MMP13, TIMP2 and TGFB3 Gene Polymorphisms in Brazilian Chronic Periodontitis and Periimplantitis Subjects

Abstract

Subjects susceptible to chronic periodontitis (CP) show a high risk for the development of peiimplantitis (PI). Both diseases are multifactorial, presenting similarities in their pathophysiology and polygenic profile. MMP-13 (matrix metalloproteinases 13/ collagenase 3) is a collagenolytic enzyme, which expression is induced by TGF beta 3 (transforming growth factor type 3) in human gingival fibroblasts and inhibited by TIMP-2 (tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase type 2). The aim of this study was to investigate the occurrence of peiimplantitis (PI) in subjects with history of chronic periodontitis (CP) and polymorphisms frequency in MMP13, TIMP2 and TGFB3 genes. One hundred and sixty-three volunteers received dental implant placement were submitted to oral and radiographic examination in order to identify past history of CP or presence of PI. Volunteers were divided into 4 groups: Control (without PI and CP, n=72), CP (with CP and without PI, n=28), PI (with PI and without CP, n=28) and diseased (with CP and PI, n=35). The chi-square test correlated genotypes in specific regions of MMP13 (rs2252070), TIMP2 (rs7501477) and TGFB3 (rs2268626) genes, considering the interaction between CP and PI. The results showed that volunteers with CP had 3.2 times more susceptibility to develop PI (p=0.0004) compared to those without CP. No significant association was observed in MMP13, TIMP2 and TGFB3 genes with CP or PI. CP is a risk factor to develop PI, however, there is no association of both diseases with polymorphisms in the MMP13, TIMP2 and TGFB3 genes.

Key Words:
dental implants; chronic periodontitis; genetic polymorphism.

Resumo

Indivíduos susceptíveis à periodontite crônica (CP) apresentam alto risco para o desenvolvimento de periimplantite (PI). Ambas doenças são multifatoriais e apresentam similaridades na patofisiologia e perfil poligênico. A MMP-13 (metaloproteinase da matriz tipo 13) é uma enzima colagenolítica cuja expressão é induzida por TGF beta 3 (fator transformador do crescimento tipo 3) nos fibroblastos gengivais humanos e inibida por TIMP-2 (inibidor tecidual de metaloproteinase tipo 2). O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar a ocorrência de periimplantite em sujeitos com periodontite crônica e a frequência dos polimorfismos nos genes MMP13, TIMP2 e TGFB3. Cento e sessenta e três voluntários submetidos à instalação de implantes endósseos foram analisados clínica e radiograficamente quanto à presença de histórico de CP e PI, sendo divididos em 4 grupos: Controle (sem história de CP e PI, n=72), CP (com CP e sem PI, n=28), PI (com PI e sem CP, n=28) e Doentes (com CP e PI, n=35). O teste do qui-quadrado correlacionou os genótipos nas regiões dos genes MMP13 (rs2252070), TIMP2 (rs7501477) e TGFB3 (rs2268626), considerando a interação entre CP e PI. Os resultados mostraram que voluntários com CP possuem 3.2 vezes mais chances de desenvolver PI (p=0.0004) comparados aos sem CP. Nenhuma associação significativa foi observada entre os genes MMP13, TIMP2 e TGFB3 e CP ou PI. A CP é um fator de risco ao desenvolvimento de PI, no entanto, não há associação entre ambas as doenças com polimorfismos nos genes MMP13, TIMP2 e TGFB3.

Introduction

The increased failure rate in implant dentistry is associated with the development of periimplant disease (PID) ¹. The main causes of PID have been attributed to biomechanical failure resulting from bacterial infection and occlusal overload, in which the main risk factors are poor oral hygiene, smoking, diabetes mellitus, as well as periodontitis. The implant success rate in patients without a history of periodontitis is 96.5%, whereas in patients with a history of periodontitis it is 90.5% ^1,2.

Microbial etiology of PID is closely related to the microbiota associated with chronic periodontitis (CP). However, the individual's immune response to bacterial insult is responsible for the development or cessation of the disease, including a profile of the immune response regulated by different cytokines ³. Increased levels of immunoregulatory molecules, such as IL-1-b (interleukin-1 beta), IL-6 (interleukin-6), TNF (tumor necrosis factor) and PGE2 (prostaglandin E2), have been observed in periodontitis and periimplantitis sites compared with healthy sites ^4,5,6.

Overexpression of these cytokines may result in the destruction of mineralized and/or non-mineralized tissues through autocrine or paracrine induction. This stimulates other biological mediators such as matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) ⁷ family, which is composed of 23 enzymes able of degrading most extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins, including native and denatured collagen ^7,8.

MMP-13 (collagenase-3) is the third member of collagenase subfamily of MMPs and it is a potent gelatinolytic and collagenolytic enzyme ⁸ expressed by different cell types, like fibroblasts in different anatomical sites, chondrocytes, osteoblasts, dental pulp cells and endothelial cells ^9,10.

The activity of these MMPs is primarily controlled by tissue inhibitors, known as TIMPs, which have an N-terminal domain able to inhibit MMPs. The balance between MMPs and TIMPs determines the degree of ECM degradation, together with hormones, oncogenic products, pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines and growth factors ^10,11.

TGF-beta is among the main growth factors involved in the regulation of ECM in the periodontal tissue and it has shown to block or initiate cell differentiation and migration, becoming overexpressed after placement of endosseous implants. TGF-beta 3 has a central role in fibroblastic proliferation and differentiation, stimulating collagen deposition ¹².

TGF-beta is able to induce the expression of MMP-13 in human gingival fibroblasts in wound healing, by a cascade of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK), p38 and complex AP-1 (activating protein-1). This suggests that MMP-13 plays an important role in the rapid remodeling of the extracellular matrix collagen during repair of periodontal lesions ⁹. In addition, the inflammatory process is controlled by genetic factors. Recent studies have focused on the individual genetic pattern to explain the common etiology of periodontitis and periimplantitis, but have yielded conflicting results and limited analyses of specific regions in a single gene ⁵.

Taking into account that homeostasis is regulated by MMP-13 and considering its regulators in the mineralized and non-mineralized tissues, the aim of this study was to evaluate the occurrence of periimplantitis (PI) in subjects with history of chronic periodontitis (CP) and its interaction with polymorphisms in MMP13, TIMP2 and TGFB3 genes.

Material and Methods

Volunteer Selection

One hundred and sixty-three individuals, presenting 587 osseointegrated endosseous implants, were selected for this cross-sectional study over the course of one year at the Dental Implantology Clinic of the Dental School at the Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, RJ, Brazil. The clinical procedures were conducted in accordance with the recommendations from the University Research Ethics Board (Registration number 286.354). Informed consent was obtained from all participants. Volunteers answered a personal, medical and dental history anamnesis. The exclusion criteria were: implant failure (pathologic bone loss, implant mobility or implant loss) before the osseointegration period (3 months for mandible and six months for maxilla), bisphosphonate use, pregnancy and/or lactation in female volunteers, lack of preoperative radiography, one stage or immediate implant placement, concurrent bone grafting required, early implant exposure during osseointegration period, non-treated periodontitis and non-compliance with study protocol. The inclusion criteria were as follows: at least one osseointegrated endosseous implant, immediate postoperative radiography showing the vertical bone level around implant to compare bone level after the osseointegration period, periapical radiography showing periodontal status before implant placement, and annual follow-up clinical and radiographic examinations. All implants were placed in a submerged healing modality (two-stage concept) in sites that had previously shown favorable bone quality and quantity.

Diagnosis of Periimplantitis

All periimplant regions were clinically and radiographically evaluated. Clinical examination of the periimplant sites consisted of visual inspection and palpation, analysis of mucosa inflammation, probing pocket depth, bleeding on probing and spontaneous bleeding on four surfaces (mesial, buccal, distal and lingual/palatine), presence of plaque, periimplant phenotype, implant mobility (any mobility during percussion test), osseointegration period and implant platform configuration. Conventional periapical radiography, using the paralleling technique, was used to assess the vertical bone loss around the implants measuring the height of periimplant bone and comparing it with the initial radiography taken immediately after implant placement. According to the clinical and radiographic characteristics of the periimplant sites, volunteers were characterized as having healthy sites - no clinical signs of inflammation in the periimplant mucosa and no signs of bone loss - or periimplantitis with radiographic signs of pathologic bone loss in at least one region. Physiological bone loss was characterized considering as normal bone loss of 1 mm during the first year following implant placement and 0.2 mm for subsequent years. According to the implant osseointegration period, the total amount of bone loss was calculated based on the difference between immediate postoperative radiography and diagnosis radiography (at the moment of periimplant examination). If total bone loss was more than 1 mm and 0.2 mm per year, the volunteer was diagnosed with periimplantitis.

Diagnosis of Chronic Periodontitis

Volunteers were characterized as healthy (without history of chronic periodontitis) or having chronic periodontitis (with a history of chronic periodontitis).

The diagnosis of chronic periodontitis was established on radiographic parameters, including periapical radiographic analysis showing horizontal bone resorption before implant placement and assessment of clinical examination and past dental history, to differentiate chronic from aggressive periodontitis.

Diagnosis and classification of generalized chronic periodontitis was based on Armitage ¹³. All volunteers diagnosed with chronic periodontitis have been treated and were under regular follow-up care.

Based on periimplant and periodontal status, volunteers were divided into the following groups: healthy - control group (no history of chronic periodontitis and periimplantitis, n=72); and test-case groups: disease (with a history of chronic periodontitis and periimplantitis, n=35); chronic periodontitis (chronic periodontitis history without periimplantitis, n=28) and periimplantitis (with periimplantitis without chronic periodontitis, n=28).

Single Nucleotide Polymorphism Genotyping

Genomic DNA was obtained from saliva samples, as previously described ¹⁴. The amount and purity of the DNA was determined by the spectrophotometer (Nanodrop(r) 1000; Thermo Scientific, Wilmington, DE, USA). Only DNA samples presenting A260nm/A280nm ratio greater than 1.8 were used. All examiners at the laboratories were blinded to the group assignment. Analyses for the presence of polymorphism in the MMP13 (rs2252070), TIMP2 (rs7501477) and TGFb3 (rs2268626) (Table 1)

Table 1
Characteristics from polymorphic regions

genes were performed from the reactions of real-time polymerase chain reactions using the Taqman assay (Stratagene Mx3005P; Agilent Technologies, Santa Clara, CA, USA). Primers, probes and the universal master mix were provided by Applied Biosystems (Foster City, CA, USA).

Statistical Analyses

Nominal variables were expressed as frequencies and percentages. To access the significance of nominal variables among the groups, the chi-square (χ²⁾ test was applied. Continuous variables were expressed as means and standard deviations. After the Shapiro-Wilk test evaluated the distribution among variables, analysis of variance (ANOVA), t-test or Mann-Whitney tests were used to compare means among the groups, when the variables presented normal or non-normal distribution. Differences in the prevalence of genotypes and alleles among the groups were analyzed using the Pearson chi-square (χ²⁾ test after fitting for Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. Values of p<0.05 were considered statistically significant. Statistical analyses were performed using Stata 11.1 (StataCorp, College Station, TX, USA).

Results

One hundred sixty-three volunteers were evaluated over the course of one year. The sample consisted of 110 (67.5%) females and 53 (32.5%) males, with a mean age of 55.4 ±13.2 years. No difference was found among the test groups (diseased; chronic periodontitis only; periimplantitis only) compared with the control group regarding the ethnic group, age, gender and smoking habits. In contrast, comparing with the control volunteers, the prevalence of diabetes showed a higher incidence (8.6%) in the diseased group (p=0.06) (Table 2).

Table 2
Baseline characteristics from volunteers included in the study

• CI: confidence interval.

Taking into account the periimplant status (Table 3),

Table 3
Periimplant status of the studied population

Plaque accumulation around implant was highly prevalent in all test groups compared with control (p<0.01). In addition, spontaneous bleeding was significantly higher in the diseased (p=0.01) and the periimplantitis (p=0.004) groups, as well as bleeding on probing (p<0.0001). A tendency for higher probing pocket depth was also observed in the diseased group (p=0.05). Considering the platform type of implant, there was no difference among groups. However, volunteers with history of CP showed 3.2 times more chance of developing PI than volunteers without CP history (Table 4).

Table 4
Correlation between history of chronic periodontitis and periimplantitis

• CI: confidence interval.

Genotype distributions were within Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium analyses (data not shown). All genotypes and allele frequencies were compared between control group and each test group to further clarify the results. Genotypes and allele frequencies for MMP13 (rs2252070), TIMP2 (rs7501477) and TGFB3 (rs2268626) showed no association with test groups (Table 5). When adjusted by age (data not shown), the results were similar for all genotype associations.

Table 5
Allele and genotype frequencies of SNP markers

Discussion

Based on the previously established relationship between periimplantitis and chronic periodontitis ², the aim of this study was to investigate the association between genetic information contained in the DNA, considering the MMP13, TIMP2 and TGFB3 genes, involved in the homeostasis of ECM, with the development of periimplantitis in volunteers with a history of chronic periodontitis. The results showed that, despite the clinical differences observed among groups, polymorphisms in the MMP13, TIMP2 and TGFB3 genes have no association with both diseases.

These results also showed the association among several risk factors for periodontitis, already established in the literature, like diabetes ¹⁵⁾ and plaque accumulation ¹ in volunteers with periimplantitis. This association may indicate that, as in periodontitis, external factors have direct influence in the spread of periimplantitis, irrespective the history of chronic periodontitis.

There is a predominance of anaerobic bacteria in periimplant plaque accumulation, as well as CP, such as Porphyromonas gingivalis, Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, Prevotella intermedia, Treponema denticola and Tannerella forsythenses^16,17, which cause apical spread of infection and culminate in the loss of surrounding bone through mechanisms similar to the ones that destroy ECM. This exaggerated immune response, mediated by T helper cells 1 (Th1) or Th2 cells, will determine the stability or progression of the lesion. However, considering that the periimplant tissue has anatomical differences and particularities that anatomically distinguish it from the periodontium, the presence of pathogens in the periimplant tissue results in the disruption of the mucosal seal, considered as the only physical barrier against bacterial penetration, leading to the rapid extension of the pathological pocket to the bone tissue ¹⁸.

The periimplant mucosa is less capable of recovering from lesions associated with plaque than the gingiva ^18,19. However, most of the volunteers who received implants have a history of periodontitis and, therefore, a destructive inflammatory tissue response as consequence of microbiota changes. This immune response may lead to a higher incidence of periimplant bone loss (periimplantitis) observed in subjects with CP, as demonstrated in the present research.

This excessive destruction of connective tissue components plays a role in the loss of functional tissue architecture ⁷. Within this context, the equilibrium in the activity of MMPs, controlled primarily by protein tissue inhibitors (TIMPs), represent a crucial aspect for the maintenance of the ECM homeostasis ²⁰ in the periimplant soft tissue, as response to the presence of pathogens. MMP-13 has a high ability to digest type II collagen and its gelatinase activity is 40-fold greater than MMP-1 and MMP-8 ²⁰. The presence of protein derived from P. gingivalis is able to decrease the amount of TIMP-2, a potential regulator of MMP-13, suggesting that this may be a pathological mechanism that promotes tissue destruction. Furthermore, TIMP-2 has erythroid- and mitogenic-potentiating activity, but its overexpression reduces the growth of tumor cells ²¹, which justifies its reduction to be associated with ECM tissue destruction by MMPs.

On the other hand, TGF beta may induce the expression of MMP-13 in human gingival fibroblasts reducing the expression of TIMP-2 ²². Therefore, changes in the levels of these molecules may offer greater protection or susceptibility to periimplantitis. Genetic modifications may be associated to a greater or lesser degree with the production of these molecules, or interfere in their physiology ⁵.

Polymorphism in the MMP13 gene was previously associated with the development of colorectal cancer, aneurysm of the abdominal aorta, tooth agenesis and caries ^11,23. In addition, polymorphisms in the TGFB3 gene were associated with non-syndromic cleft lip and development of tooth agenesis ²⁴. Some studies have shown a clear association between various genetic polymorphisms, including IL-6 gene with PID ⁵ and periodontitis ²⁵, but so far no studies have correlated the presence of comorbid history of CP with PID and polymorphisms in genes associated with ECM homeostasis

This study evaluated for the first time the biological relationship between CP and PI considering polygenic profile in MMP3, TIMP2 and TGFB3. Despite having found no genetic predisposition associated with both diseases, the authors state that CP is a risk factor for PI development. In order to investigate the central role of this pathway in periodontitis and periimplantitis pathogenesis, further studies analyzing gene expression and protein levels from gingival and bone tissues in a bigger sample size should be encouraged. The findings of this study leads to the belief that novel methods, such as gene therapy (with local or systemic applications) and tissue engineering, may be developed for implant dentistry based on genetic response.

It is possible to conclude that chronic periodontitis is a risk factor for periimplantitis. However, polymorphisms in MMP13, TIMP2 and TGFB3 are not associated with the development of periimplantitis.

Acknowledgements

The authors gratefully thank the assistance of all Department of Oral Biology at the University of Pittsburgh and Fundação Carlos Chagas Filho de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro.

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Publication Dates

• Publication in this collection
  mar-apr 2016

History

• Received
  23 Oct 2015
• Accepted
  11 Feb 2016