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The use of a metronome during cardiopulmonary resuscitation in the emergency room of a university hospital

ABSTRACT

Objective:

to compare the rate of return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC) and death after cardiac arrest, with and without the use of a metronome during cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR).

Method:

case-control study nested in a cohort study including 285 adults who experienced cardiac arrest and received CPR in an emergency service. Data were collected using In-hospital Utstein Style. The control group (n=60) was selected by matching patients considering their neurological condition before cardiac arrest, the immediate cause, initial arrest rhythm, whether epinephrine was used, and the duration of CPR. The case group (n=51) received conventional CPR guided by a metronome set at 110 beats/min. Chi-square and likelihood ratio were used to compare ROSC rates considering p≤0.05.

Results:

ROSC occurred in 57.7% of the cases, though 92.8% of these patients died in the following 24 hours. No statistically significant difference was found between groups in regard to ROSC (p=0.2017) or the occurrence of death (p=0.8112).

Conclusion:

the outcomes of patients after cardiac arrest with and without the use of a metronome during CPR were similar and no differences were found between groups in regard to survival rates and ROSC.

Descriptors:
Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation; Heart Arrest; Emergency Nursing

RESUMO

Objetivo:

comparar a taxa de retorno da circulação espontânea e óbito após parada cardiorrespiratória, com e sem a utilização do metrônomo durante ressuscitação cardiopulmonar.

Métodos:

estudo caso-controle aninhado a estudo de coorte, com 285 adultos atendidos em parada cardíaca em um serviço de emergência e submetidos à ressuscitação cardiopulmonar. Os dados foram coletados por meio do In-hospital Utstein Style. O grupo controle (n=60) foi selecionado pelo pareamento dos pacientes considerando-se o estado neurológico pré-parada cardiorrespiratória, causa imediata e ritmo inicial da parada, utilização de epinefrina e duração da ressuscitação. O grupo caso (n=51) foi submetido à ressuscitação cardiopulmonar convencional com a utilização do metrônomo a 110sons/min. Para comparar as taxas de retorno à circulação espontânea utilizou-se o teste Qui-quadrado e a Razão de Verossimilhança, considerando p≤0,05.

Resultados:

houve retorno da circulação espontânea em 57,7%, sendo que 92,8% destes pacientes evoluíram para óbito nas 24 horas seguintes. Não houve diferença significativa no retorno à circulação espontânea (p=0,2017) e na ocorrência de óbito (p=0,8112) entre os grupos.

Conclusão:

os desfechos dos pacientes pós-PCR com e sem a utilização do metrônomo durante a RCP foram semelhantes, não havendo diferença nas taxas de sobrevivência e RCE entre os grupos.

Descritores:
Ressuscitação Cardiopulmonar; Parada Cardíaca; Enfermagem em Emergência

RESUMEN

Objetivo:

comparar la tasa de retorno de la circulación espontánea y de muerte después de parada cardiorrespiratoria, con y sin la utilización de metrónomo durante la resucitación cardiopulmonar.

Métodos:

estudio caso-control contenido en estudio de cohorte, con 285 adultos atendidos por parada cardíaca en un servicio de emergencia y sometidos a resucitación cardiopulmonar. Los datos fueron recolectados por medio del In-hospital Utstein Style. El grupo control (n=60) fue seleccionado por emparejamiento de los pacientes considerándose: estado neurológico preparada cardiorrespiratoria; causa inmediata y ritmo inicial de la parada; utilización de epinefrina; y, duración de la resucitación. El grupo caso (n=51) fue sometido a resucitación cardiopulmonar convencional con la utilización de metrónomo con 110pulsaciones/min. Para comparar las tasas de retorno de la circulación espontánea se utilizó el test Chi-cuadrado y la Razón de Verosimilitud, considerando p≤0,05.

Resultados:

hubo retorno de la circulación espontánea en 57,7%, siendo que 92,8% de estos pacientes evolucionaron para la muerte en las 24 horas siguientes. No hubo diferencia significativa en el retorno de la circulación espontánea (p=0,2017) y en la ocurrencia de muerte (p=0,8112) entre los grupos.

Conclusión:

los resultados de los pacientes post PCR con y sin la utilización del metrónomo durante la RCP fueron semejantes, no habiéndose encontrado diferencia en las tasas de supervivencia y RCE entre los grupos.

Descriptores:
Resucitación Cardiopulmonar; Paro Cardíaco; Enfermería de Emergencia

Introduction

Cardiac arrest occurrences are frequent and potentially fatal11. Schneider A, Bottiger BW, Popp E. Cerebral resuscitation after cardiocirculatory arrest. Anesth Analg [internet]. 2009[Acesso 7 jun 2014];108(3):971-9. Disponível em: http://journals.lww.com/anesthesia-analgesia/pages/articleviewer.aspx?year=2009&issue=03000&article=00047&type=abstract
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. Every year an estimated 359,400 individuals are admitted to emergency rooms in the United States due to cardiac arrest, while 209,000 hospitalized patients receive some kind of treatment to for it22. Go AS, Mozaffarian D, Roger VL, Benjamin EJ, Berry JD, Borden WB, et al; on behalf of the American Heart Association Statistics Committee and Stroke Statistics Subcommittee. Heart disease and stroke statistics-2013 update: a report from the American Heart Association. Circulation [Internet]. 2013[Access Jun 7 2014];127:6-245. Available from: http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/127/1/e6.short?rss=1&ssource=mfr
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-33. Merchant RM, Yang L, Becker LB, Berg RA, Nadkarni V, Nichol G, et al. Incidence of treated cardiac arrest in hospitalized patients in the United States. Crit Care Med. [Internet]. 2011[Access Jun 10 2014];39:2401-6. Available from: http://journals.lww.com/ccmjournal/pages/articleviewer.aspx?year=2011&issue=11000&article=00002&type=abstract
http://journals.lww.com/ccmjournal/pages...
. In Brazil, approximately 200,000 cases of cardiac arrest are estimated, half of it occurs in hospital settings. Data concerning mortality, however, are still scarce in the country44. Gonzalez MM, Timerman S, Oliveira RG, Polastri TF, Dallan LAP, Araújo S, et al. I Diretriz de Ressuscitação Cardiopulmonar e Cuidados Cardiovasculares de Emergência da Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia: Resumo Executivo. Arq Bras Cardiol. [Internet]. 2013[Acesso 10 jul 2014];100(2):105-13.Disponível em : http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0066-782X2013000200001.
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International guidelines regarding care provided to individuals experiencing cardiac arrest emphasize the maintenance of circulation through high quality external chest compressions (ECC), that is, a minimum of 100 compressions per minute, with at least 5cm of compression depth, enabling the chest to return to its original position at every compression and minimizing interruptions, which increases return to spontaneous circulation (ROSC) and then survival rates44. Gonzalez MM, Timerman S, Oliveira RG, Polastri TF, Dallan LAP, Araújo S, et al. I Diretriz de Ressuscitação Cardiopulmonar e Cuidados Cardiovasculares de Emergência da Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia: Resumo Executivo. Arq Bras Cardiol. [Internet]. 2013[Acesso 10 jul 2014];100(2):105-13.Disponível em : http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0066-782X2013000200001.
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5. Nolan JP, Soar J, Zideman DA, Biarent D, Bossaert LL, Deakin C, et al. European Resuscitation Council Guidelines for Resuscitation 2010. Section 1. Executive summary. Resuscitation. [Internet]. 2010[Access Aug 5 2014];81:1219-76. Disponível em: http://erc.edu/guidelines2010/.
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6. Fonseca AHIRM, Fonseca FIRM, Oliveira RG, Barral TN, Gonzalez MM, Timerman S. Avaliação da frequência e profundidade das compressões torácicas realizadas com o uso de metrônomo. Rev Bras Clin Med. [Internet]. 2012[Acesso 2 jun 2014];10(3):175-8. Disponível em: http://www.sbcm.org.br/v2/index.php/148-rbcm/rbcm-v10-n3/2754-avaliacao-da-frequencia-e-profundidade-das-compressoes-toracicas-realizadas-com-o-uso-de-metronomo.
http://www.sbcm.org.br/v2/index.php/148-...

7. Jäntti H, Silfvast T, Turpeinen A, Kiviniemi V, Uusaro A. Influence of chest compression rate guidance on the quality of cardiopulmonary resuscitation performed on manikins. Resuscitation.[Internet]. 2009[ Acesso 8 ago 2014];80:453-7. Disponível em: http://www.resuscitationjournal.com/article/S0300-9572(09)00012-4/abstract
http://www.resuscitationjournal.com/arti...
-88. Edelson DP, Abella BS, Kramer-Johansen J,Wik L, Myklebust H, Barry AM, et al. Effects of compression depth and pre-shock pauses predict defibrillation failure during cardiac arrest. Resuscitation. [Internet]. 2007 [Access Nov 22 2014];71:137-45. Available from: http://www.resuscitationjournal.com/article/S0300-9572(06)00181-X/abstract
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Studies show that most health professionals become fatigued between 60 and 90 seconds after ECC is initiated and proper training together with auxiliary devices can improve the performance of this procedure in these cases99. Sugerman NT, Edelson DP, Leary M, Weidman EK, Herzberg DL, Terry L, et al. Rescuer fatigue during actual in-hospital cardiopulmonary resuscitation with audiovisual feedback: A prospective multicenter study. Resuscitation. [Internet]. 2009[ Access Jan 4 2015];80(9):981-4. Disponível em : http://www.resuscitationjournal.com/article/S0300-9572(06)00181-X/abstract
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-1010. Lyngeraa TS, Hjortrup PB, Wulff NB, Aagaard T, Lippert A. Effect of feedback on delaying deterioration in quality of compressions during 2 minutes of continuous chest compressions: a randomized manikin study investigating performance with and without feedback. Scand J Trauma. [Internet]. 2012 [Access Jan 4 2015] 2012;20(16):2-5. Available from: http://sjtrem.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1757-7241-20-16
http://sjtrem.biomedcentral.com/articles...
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A device called a metronome has been used in simulations. This low-cost and easily accessed device-even available in smartphone apps-is an alternative for services that do not have defibrillators with a feedback mechanism to guide cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR). A metronome can produce rhythmic and clear beats with a preprogramed frequency within a minute-long period. The device can be set for a frequency of at least 100 beats per minute, helping and guiding the emergency worker to perform the proper number of ECC66. Fonseca AHIRM, Fonseca FIRM, Oliveira RG, Barral TN, Gonzalez MM, Timerman S. Avaliação da frequência e profundidade das compressões torácicas realizadas com o uso de metrônomo. Rev Bras Clin Med. [Internet]. 2012[Acesso 2 jun 2014];10(3):175-8. Disponível em: http://www.sbcm.org.br/v2/index.php/148-rbcm/rbcm-v10-n3/2754-avaliacao-da-frequencia-e-profundidade-das-compressoes-toracicas-realizadas-com-o-uso-de-metronomo.
http://www.sbcm.org.br/v2/index.php/148-...
,1111. Kern KB, Stickney RE, Gallison L, Smith RE. Metronome improves compression and ventilation rates during CPR on a manikin in a randomized trial. Resuscitation. [Internet]. 2010 [Access Jan 5 2015]; 81:206-10. Available from: http://www.resuscitationjournal.com/article/S0300-9572(09)00544-9/pdf
http://www.resuscitationjournal.com/arti...
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Previous studies using a metronome during ECC performed on dummies show it helps rescuers perform it within the minimum recommended frequency, though its effectiveness in real settings has seldom been studied66. Fonseca AHIRM, Fonseca FIRM, Oliveira RG, Barral TN, Gonzalez MM, Timerman S. Avaliação da frequência e profundidade das compressões torácicas realizadas com o uso de metrônomo. Rev Bras Clin Med. [Internet]. 2012[Acesso 2 jun 2014];10(3):175-8. Disponível em: http://www.sbcm.org.br/v2/index.php/148-rbcm/rbcm-v10-n3/2754-avaliacao-da-frequencia-e-profundidade-das-compressoes-toracicas-realizadas-com-o-uso-de-metronomo.
http://www.sbcm.org.br/v2/index.php/148-...
-77. Jäntti H, Silfvast T, Turpeinen A, Kiviniemi V, Uusaro A. Influence of chest compression rate guidance on the quality of cardiopulmonary resuscitation performed on manikins. Resuscitation.[Internet]. 2009[ Acesso 8 ago 2014];80:453-7. Disponível em: http://www.resuscitationjournal.com/article/S0300-9572(09)00012-4/abstract
http://www.resuscitationjournal.com/arti...
,1111. Kern KB, Stickney RE, Gallison L, Smith RE. Metronome improves compression and ventilation rates during CPR on a manikin in a randomized trial. Resuscitation. [Internet]. 2010 [Access Jan 5 2015]; 81:206-10. Available from: http://www.resuscitationjournal.com/article/S0300-9572(09)00544-9/pdf
http://www.resuscitationjournal.com/arti...
-1212. Chung TNC, Kim SW, You JS, Cho YS, Chung SP, Park I. A higher chest compression rate may be necessary for metronome-guided cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Am J Emerg Med. [Internet]. 2012 [Access Jan 5 2015];30(1):226-30. Available from: http://www.ajemjournal.com/article/S0735-6757(10)00568-1/abstract
http://www.ajemjournal.com/article/S0735...
. Therefore, this study's objective was to compare ECC rates and deaths after CPR was performed between two groups: a control group not using a metronome and a case group using a metronome during CPR maneuvers.

Method

This case-control nested in a cohort study includes 285 adults who received CPR in the emergency room (ER) of São Paulo Hospital. This is a public university hospital located in the city of São Paulo, Brazil linked to the Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP).

Sample

The sample was composed of 111 adult patients who experienced cardiac arrest, defined as the absence of consciousness, breathing and heartbeat, and were cared for in the ER of the São Paulo Hospital. The control group was selected from a cohort study conducted in 2011 (n=60) and the case group was selected from February to May 2014 (n=51).

All patients who experienced cardiac arrest in the adult ER and received CPR were included. Those who experienced cardiac arrest in other wards in the hospital were excluded.

Data collection

Data collection was conducted by nurses trained using an In-hospital Utstein Style report, translated and adapted to Portuguese1313. Avansi PA, Meneghin P. Tradução e adaptação para a língua portuguesa do In-Hospital Utstein Style. Rev Esc Enferm USP. [Internet]. 2008 [Acesso 7 jan 2015];42(3):504-11. Disponível em: http://www.producao.usp.br/handle/BDPI/4103
http://www.producao.usp.br/handle/BDPI/4...
. The patients' sociodemographic variables included: sex, age, race, and neurological condition before cardiac arrest, assessed according to the Performance Cerebral Glasgow-Pittsburgh (CPC)1414. Cummins RO, Chamberlain D, Hazinski MF, Nadkarni V, Kloeck W, Kramer E, et al. Recommended guidelines for reviewing, reporting, and conducting research on in-hospital resuscitation: The In-Hospital 'Utstein Style'. Circulation. [Internet]. 1997[Access May 4 2014];95:2213-39. Available from: http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/95/8/2213.full
http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/95/8...
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The variables associated with cardiac arrest were: site of occurrence, whether it was witnessed or not, assumed immediate cause, initial arrest rhythm, whether there was a CPR attempt, the employment of basic life support actions (opening air ways, ventilation, chest compression and defibrillation) or advanced life support (intubation, monitoring, venous access and epinephrine), interval between collapse and delivery of CPR, interval between collapse and first shock, interval between collapse and obtaining advanced airway, interval between collapse and first dose of epinephrine, CPR duration, occurrence of ROSC or death, and cause of death.

The control group received conventional CPR and the case group received the conventional CPR guided by a metronome (KORG- MA1) set at 110 beats/min during ECC.

Statistical analysis

The statistical analysis was conducted using SPSS version 19 (Chicago Il, USA) and data are descriptively presented. Mean, standard deviation, median, minimum and maximum were calculated for the continuous variables. Frequency and percentage were computed for categorical variables. Only the first event was considered for analysis whenever a patient experienced more than one occurrence of cardiac arrest.

The neurological condition of the patient prior to cardiac arrest, the immediate cause, initial arrest rhythm, whether epinephrine was used during CPR procedures, and duration of CPR were used to match the patients. The groups were homogenized by using the Mann-Whitney, Chi-square, Likelihood Ratio tests, and Variance Analysis (ANOVA).

Chi-square was used to compare the occurrence of outcomes - ROSC or death - between the groups.

Ethical aspects

This study was approved by the Institutional Review Board at UNIFESP (Protocol No. 513,713) and all the procedures were conducted in accordance with the Helsinki Declaration. Because it is a risk-free observational study, it was exempted from informed consent forms.

Results

Table 1 shows that most patients were 60 years old, male, Caucasian, and had no prior cardiac arrest history.

Table 1
Sociodemographic and clinical characteristics of the study population. São Paulo, SP, Brazil, 2014

Table 2 shows that most cardiac arrest occurrences took place in a hospital setting and were witnessed. Interventions recommended by international guidelines for cardiac arrest were implemented in both groups; ventilation, chest compressions, and epinephrine were administered in all the events of both groups. Procedures such as opening airways and puncturing venous access were not considered among those who experienced a cardiac arrest and for those who had already been admitted to the ER presented peripheral venous access and/or advanced air support. Patients who presented difficult peripheral venous access had epinephrine doses administered via an endotracheal tube.

Table 2
Characteristics of cardiorespiratory arrest and cardiopulmonary resuscitation procedures of the study population. São Paulo, SP, Brazil, 2014

Table 3 shows no statistically significant difference between groups in terms of death or ROSC rates. Most patients in both groups presented ROSC, though it was not sustained for more than 24 hours.

Table 3
Occurrence of ROSC and deaths in the study population. São Paulo, SP, Brazil, 2014

Discussion

Similar to this study, the large number of studies addressing this topic reports a low rate of survival. According to the American Heart Association, the incidence of cardiac arrest outside of hospital worldwide ranges from 20 to 140 per 100,000 people, while survival rates range between 2% and 11%. In the United State, more than 500,000 adults and children experienced this event and a survival rate below 15% was found1515. Forthegill S, Samantha J, McDonnell B, Perkins GD. Variation in epidemiology and outcomes from cardiac arrest. Resuscitation. [Internet]. 2014[Access Feb 3 2015];85(11):1610-1. Available from: http://www.resuscitationjournal.com/article/S0300-9572(14)00718-7/abstract
http://www.resuscitationjournal.com/arti...

16. Berdowski J, Berg RA, Tijssen JGP, Koster RW. Global incidences of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest and survival rates: Systematic review of 67 prospective studies. Resuscitation. [Internet]. 2010 [Access Feb 4 2015];81(11):1479-87. Available from: http://www.resuscitationjournal.com/article/S0300-9572(10)00432-6/abstract
http://www.resuscitationjournal.com/arti...
-1717. Meaney PA, Bobrow BJ, Mancini ME, Christenson J, Caen AR, Bhanji, et al. Cardiopulmonary resuscitation quality: improving cardiac resuscitation outcomes both inside and outside the hospital: a consensus statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation. [Internet]. 2013[Access Feb 4 2015];128:417-35. Available from: http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/128/4/417.abstract
http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/128/...
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The implementation of quality ECC minimizes interruptions, ensures maintenance of blood flow to tissue, and improves the prognosis and survival of patients. Good quality ECC is related to the frequency with which it is performed within the interval of one minute, its depth, return-to-chest and ratio of chest compressions, that is, how many compressions are performed in a given period of time during a CPR1717. Meaney PA, Bobrow BJ, Mancini ME, Christenson J, Caen AR, Bhanji, et al. Cardiopulmonary resuscitation quality: improving cardiac resuscitation outcomes both inside and outside the hospital: a consensus statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation. [Internet]. 2013[Access Feb 4 2015];128:417-35. Available from: http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/128/4/417.abstract
http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/128/...
. There is consensus among experts that a percentage of at least 80% of chest compressions is feasible in different situations and a higher percentage of chest compressions is associated with a higher rate of ROSC1717. Meaney PA, Bobrow BJ, Mancini ME, Christenson J, Caen AR, Bhanji, et al. Cardiopulmonary resuscitation quality: improving cardiac resuscitation outcomes both inside and outside the hospital: a consensus statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation. [Internet]. 2013[Access Feb 4 2015];128:417-35. Available from: http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/128/4/417.abstract
http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/128/...

18. Field JM, Hazinski MF, Sayre MR, Chameides L, Schexnayder SM, Hemphill R et al. 2010 American Heart Association Guidelines for Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care Science. Circulation. [Internet]. 2010 [Access Feb 5 2014];122(18):639-946. Available from: https://circ.ahajournals.org/content/122/18_suppl_3/S729.full.pdf+html.
https://circ.ahajournals.org/content/122...
-1919. Idris AH, Guffey D, Aufderheide TP, Brown S, Morrison LJ, Nichols P, et al. Relationship between chest compression rates and outcomes from cardiac arrest. Circulation. [Internet]. 2012[Access Jul 11 2015];125(24):3004-12. Available from: http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/early/2012/05/21/CIRCULATIONAHA.111.059535
http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/earl...
. Further studies are needed to measure the percentage of chest compressions in real settings, showing how it influences ROSC and patient survival rates.

Data from The Resuscitation Outcomes Consortium suggest a target compression rate between 100 and 120 CTE per minute. Rates above this suggested target are associated with lower survival rates1717. Meaney PA, Bobrow BJ, Mancini ME, Christenson J, Caen AR, Bhanji, et al. Cardiopulmonary resuscitation quality: improving cardiac resuscitation outcomes both inside and outside the hospital: a consensus statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation. [Internet]. 2013[Access Feb 4 2015];128:417-35. Available from: http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/128/4/417.abstract
http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/128/...
,1919. Idris AH, Guffey D, Aufderheide TP, Brown S, Morrison LJ, Nichols P, et al. Relationship between chest compression rates and outcomes from cardiac arrest. Circulation. [Internet]. 2012[Access Jul 11 2015];125(24):3004-12. Available from: http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/early/2012/05/21/CIRCULATIONAHA.111.059535
http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/earl...
. The metronome used in this study ensured that the number of chest compressions was within this range, however it did not influence survival rate. In a real situation, as assessed in these studies, external factors such as the patient's health condition may interfere in the outcome. Therefore, scientific studies should seek methods to isolate these factors to achieve more reliable results.

Studies comparing CPR performed with and without the use of feedback devices that support the performance of compressions in both pre-hospital and in-hospital care show that the quality of compressions improved but no significant differences were found at hospital discharge, or in terms of ROSC or survival, which corroborates this study's results2020. Johansen JK, Myklebust H, Wik L, Fellows B, Svensson L, Sorebo H, et al. Quality of out-of-hospital cardiopulmonary resuscitation with real time automated feedback: A prospective interventional study. Resuscitation. [Internet]. 2006 [ Access Jul 11 2015] ;71(3):283-92. Disponível em: http://www.resuscitationjournal.com/article/S0300-9572(06)00269-3/abstract
http://www.resuscitationjournal.com/arti...

21. Abella BS, Edelson DP, Kim S, Retzer E, Myklebust H, Barry AM, et al. CPR quality improvement during in-hospital cardiac arrest using a real-time audiovisual feedback system. Resuscitation. [Internet]. 2007 [Access Jul 11 2015];73(1):54-61. Available from: http://www.resuscitationjournal.com/article/S0300-9572(06)00730-1/abstract
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-2222. Targett C, Harris T. Best Evidence Topic Report. Can metronomes improve CPR quality?. Emerg Med J. [Internet]. 2014 [Access Jul 12 2015];31(3):251-54. Available from: http://emj.bmj.com/content/31/3/251.abstract
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A randomized prospective study involved 34 firefighter/emergency technicians who were assigned to two groups simulating CPR using dummies. The group using a metronome to guide ECC reached the minimum frequency recommended, while only 15% of the other group achieved the recommended range1212. Chung TNC, Kim SW, You JS, Cho YS, Chung SP, Park I. A higher chest compression rate may be necessary for metronome-guided cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Am J Emerg Med. [Internet]. 2012 [Access Jan 5 2015];30(1):226-30. Available from: http://www.ajemjournal.com/article/S0735-6757(10)00568-1/abstract
http://www.ajemjournal.com/article/S0735...
. Another study involved two medical students simulating CPR using dummies with and without a metronome to guide the frequency of chest compressions. The group that used the instrument performed 87.4% of the compressions with the proper depth, while the group that did not use the device performed only 39.6% of the compressions with the proper depth66. Fonseca AHIRM, Fonseca FIRM, Oliveira RG, Barral TN, Gonzalez MM, Timerman S. Avaliação da frequência e profundidade das compressões torácicas realizadas com o uso de metrônomo. Rev Bras Clin Med. [Internet]. 2012[Acesso 2 jun 2014];10(3):175-8. Disponível em: http://www.sbcm.org.br/v2/index.php/148-rbcm/rbcm-v10-n3/2754-avaliacao-da-frequencia-e-profundidade-das-compressoes-toracicas-realizadas-com-o-uso-de-metronomo.
http://www.sbcm.org.br/v2/index.php/148-...
. The studies suggest that the use of a metronome helps professionals to focus and perform compressions with the proper depth, improving their technical performance, while emergency responders have to divide attention between performing compressions within recommended depth and frequency range66. Fonseca AHIRM, Fonseca FIRM, Oliveira RG, Barral TN, Gonzalez MM, Timerman S. Avaliação da frequência e profundidade das compressões torácicas realizadas com o uso de metrônomo. Rev Bras Clin Med. [Internet]. 2012[Acesso 2 jun 2014];10(3):175-8. Disponível em: http://www.sbcm.org.br/v2/index.php/148-rbcm/rbcm-v10-n3/2754-avaliacao-da-frequencia-e-profundidade-das-compressoes-toracicas-realizadas-com-o-uso-de-metronomo.
http://www.sbcm.org.br/v2/index.php/148-...
,1111. Kern KB, Stickney RE, Gallison L, Smith RE. Metronome improves compression and ventilation rates during CPR on a manikin in a randomized trial. Resuscitation. [Internet]. 2010 [Access Jan 5 2015]; 81:206-10. Available from: http://www.resuscitationjournal.com/article/S0300-9572(09)00544-9/pdf
http://www.resuscitationjournal.com/arti...
. The literature shows that performing ECC at a very high rate of compressions can worsen the depth and quality of compressions, depending on the rescuer's physical and technical capacity. One study assessing the depth of chest compressions at three difference frequencies (100; 120 and 140 ECC per minute) reports that beyond 140 ECC per minute, both depth and technique are significantly harmed, showing the importance of using auxiliary devices (2323. Hong MY, Tsou JYT, Tsao PC, Chang CJ, Hsu HC, Chan TY, et al. Push-fast recommendation on performing CPR causes excessive chest compression rates, a manikin model. Am J Emerg Med. [Internet]. 2014 [Access Jul 15 2015];32 (12):1455-9. Available from: http://www.ajemjournal.com/article/S0735-6757(14)00650-0/abstract
http://www.ajemjournal.com/article/S0735...
.

One American study assessed the rate and depth of chest compressions performed by medical students, residents and nurses using pediatric dummies with and without a metronome to guide the frequency of compressions. The group using the metronome persisted longer in the appropriate frequency range than the group that did not use the device, showing that the use of technology and devices can improve care and influence ROSC in real situations2424. Zimmerman E, Cohen N, Maniaci V, Pena B, Lozano JM, Linares M. Use of a Metronome in Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation: A Simulation Study. Pediactris. [Internet]. 2015[Access Mar 25 2016] ;136(5):906-11. Available from: http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/early/2015/10/06/peds.2015-1858.
http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/co...
.

Another study conducted in a pre-hospital environment assessed the survival rate of 10,000 patients who experienced cardiac arrest. The results show that patients receiving a frequency of 100-120 compressions per minute, guided by the sound of a defibrillator, presented a higher rate of survival compared to this study in which no difference was found in the group using the metronome, even though a frequency of 110 compressions/min was achieved. Similar studies are needed, that is, studies conducted in a larger number of real situations to verify potential benefits in terms of the survival of patients2525. Idris AH, Guffey D, Pepe PE, Brown SP, Brooks SC, Callaway CW et al. Chest Compression Rates and Survival Following Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest*. Crit Care Med. [Internet].2015[Access Mar 24 2015];43(4)840-8. Available from: http://journals.lww.com/ccmjournal/pages/articleviewer.aspx?year=2015&issue=04000&article=00015&type=abstract.
http://journals.lww.com/ccmjournal/pages...
.

It was not possible to verify the depth of compressions in this study. Even though a frequency of 110 compressions/min was achieved with the use of a metronome, that is, compressions were within the internationally recommended range and as evidenced by the aforementioned studies, it is a range associated with improved ECC, but patient survival rates did not improve.

Given perspectives on the performance of teams and between the ideal and real practice, monitoring the quality of CPR is undoubtedly one of the most significant advancements in CPR in the last 20 years and should be incorporated into all emergency response teams. Monitoring and real time interventions can benefit care delivery, though further studies assessing feedback mechanisms are required1919. Idris AH, Guffey D, Aufderheide TP, Brown S, Morrison LJ, Nichols P, et al. Relationship between chest compression rates and outcomes from cardiac arrest. Circulation. [Internet]. 2012[Access Jul 11 2015];125(24):3004-12. Available from: http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/early/2012/05/21/CIRCULATIONAHA.111.059535
http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/earl...
.

Conclusion

This study's limitations include the fact it was conducted in a single facility and addressed a small sample. Further studies using similar technologies to a metronome to guide and assess ECC in real CPR situations, relating the use of devices to survival rates and ROSC, are needed.

The outcomes of patients post-CPR with and without a metronome used during CPR were similar and no differences were found between groups regarding survival rates and ROSC.

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Publication Dates

  • Publication in this collection
    2016

History

  • Received
    03 Nov 2015
  • Accepted
    14 Aug 2016
Escola de Enfermagem de Ribeirão Preto / Universidade de São Paulo Av. Bandeirantes, 3900, 14040-902 Ribeirão Preto SP Brazil, Tel.: +55 (16) 3315-3451 / 3315-4407 - Ribeirão Preto - SP - Brazil
E-mail: rlae@eerp.usp.br