote any platelet inhibition when induced by arachidonic acid. It is known that in rabbit PRP, the collagen induced aggregation is partially mediated by TXA₂ formation²⁴. Thus, in order to evaluate the activity profile of these compounds at different concentrations, we decided to investigate the biological response at 200 mM concentration. At this concentration, compound (10d) presented a very important anti-platelet profile, inhibiting by 99.8% and 49.1% the aggregation induced by arachidonic acid and collagen respectively. These results indicate an antithrombotic activity at the arachidonic acid cascade level, and consequently it was decided to evaluate the effect of these compounds on the platelet aggregation induced by U-46619 (3 mM), in order to verify any eventual TPant properties. In this bioassay (Table 3) compound (10d) effectively inhibited the platelet aggregation by 24.4% at a 200 mM concentration in this assay. These results seem to indicate that (10d) does not act at the TP level but does prevent platelet aggregation by acting upon the arachidonic acid cascade, probably at the TXS level. It is important to mention that compound (10c), belonging to the para-phenylsemicarbazide substituted class, at 200 mM concentration, was the most active one (26%) in the assay induced by U-46619. The activity presented by both para-halogenated phenylsemicarbazide derivatives (10b and 10c), in comparison to the effect presented by the derivative (10a), seems to indicate that the presence of an halogen atom at the para-position of the phenyl ring of the semicarbazide moiety could improve the anti-platelet activity, in the assay induced by U-46619, in this series of derivatives.

Conclusions

As concluding remarks, the synthetic route described herein for access to these new aryl-sulfonylsemicarbazide and phenylsulfonylthiosemicarbazide derivatives (10a-d), structurally planned as hybrids of known TPant compounds, possessing the semicarbazide group (e.g. SQ-29548, 4), represent a useful, efficient and high yield method for exploring safrole (9), an abundant Brazilian natural product, as starting material. The pharmacological results identify a potent new anti-platelet compound, represented by the phenylsulfonylthiosemicarbazide derivative (10d), that can be considered as a new lead-candidate to antithrombotic agents acting at the arachidonic acid cascade level.

Experimental

Chemistry

Melting points were determined with a Thomas-Hoover apparatus and are uncorrected. Proton magnetic resonance (¹H-NMR) spectra were determined in deuterated solvents, using tetramethylsilane as an internal standard with a Brucker AC 200 spectrometer. Splitting patterns were as follows: s, singlet; d, doublet; m, multiplet. The carbon magnetic resonance spectra (¹³C-NMR) were determined in the same spectrometer described above at 50 MHz, using deuterated chloroform as internal standard. Infrared spectra (IR) were obtained with a Perkin-Elmer 1600 spectrometer as neat film and KBr pellets. The mass spectra (MS) were obtained on a GC/VG Micromass 12 at 70 eV.

The progress of all reactions was monitored by TLC which was performed on 2.0 cm x 5.0 cm aluminum sheets precoated with silica gel 60 (HF-254, Merck) to a thickness of 0.25 mm. The developed chromatograms were visualized under ultraviolet light (254-265 nm). For column chromatography Merck silica gel (70-230 mesh) was used. Solvents used in reactions were dried, redistillated prior to use and stored over 3-4 Å molecular sieves.

Potassium 6-methyl-3,4-methylenedioxybenzenesulfonate (13)^16,19-20

To a solution of 3,4-methylenedioxytoluene (12) (0.1 g; 0.74 mmol) in 2.2 mL of ethyl acetate containing acetic anhydride (0.21 mL; 2.2 mmol) cooled at 0 °C, was added, dropwise, a solution of sulfuric acid (0.06 mL; 0.93 mmol; d = 1.84) in ethyl acetate. To this reaction mixture, after stirring for 2 h at room temperature, was next added a solution of potassium acetate (0.11 g; 1.1 mmol) in ethanol (0.6 mL) and the suspension formed was maintained under stirring at room temperature for an additional 30 min. The resulting precipitates were removed by filtration, washed with ethyl acetate to give 0.16 g (91%) of (13) as colorless powder, mp 189°C. ¹H-NMR (D₂O) d: 2.45 (s, 3H, ArCH₃), 5.89 (s, 2H, OCH₂O), 6.70 (s, 1H, Ar-H₅), 7.27 (s, 1H, Ar-H₂) ppm; IR (KBr): 1346 (n S-O), 1242 (n C-O), 955 (n S-O-C) cm^-1.

6-Methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyphenylsulfonyl chloride (14)^16,19-20

A mixture of thionyl chloride (3.9 mL; 53.4 mmol) and dry dimethylformamide (0.1 mL) was added to the dry potassium salt derivative (13) (2.5 g; 9.2 mmol). The reaction mixture, maintained under a nitrogen atmosphere, was stirred at reflux for 4h and then poured into crushed ice and extracted with methylene chloride (5 x 30 mL). The organic extracts were dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄ and evaporated at reduced pressure to give 1.8 g (74%) of the sulfonyl chloride derivative (14) as yellow prisms: mp 79 °C. ¹H-NMR (CDCl₃) d: 2.70 (s, 3H, ArCH₃), 6.9 (s, 2H, OCH₂O), 6.81 (s, 1H, Ar-H₅), 7.49 (s, 1H, Ar-H₂) ppm; IR (KBr): 1359 (n S-O), 1251 (n C-O), 1160 (n S-O-C) cm^-1.

6-Methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyphenylsulfonylhydrazide (15)¹⁶

To a solution of sulfonyl chloride derivative (14) (0.4 g; 1.7 mmol) in chloroform (20 mL), cooled at 0 °C, was added dropwise 40% aqueous hydrazine hydrate (5 mL). The reaction mixture was stirred for 2 h at at 0 °C, then poured into water (9 mL) and extracted with chloroform (4 x 9 mL). The organic layer was washed with brine, dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄ and evaporated at reduced pressure to give 0.36 g (92%) of the sulfonylhydrazide derivative (15) as colorless prisms: mp 120-121°C. ¹H-NMR (DMSO-d₆) d: 2.50 (s, 3H, ArCH₃), 6.9 (s, 2H, OCH₂O), 6.97 (s, 1H, Ar-H₅), 7.28 (s, 1H, Ar-H₂) ppm; ¹³C-NMR (DMSO-d₆) d: 19.8 (ArCH₃), 92.1 (OCH₂O), 99.9 (C₂), 111,8 (C₅), 128.7 (C₆), 133.2 (C₁), 145.1 (C₃), 150.4 (C₄) ppm; IR (KBr): 3398 and 3370 (n H-N-H), 3327 (n N-H), 1348 and 1117 (n S-N), 1213 (n C-O) cm^-1; MS (m/z): 230 (M⁺, 28%), 200 (90%), 135 (79%), 151 (67%), 77 (66%).

General procedure for obtaining 6-Methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyphenylsulfonyl-N-phenylsemicarbazide (10a-d)²³

To a solution of 0.2 g (0.87 mmol) of sulfonylhydrazine (15) in freshly destilled tetrahydrofuran was added isocyanate derivative (0.87 mmol). The reaction mixture was stirred for 12 h at room temperature, when the end of reaction was observed by tlc. Next, the arylsulfonylsemicarbazides (10a-d) were isolated by concentration of the reaction mixture under reduced pressure and addition of cold water to furnish the desired product as colorless prisms in 80-92 % ( see Table 1).

6-Methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyphenylsulfonyl-N-phenylsemicarbazide (10a)

This compound was obtained, in 85% yield, using 0.1 mL of phenylisocyanate, as colorless prisms: mp 185-186 °C. ¹H-NMR (DMSO-d₆) d: 2.50 (s, 3H, ArCH₃), 6.9 (s, 2H, OCH₂O), 6.97 (s, 1H, Ar-H₅), 7.28 (s, 1H, Ar-H₂), (m, 5H, Ar-H_2’-6’) ppm; ¹³C-NMR (DMSO-d₆) d: 20.14 (ArCH₃), 92.00 (OCH₂O), 99.82 (C₂), 112.00 (C₅), 118.60 (C_2’ and C_6’), 122.11 (C_4’), 128.63 (C_3’ and C_5’), 128.81 (C₆), 134.43 (C₁), 139.20 (C_1’), 145.15 (C₃), 150.91 (C₄), 154.70 (HNC=O) ppm; IR (KBr): 3329 (n SO₂N-H), 3227 (n CON-H), 1670 (n C=O), 1348 and 1117 (n S-N), 1213 (n C-O) cm^-1; MS (m/z): 349 (M⁺, 15%), 230 (83%), 200 (85%),151 (36%), 135 (42%), 120 (47%), 77 (90%).

Anal. Calcd. for C₁₅H₁₅O₅N₃S: C, 51.57%; H, 4.33%; N, 12.03%. Found: C, 51.80 %; H, 4.77%; N, 11.95%.

6-Methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyphenylsulfonyl-N-4-chlorophenylsemicarbazide (10b)

This compound was obtained, in 75% yield, using 0.11 mL of 4-chlorophenylisocyanate, as colorless prisms: mp 201-202 °C. ¹H-NMR (DMSO-d₆) d: 2.50 (s, 3H, ArCH₃), 6.9 (s, 2H, OCH₂O), 6.95 (s, 1H, Ar-H₅), 7.28 (s, 1H, Ar-H₂), 7.25 (d/J = 8.5 Hz, 2H, Ar-H_5’,3’), 7.42 (d/J = 8.5 Hz, 2H, Ar-H_2’,6’) ppm; ¹³C-NMR (DMSO-d₆) d: 20.08 (ArCH₃), 92.20 (OCH₂O), 99.71 (C₂), 111.92 (C₅), 120.9 (C_2’ and C_6’), 125.60 (C_4’), 128.40 (C_3’ and C_5’), 128.70 (C₆), 134.32 (C₁), 138.31 (C_1’), 145.13 (C₃), 150.91 (C₄), 154.71 (HNC=O) ppm; IR (KBr): 3315(n SO₂N-H), 3219 (n CON-H), 1685 (n C=O), 1335 and 119 (n S-N), 1221 (n C-O) cm^-1; MS (m/z): 383 (M⁺, 12%), 230 (4%), 200 (90%), 183 (25%), 151 (45%), 135 (55%), 77 (62%).

Anal. Calcd. for C₁₅H₁₄O₅N₃SCl: C, 46.94%; H, 3.68%; N, 9.95%. Found: C, 47.03%; H, 3.80%; N, 11.05%.

6-Methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyphenylsulfonyl-N-4-bromophenylsemicarbazide (10c)

This compound was obtained, in 92% yield, using 0.17 g of 4-bromophenylisocyanate, as colorless prisms: mp 214-216 °C. ¹H-NMR (DMSO-d₆) d: 2.47 (s, 3H, ArCH₃), 6.09 (s, 2H, OCH₂O), 6.95 (s, 1H, Ar-H₅), 7.27 (s, 1H, Ar-H₂), 7.36 (d/J = 8.8 Hz, 2H, Ar-H_5’,3’), 7.38 (d/J = 8.8 Hz, 2H, Ar-H_2’,6’) ppm; ¹³C-NMR (DMSO-d₆) d: 20.08 (ArCH₃), 92.17 (OCH₂O), 99.70 (C₂), 111.91 (C₅), 113.57 (C_4’), 120.53 (C_2’ and C_6’), 128.78 (C₆), 131.28 (C_3’ and C_5’), 134.30 (C₁), 138.65 (C_1’), 145.09 (C₃) 150.88 (C₄), 154.63 (HNCO) ppm; IR (KBr): 3332(n SO₂N-H), 3225 (n CON-H), 1678 (n C=O), 1328 and 1113 (n S-N), 1246(n C-O) cm^-1; MS (m/z): 429 e 428 (M⁺, 18%),230 (6%), 200 (90%), 151 (34%),135 (42%), 77 (34%).

Anal. Calcd. for C₁₅H₁₄O₅N₃SBr: C, 42.07%; H, 4.14%; N, 11.50%. Found: C, 41.95%; H, 4.17%; N, 11.19%.

6-Methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyphenylsulfonyl-N-phenylthiosemicarbazide (10d)

This compound was obtained, in 80% yield, using 0.1 mL of phenylisothiocyanate, as colorless prisms: mp 163-165°C. ¹H-NMR (DMSO-d₆) d: 2.50 (s, 3H, ArCH₃), 6.9 (s, 2H, OCH₂O), 6.95 (s, 1H, Ar-H₅), 7.30 (s, 1H, Ar-H₂), 7.25 (m, 5H, Ar-H_2-’6’) ppm; ¹³C-NMR (DMSO-d⁶) d: 20.29 (ArCH₃), 92.29 (OCH₂O), 99.83 (C₂), 111.99 (C₅), 122.11 (C_4’), 125.07 (C_2’ and C_6’), 128.00 (C_3’ and C_5’), 128.22 (C₆), 134.79 (C₁), 138.78 (C_1’), 145.32 (C₃), 151.21 (C₄), 180.86 (HNC=S) ppm; IR (KBr): 3289(n SO₂N-H), 3215(n CSN-H), 1665 (n C=S), 1329 and 1112 (n S-N), 1227 (n C-O) cm^-1; MS (m/z): 349 (M⁺, 12%), 230 (7%), 200 (85%), 135 (45%), 120 (47%), 77 (90%).

Anal. Calcd. for C₁₅H₁₅O₄N₃S₂: C, 49.30%; H, 4.14%; N, 11.50%. Found: C, 48.9%; H, 4.45%; N, 9.78%.

Biological

Platelet Aggregation

Blood was collected from rabbits by puncture of the central ear artery into 3.8% sodium citrate (9:1 v/v). Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) was prepared by centrifugation, 500 x g for 9 min, at room temperature, and platelet count was adjusted to 5 x 10⁸ platelets/mL.

Platelet aggregation was monitored by the turbidimetric method²⁵ in a Chrono-Log aggregometer. PRP (400 ml) was incubated at 37 °C for 1 min. with continuous stirring at 900 rpm and then stimulated with ADP (5 mM in distilled water), collagen (5 mg/mL in saline), arachidonic acid (AA - 200 mM in ethanol) or U-46619 (3 mM in ethanol).

Test compounds (10a-d) and the vehicle (0.5% DMSO, 2 mL) were added to the PRP samples 5 min. before addition of the aggregating agent. The DMSO used as vehicle did not have either pro- or antiplatelet aggregation activity. Indomethacin (9 mM), a classical cyclooxygenase inhibitor, was used as standard.

The platelet aggregation was expressed as percentage of aggregation for ADP, AA, U-46619 and as the maximum rate of aggregation (slope) for collagen. Data were analyzed statistically by Student’s "t" test for a p value of < 0.05 and are expressed as mean ± SD. for n experiments in triplicate.

Acknowledgments

We are grateful to CNPq (BR., grant #52.0033/96-5), Pronex (BR, FINEP 0888) and FUJB (BR., grant #6276-6; # 6487-4 and #7675-9) for the financial support of this work and to CNPq, FAPERJ and CAPES (BR.) for fellowships (LML, CBO, ALPM, CAMF and EJB).

Received: January 21, 1999.

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Publication Dates

• Publication in this collection
  07 June 2001
• Date of issue
  Oct 1999

History

• Received
  21 Jan 1999