Acessibilidade / Reportar erro

Interacciones medicamentosas y reacciones adversas a los medicamentos en polifarmacia en adultos mayores: una revisión integradora1 1 Apoyo financiero de la Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES), Brasil, proceso nº BEX 4259/13-0.

RESUMEN

Objetivo:

identificar y resumir los estudios que analizan tanto las interacciones medicamentosas (IM) como las reacciones adversas a medicamentos (RAM) en los adultos mayores polimedicados.

Métodos:

revisión integradora de estudios publicados entre enero de 2008 a diciembre de 2013, siguiendo criterios de inclusión y exclusión, en las bases de datos electrónicas MEDLINE y EMBASE.

Resultados:

cuarenta y siete estudios de texto completo incluidos fueron analizados incluyendo 14,624,492 adultos mayores (≥ 60 años), de ellos 24 (51,1%) en relación con RAM, 14 (29,9%) con IM y 9 estudios (19,1%) que investigaron tanto IM como RAM. Encontramos una gran variedad de diseños metodológicos. Los estudios revisados reforzaron el concepto que la polifarmacia es un proceso multifactorial, y los predictores y la prescripción inadecuada se asocian con resultados negativos para la salud tales como el aumento de la frecuencia y tipos de RAM y IM implicando diferentes clases de fármacos, además que algunos estudios muestran cuales son las intervenciones más exitosas para optimizar la prescripción.

Conclusiones:

IM y RAM siguen siendo un problema importante en el mundo entero entre los adultos mayores. Los resultados de los estudios incluidos en esta revisión integradora, sumado a las revisiones previas, pueden contribuir a la mejora de las prácticas avanzadas de enfermería geriátrica, para promover la seguridad de los pacientes de mayor edad en la polifarmacia. Sin embargo, se necesita más investigación para esclarecer los vacíos de conocimiento.

Descriptores:
Anciano; Polifarmacia; Práctica Clínica Basada en la Evidencia; Revisión

ABSTRACT

Objective:

to identify and summarize studies examining both drug-drug interactions (DDI) and adverse drug reactions (ADR) in older adults polymedicated.

Methods:

an integrative review of studies published from January 2008 to December 2013, according to inclusion and exclusion criteria, in MEDLINE and EMBASE electronic databases were performed.

Results:

forty-seven full-text studies including 14,624,492 older adults (≥ 60 years) were analyzed: 24 (51.1%) concerning ADR, 14 (29.8%) DDI, and 9 studies (19.1%) investigating both DDI and ADR. We found a variety of methodological designs. The reviewed studies reinforced that polypharmacy is a multifactorial process, and predictors and inappropriate prescribing are associated with negative health outcomes, as increasing the frequency and types of ADRs and DDIs involving different drug classes, moreover, some studies show the most successful interventions to optimize prescribing.

Conclusions:

DDI and ADR among older adults continue to be a significant issue in the worldwide. The findings from the studies included in this integrative review, added to the previous reviews, can contribute to the improvement of advanced practices in geriatric nursing, to promote the safety of older patients in polypharmacy. However, more research is needed to elucidate gaps.

Descriptors:
Aged; Polypharmacy; Evidence-Based Practice; Review

RESUMO

Objetivo:

identificar e sintetizar estudos que examinam as interações medicamentosas (IM) e reações adversas a medicamentos (RAM) em idosos polimedicados.

Métodos:

revisão integrativa de estudos publicados de janeiro de 2008 a dezembro de 2013, de acordo com critérios de inclusão e exclusão, nas bases de dados eletrônicas MEDLINE e EMBASE.

Resultados:

foram analisados 47 estudos de texto completo, incluindo 14,624,492 idosos (≥ 60 anos): 24 (51,1%) sobre RAM, 14 (29,8%) sobre IM e 9 estudos (19,1%) que investigaram tanto IM como RAM. Encontramos uma variedade de desenhos metodológicos. Os estudos revisados reforçaram que a polifarmácia é um processo multifatorial, e os preditores e a prescrição inadequada estão associados a resultados negativos de saúde, como aumento da frequência e tipos de RAM e IM envolvendo diferentes classes de drogas, além disso, alguns estudos mostram as intervenções mais bem-sucedidas para otimizar a prescrição.

Conclusões:

IM e RAM entre idosos continuam a ser um problema significativo no mundo todo. Os resultados dos estudos incluídos nesta revisão integrativa, adicionado às revisões anteriores, podem contribuir para a melhoria das práticas avançadas de enfermagem geriátrica, para promover a segurança dos pacientes idosos em polifarmácia. No entanto, são necessárias mais pesquisas para elucidar lacunas.

Descritores:
Idoso; Polimedicação; Prática Clínica Baseada em Evidências; Revisão

Introducción

El mundo está al borde de un hito demográfico. En unos cinco años, el número de personas de 65 años o más superarán en número a los niños menores de 5 años. Impulsado por la caída de las tasas de fecundidad y por notables aumentos en la esperanza de vida, el envejecimiento de la población va a continuar, incluso es posible que se acelere. Se prevé que el número de personas mayores de 65 años va a crecer de un estimado de 524 millones en 2010 a cerca de 1,5 millones en 2050, con la mayor parte del aumento en los países en vías de desarrollo11. World Health Organization and US National Institute on Aging. Global Health and Aging report. [Internet]. 2011. [Acesso 28 jul 2015]. Disponível em: http://d2cauhfh6h4x0p.cloudfront.net/s3fs-public/global_health_and_aging.pdf.
http://d2cauhfh6h4x0p.cloudfront.net/s3f...
.

Envejecimiento, uno de los fenómenos biológicos más complejo, es un proceso de múltiples facetas en la que se producen varios cambios fisiológicos, tanto en el tejido y el nivel de todo el organismo, que se producen en cascada, especialmente después de la reproducción22. Silva LRF. From old age to third age: the historical course of the identities linked to the process of ageing. Hist Cienc Saude-Manguinhos. [Internet]. 2008 [Acesso 28 jul 2015];15(1):155-68. Disponível em: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?pid=S0104-59702008000100009&script=sci_arttext&tlng=en
http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?pid=S010...
. Los cambios que caracterizan el envejecimiento incluyen: cambios en la composición bioquímica de los tejidos; disminución progresiva de la capacidad fisiológica; capacidad de adaptación a los estímulos reducida; aumento de la susceptibilidad y la vulnerabilidad a las enfermedades y mayor riesgo de muerte (33. Troen BR. The biology of aging. Mt Sinai J Med. [Internet]. 2003 [Acesso 28 jul 2015];70:3-22. Disponível em: https://d2cauhfh6h4x0p.cloudfront.net/s3fs-public/biology-of-aging_1.pdf?iMmu_oMbm0bO66xNEmC5mioamo2LwmEp
https://d2cauhfh6h4x0p.cloudfront.net/s3...
.

Las enfermedades crónicas relacionadas con la edad tales como la dislipidemia, la hipertensión, la diabetes, la depresión, por lo general requieren el uso de múltiples fármacos, un estado conocido como polifarmacia. Esta se refiere al uso de múltiples medicamentos o más medicamentos de los que son clínicamente indicados. Se estima que más del 40% de los adultos de 65 años o más años usan 5 medicamentos o más, y el 12% utiliza 10 o más medicamentos diferentes44. Gurwitz JH, Field TS, Harrold LR, Rothschild J, Debellis K, Seger AC, et al. Incidence and preventability of adverse drug events among older persons in the ambulatory setting. JAMA. [Internet]. 2003 [Acesso 28 jul 2015]; 289(9):1107-16. Disponível em: http://jama.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=196099
http://jama.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx...
. Sin embargo, la magnitud del problema entre los adultos mayores es aún poco conocida en la mayoría de los países.

Es bien conocido en la literatura que la polifarmacia aumenta el uso de medicamentos inadecuados, dando lugar a la infrautilización de los medicamentos esenciales para el control apropiado de las condiciones que prevalecen en los adultos de edad avanzada. Además, en ella se establece una barrera para la adherencia al tratamiento ya que crea regímenes terapéuticos complejos, y permite la ocurrencia de errores de medicación, interacciones farmacológicas, reacciones adversas, y mala calidad de vida. Se aumenta la morbilidad, la mortalidad y la complejidad de la atención. También impone una enorme carga financiera tanto en los adultos mayores y los sistemas de salud55. Vonbach P, Dubied A, Krähenbühl S, Beer JH. Prevalence of drug-drug interactions at hospital entry and during stay of patients in internal medicine. Eur J Intern Med. [Internet]. 2008 [Acesso 13 mar 2016];19(6):413-20. doi: 10.1016/j.ejim.2007.12.002
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejim.2007.12.0...
.

Además, se debe prestar atención al hecho de que el cuerpo de los adultos mayores presenta cambios en sus funciones fisiológicas que pueden conducir a una farmacocinética diferenciada y una mayor sensibilidad tanto a los efectos terapéuticos y adversos de las drogas55. Vonbach P, Dubied A, Krähenbühl S, Beer JH. Prevalence of drug-drug interactions at hospital entry and during stay of patients in internal medicine. Eur J Intern Med. [Internet]. 2008 [Acesso 13 mar 2016];19(6):413-20. doi: 10.1016/j.ejim.2007.12.002
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejim.2007.12.0...
. La farmacocinética, la farmacodinámica, y los resultados clínicos se ven afectados por una serie de factores específicos del paciente, incluyendo la edad, el sexo, el origen étnico, la genética, los procesos de enfermedad, la polifarmacia, la dosis y la frecuencia del fármaco, factores sociales, y muchos otros factores66. Alomar MJ. Factors affecting the development of adverse drug reactions (Review article). Saudi Pharm J. [Internet]. 2014 [Acesso 13 mar 2016];22(2):83-94. doi: 10.1016/j.jsps.2013.02.003
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsps.2013.02.0...
.

El escenario anteriormente descripto destaca que el envejecimiento de la población es un fenómeno mundial y la práctica de la polifarmacia es peligrosa para los pacientes, en particular, los adultos mayores, ya que favorece la aparición de interacciones medicamentosas (IM), reacciones adversas a medicamentos (RAM), efectos secundarios, tiempos de hospitalización más prolongados, enfermedad iatrogénica y también puede conducir a complicaciones que inducen la muerte del paciente. Por lo tanto, el objetivo del presente estudio fue realizar una revisión integradora más amplia, destinada a identificar y resumir los estudios que examinan tanto las IM como las RAM en los adultos mayores polimedicados.

Métodos

Las etapas de esta revisión integradora incluyen: identificación del problema, formulación de la pregunta adecuada a ser investigada; búsqueda en la literatura seleccionando los artículos según los criterios predeterminados; evaluación de datos, con la extracción de datos de cada resumen de estudio de los resultados; análisis de datos y presentación de resultados77. Whittemore R, Knafl K. The integrative review: update methodology. J Adv Nurs. [Internet]. 2005 [Acesso 13 mar 2016];52(5):546-53. Doi:10.1111/j.1365-2648.2005.03621.x
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2648.2005...
. A continuación se describen los pasos de la revisión integradora para este estudio.

Para elaborar la pregunta de orientación se aplicó a la estrategia PICO definiendo como población "adultos mayores", la intervención "uso de múltiples medicamentos/polifarmacia" y resultado "aparición de interacciones medicamentosas y reacciones adversas a los medicamentos". Por lo tanto, la pregunta central de esta revisión integradora fue: ¿Cuál es la evidencia científica disponible que demuestra la aparición de interacciones medicamentosas y reacciones adversas a medicamentos en adultos mayores (es decir, ≥ 60 años de edad) y polimedicados?

Para la selección de los artículos, fueron elegibles estudios publicados en inglés, español y portugués en el período comprendido entre enero de 2008 y diciembre de 2013. Este período de tiempo se basa en la existencia de dos revisiones bibliográficas anteriores. Uno en la que se investigaron los estudios observacionales que examinan la epidemiología de la polifarmacia, revisando estudios aleatorizados controlados publicados en las últimas 2 décadas (a partir de 1986 hasta junio de 2007), diseñados para reducir la polifarmacia en adultos mayores88. Hajjar ER, Cafiero AC, Hanlon JT. Polypharmacy in elderly patients. Am J Geriatr Pharmacother. [Internet]. 2007 [Acesso 12 mar 2016];5(4):345-51. doi: 10.1016/j.amjopharm.2007.12.002
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amjopharm.2007...
; y, otra revisión que revisó el cuerpo de la literatura dedicada a polifarmacia en individuos de más de 60 años, entre enero de 1991 y octubre de 2003, para (a) determinar la definición de la polifarmacia de proveedores de atención primaria de salud, (b) explorar cómo la polifarmacia se evaluaba en atención primaria, y (c) buscar intervenciones testadas que se ocupan de la polifarmacia (99. Fulton MM, Allen ER. Polypharmacy in the elderly: a literature review. J Am Acad Nurse Pract. [Internet]. 2005 [Acesso 12 mar 2016];17(4):123-32. doi: 10.111/j.1041-2972.2005.0020.x
https://doi.org/10.111/j.1041-2972.2005....
.

Además, se incorporaron los estudios obtenidos de fuentes primarias, representados por los artículos científicos originales, y también fueron seleccionados estudios que han mostrado datos sobre la presencia de IM y RAM en los adultos mayores (≥ 60 años de edad), tanto de sexo femenino como masculino, y que estaban usando múltiples medicamentos (polifarmacia). Los siguientes se excluyeron de esta revisión: artículos sobre interacciones droga-enfermedad, droga-alimentos, las interacciones de drogas con alcohol y el estado nutricional, resúmenes, artículos de estudio de casos, noticias, comentarios, reflexión, artículos de revisión sistemática, actualizaciones clínicas, opiniones de expertos, estudios que incluían concomitantemente niños (nacimiento - 18 años), adultos (≥ 19 años), edad media (≥ 45 años) y las personas de edad avanzada (≥ 60 años), investigaciones con enfoque cualitativo, editoriales, consensos, protocolos de estudio, guías clínicas, revisiones, comunicación cortas, monografías, estudios teóricos y estudios de evaluación económica así como artículos publicados antes de 2008.

Las siguientes bases de datos bibliográficas fueron investigadas: International Medical Literature Analysis y Retrieval System Online (MEDLINE) via PubMed y EMBASE. En estas bases de datos se utilizaron los términos Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) y Emtree. Los principales descriptores adoptados en la estrategia de búsqueda de estudios primarios fueron: adultos mayores, polifarmacia, interacciones medicamentosas, reacciones adversas a los medicamentos y edad, combinados utilizando los operadores booleanos AND y OR.

Después de la búsqueda, todos los artículos se seleccionaron mediante la lectura de su título, resumen y, cuando fue necesario, una breve lectura del contenido identificando así los documentos que potencialmente abordan el tema. Los artículos seleccionados se analizaron inicialmente y en una segunda etapa, fueron leídos en más detalle con respecto a su contenido. Por último, los artículos seleccionados tuvieron sus datos sintetizados. Para resumir los datos de los artículos seleccionados, y para garantizar que toda la información relevante fue extraída, se aplicó a cada estudio un instrumento validado por Ganong1010. Ganong LH. Integrative reviews of nursing research. Res Nurs Health. [Internet]. 1987 [Acesso 12 mar 2016];10(1):1-11. doi: 10.1002/nur.4770100103
https://doi.org/10.1002/nur.4770100103...
.

Con el fin de determinar la relevancia de los artículos capturados en las bases de datos consultadas, dos examinadores realizaron la síntesis de los datos de interés de forma independiente, seguida por el análisis temático de los documentos. Cada elemento sintetizado / registrada en el instrumento fue archivado en Microsoft Word(r) 2007, generando una base de datos. Todos los desacuerdos se resolvieron mediante discusión.

Los resultados y el análisis de los datos se presentan en forma descriptiva.

Resultados

Se identificaron un total de 409 referencias y cuarenta y siete fueron incluidos en el análisis final. Para más detalles, ver el diagrama de flujo (Figura 1).

Figura 1
Diagrama de flujo de los artículos filtrados, evaluados para elegibilidad incluidos y excluidos. Londres, Reino Unido, 2013

Los artículos analizados eran de diferentes países: 9 (19,1%) de los Estados Unidos, 7 (14,9%) de Canadá, 6 (12,8%) de Brasil, 4 (8,5%) de Irlanda, 3 (6,4%, cada uno) de Bélgica y la India, 2 (4.3%, cada uno) de Australia, Croacia, España, Noruega y 1 (2,1%, cada uno) de Francia, Indonesia, Países Bajos, Singapur, Suiza, Suecia, Taiwán. En cuanto a la lengua, 46 (97,9%) artículos fueron escritos en Inglés y sólo uno (2,1%) en español. Se han incluido estudios descriptivos y analíticos: transversales (n = 9; 19,1%), seguido de estudios de cohortes (n = 7; 14,9%), de casos y controles (n = 6; 12,8%) y prospectivo y observacional prospectivo (n = 5; 10,6%, respectivamente), entre otros. Teniendo en cuenta todos los 47 artículos examinados, se incluyeron un total de 14,624,492 adultos mayores / pacientes (≥ 60 años), en su mayor parte de hospitales (n = 22 artículos; 45,8%). En cuanto a la autoría de las publicaciones, 31 (66,0%) son de investigadores multidisciplinares, 8 (17,0%) de farmacéuticos, 7 (14,9%) de médicos y 1 (2,1%) de odontólogos.

Figura 2
Artículos revisados de acuerdo a sus características. Brasilia, Distrito Federal, Brasil, 2014

Figura 3
Resumen de resultados de estudios de IM y RAM potenciales. Brasilia, Distrito Federal, Brasil, 2014

De los 47 registros resultantes de la estrategia de búsqueda, 24 (51,1%) textos completos fueron recuperados para estudio de RAM1111. Gallagher P, O'Mahony. STOPP (Screening Tool of Older Persons' potentially inappropriate Prescriptions): application to acutely ill elderly patients and comparison with Beers' criteria. Age Ageing. [Internet]. 2008 [Acesso 12 mar 2016];37(6):673-9. doi: 10.1093/ageing/afn197.
https://doi.org/10.1093/ageing/afn197...

12. Gallagher PF, Barry PJ, Ryan C, Hartigan I, O'Mahony D. Inappropriate prescribing in an acutely ill population of elderly patients as determined by Beers' Criteria. Age Ageing. [Internet]. 2008 [Acesso 12 mar 2016];37(1):96-101. doi: 10.1093/ageing/afm116
https://doi.org/10.1093/ageing/afm116...

13. Zhang M, Holman CDJ, Price SD, Sanfilippo FM, Preen DB, Bulsara MK. Comorbidity and repeat admission to hospital for adverse drug reactions in older adults: retrospective cohort study. BMJ. [Internet]. 2009 [Acesso 12 mar 2016];338:a2752. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.a2752
https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.a2752...

14. Juurlink DN, Gomes T, Ko DT, Szmitko PE, Austin PC, Tu JV, et al. A population-based study of the drug interaction between proton pump inhibitors and clopidogrel. CMAJ. [Internet]. 2009 [Acesso 12 mar 2016];180(7):713-8. doi: 10.1503/cmaj.082001
https://doi.org/10.1503/cmaj.082001...

15. Rassen JA, Choudhry NK, Avorn J, Schneeweiss S. Cardiovascular outcomes and mortality in patients using clopidogrel with proton pump inhibitors after percutaneous coronary intervention or acute coronary syndrome. Circulation. [Internet]. 2009; 120:2322-9. doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.109.873497
https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.1...

16. Miquel MDC, Cuervo MS, Silveira ED, Machuca IS, González-Blazquez S, Errasquin BM, et al. Potentially inappropriate drug prescription in older subjects across health care settings. Eur Geriat Med. [Internet]. 2010 [Acesso 13 mar 2016];1(1):9-14. doi:10.1016/j.eurger.2009.12.002
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eurger.2009.12...

17. Weir MA, Juurlink DN, Gomes T, Mamdani M, Hackam DG, Jain AK, et al. Beta-blockers, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, and the risk of hyperkalemia requiring hospitalization in the elderly: a nested case-control study. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. [Internet]. 2010 [Acesso 13 mar 2016];5(9):1544-51. doi: 10.2215/CJN.01970310.
https://doi.org/10.2215/CJN.01970310....
-1818. Kelly CM, Juurlink DN, Gomes T, Duong-Hua M, Pritchard KI, Austin PC, et al. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and breast cancer mortality in women receiving tamoxifen: a population based cohort study. BMJ. [Internet]. 2010; [Acesso 15 mar 2016];340:c693. doi: 10.1136/bmj.c693.
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,2424. Steinman MA, Lund BC, Miao Y, Boscardin WJ, Kaboli PJ. Geriatric conditions, medication use, and risk of adverse drug events in a predominantly male, older veteran population. Am Geriatr Soc. 2011 [Acesso 15 mar 2016];59(4):615-21. doi: 10.1111/j.1532-5415.2011.03331.x
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,2828. Antoniou T, Gomes T, Mamdani MM, Yao Z, Hellings C, Garg AX, et al. Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole induced hyperkalaemia in elderly patients receiving spironolactone: nested case-control study. BMJ. [Internet]. 2011 [Acesso 17 mar 2016];343:d5228. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.d5228
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-2929. Varallo FR, Capucho HC, Planeta CS, Mastroianni PC. Safety assessment of potentially inappropriate medications (PIM) use in older people and the factors associated with hospital admission. J Pharm Pharmaceut Sci. [Internet] 2011 [Acesso 20 mar 2016];14(2):283-90. Disponível em: https://ejournals.library.ualberta.ca/index.php/JPPS/article/view/9795/8379
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35. Budnitz DS, Lovegrove MC, Lovegrove N, Richards CL. Emergency hospitalizations for adverse drug events in older americans. N Engl J Med. [Internet]. 2011 [Acesso 12 mar 2016];365:2002-12. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMsa1103053
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,3838. Baillargeon J, Holmes HM, Lin YL, Raji MA, Sharma G, Kuo YF. Concurrent use of warfarin and antibiotics and the risk of bleeding in older adults. Am J Med. [Internet]. 2012 [Acesso 12 mar 2016];125(2):183-9. doi: 10.1016/j.amjmed.2011.08.014.
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39. O'Connor MN, Gallagher P, Byrne S, O'Mahony D. Adverse drug reactions in older patients during hospitalization: are they predictable? Age Ageing. [Internet]. 2012 [Acesso 12 mar 2016];41(6):771-6. doi: 10.1093/ageing/afs046.
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,4646. Marcum ZA, Amuan ME, Hanlon JT, Aspinall SL, Handler SM, Ruby CM, et al. Prevalence of unplanned hospitalizations caused by adverse drug reactions in older veterans. J Am Geriatr Soc. [Internet]. 2012;60(1):34-41. doi: 10.1111/j.1532-5415.2011.03772.x
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,5454. Bondesson A, Eriksson T, Kraig A, Holmdahl L, Midlöv P, Höglund P. In-hospital medication reviews reduce unidentified drug-related problems. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. [Internet]. 2013 [Access 11 mar 2016];69(3):647-55. doi: 10.1007/s00228-012-1368-5.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00228-012-1368-...
,5656. Klopotowska JE, Wierenga PC, Smorenburg SM, Stuijt CCM, Arisz L, Kuks PFM, et al. Recognition of adverse drug events in older hospitalized medical patients. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. [Internet]. 2013 [Access 11 mar 2016];69(1):75-85. doi: 10.1007/s00228-012-1316-4
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00228-012-1316-...
) , 14 (29,8%) IM2121. Bacic-Vrca V, Marusic S, Erdeljic V, Falamic S, Gojo-Tomic N, Rahelic D. The incidence of potential drug-drug interactions in elderly patients with arterial hypertension. Pharm World Sci. [Internet]. 2010 [Acesso 13 mar 2016];32(6):815-21. doi: 10.1007/s11096-010-9442-5.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11096-010-9442-...

22. Rahmawati F, Hidayati N, Rochmah W, Sulaiman SAS. Potentiality of drug-drug interactions in hospitalized geriatric patients in a private hospital, Yogyakarta, Indonesia. Asian J Pharm Clin Res. [Internet]. 2010 [Acesso 13 mar 2016];3(3):191-4. Available from: http://www.academia.edu/3579826/POTENTIALITY_OF_DRUG-DRUG_INTERACTIONS_IN_HOSPITALIZED_GERIATRIC_PATIENTS_IN_A_PRIVATE_HOSPITAL_YOGYAKARTA_INDONESIA
-2323. Wright AJ, Gomes T, Mamdani MM, Horn JR, Juurlink DN. The risk of hypotension following co-prescription of macrolide antibiotics and calcium-channel blockers. CMAJ. [Internet]. 2011 [Acesso 11 mar 2016];183(3):303-7. doi: 10.1503/cmaj.100702
https://doi.org/10.1503/cmaj.100702...
,2727. Mendes-Netto RS, Silva CQV, Oliveira AD Filho, Rocha CE, Lyra-Junior DP. Assessment of drug interactions in elderly patients of a family health care unit in Aracaju (Brazil): a pilot study. Afr J Pharm Pharmacol. [Internet]. 2011;5:812-8. DOI: 10.5897/AJPP10.299
https://doi.org/10.5897/AJPP10.299...
,3030. Gallagher PF, O'Connor MN, O'Mahony D. Prevention of potentially inappropriate prescribing for elderly patients: a randomized controlled trial using STOPP/START criteria. Clin Pharmacol Ther. [Internet]. 2011 [Acesso 20 mar 2016];14(2):283-90. doi: 10.1038/clpt.2011.44
https://doi.org/10.1038/clpt.2011.44...

31. Hanlon JT, Wang X, Castle NG, Stone RA, Handler SM, Semla TP, et al. Potential underuse, overuse and inappropriate use of antidepressants in older veteran nursing home patients. J Am Geriatr Soc. [Internet]. 2011 [Acesso 13 mar 2016];59(8):1412-20. doi: 10.1111/j.1532-5415.2011.03522.x.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1532-5415.2011...

32. Skaar DD, O'Connor H. Potentially serious drug-drug interactions among community-dwelling older adult dental patients. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. [Internet]. 2011 [Acesso 13 mar 2016];112(2):153-60. doi: 10.1016/j.tripleo.2011.03.048
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tripleo.2011.0...
-3333. Venturini CD, Engroff P, Ely LS, Zago LFA, Schroester G, Gomes I, et al. Gender diferences, polypharmacy, and potential pharmacological interactions in the elderly. Clinics. (São Paulo). [Internet]. 2011 [Acesso 12 mar 2016];66(11):1867-72. DOI: 10.1590/S1807-59322011001100004
https://doi.org/10.1590/S1807-5932201100...
,4141. Bakken MS, Ranhoff AH, Engeland A, Ruths S. Inappropriate prescribing for older people admitted to an intermediate-care nursing home unit and hospital wards. Scand J Prim Health Care. [Internet]. 2012 [Acesso 12 mar 2016];30(3):169-75. doi: 10.3109/02813432.2012.704813.
https://doi.org/10.3109/02813432.2012.70...
,4343. Halvorsen KH, Granas AG, Engeland A, Ruths S. Prescribing quality for older people in Norwegian nursing homes and home nursing services using multidose dispensed drugs. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf. [Internet]. 2012 [Access 12 mar 2016];21(9):929-36. doi: 10.1002/pds.2232.
https://doi.org/10.1002/pds.2232....

44. Mehuys E, Dupond L, Petrovic M, Christiaens T, Van Bortel L, Adriaens E, et al. Medication management among home-dwelling older patients with chronic diseases: possible roles for community pharmacists. J Nutr Health Aging. [Internet]. 2012 [Access 12 mar 2016];16(8):721-6. doi: 10.1007/s12603-012-0028-x.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s12603-012-0028-...
-4545. Pincus D, Gomes T, Hellings C, Zheng H, Paterson JM, Mamdani MM, et al. A population-based assessment of the drug interaction between levothyroxine and warfarin. Clin Pharmacol Ther. [Internet]. 2012 [Access 12 mar 2016];92(6):766-70. doi: 10.1038/clpt.2012.171.
https://doi.org/10.1038/clpt.2012.171....
,4949. Obreli-Neto PR, Nobili A, Marusic S, Pilger D, Guidoni CM, Baldoni AO, et al. Prevalence and predictors of potential drug-drug interactions in the elderly: a cross-sectional study in the Brazilian primary public health system. J Pharm Pharmaceut Sci. [Internet]. 2012 [Access 11 mar 2016];15(2):344-54. Available from: https://ejournals.library.ualberta.ca/index.php/JPPS/article/viewFile/12209/13688
https://ejournals.library.ualberta.ca/in...
,5353. Marusic S, Bacic-Vrca V, Obreli-Neto PR, Franic M, Erdeljic V, Gojo-Tomic N. Actual drug-drug interactions in elderly patients discharged from internal medicine clinic: a prospective observational study. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. [Internet]. 2013 [Access 11 mar 2016];69(9):1717-24. doi: 10.1007/s00228-013-1531-7.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00228-013-1531-...
y nueve (19,1%) se refieren a ambas IM y RAM1919. Somers M, Rose E, Simmonds D, Whitelaw C, Calver J, Beer C. Quality use of medicines in residential aged care. Aust Fam Physician. [Internet]. 2010 [Acesso 16 mar 2016]; 39(6):413-6. Available from: http://www.racgp.org.au/download/documents/AFP/2010/June/201006somers.pdf
http://www.racgp.org.au/download/documen...
,2626. Santos RM, Sette IMF, Belém LF. Drug use by elderly inpatients of a philanthropic hospital. Braz J Pharm Sci. [Internet]. 2011 [Acesso 17 mar 2016];47(2):391-2. dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1984-82502011000200021
https://doi.org/10.1590/S1984-8250201100...
,3737. Chan DC, Chen JH, Kuo HK, We CJ, Lu IS, Chiu LS, et al. Drug-related problems (DRPs) identified from geriatric medication safety review clinics. Arch Gerontol Geriatr. [Internet]. 2012 [Acesso 12 mar 2016];54(1):168-74. doi: 10.1016/j.archger.2011.02.005
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.archger.2011.0...
,4242. Romana A, Kamath L, Sarda A, Muraraiah S, CR Jayanthi. Polypharmacy leading to adverse drug reactions in elderly in a tertiary care hospital. Int J Pharm Bio Sci. [Internet]. 2012 [Access 12 mar 2016];3(3):218-24. Available from: http://www.ijpbs.net/vol-3/issue-3/pharma/23.pdf
http://www.ijpbs.net/vol-3/issue-3/pharm...
,4747. Vila JV, Vila MMV, Ibáñez LS, Zaragoza JAA, Royo LM. Adecuación de la utilización de benzodiazepinas en ancianos desde la oficina de farmacia. Un estudio de colaboración médico-farmacéutico. Aten Primaria. [Internet]. 2012 [Access 12 mar 2016];44(7):402-10. doi:10.1016/j.aprim.2011.07.018
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aprim.2011.07....
-4848. Obreli-Neto PR, Nobili A, Lyra-Júnior DP, Pilger D, Guidoni CM, Baldoni AO, et al. Incidence and predictors of adverse drug reactions caused by drug-drug interactions in elderly outpatients: a prospective cohort study. J Pharm Pharmaceut Sci. [Internet]. 2012[Access 12 mar 2016];15(2):332-43. Available from: https://ejournals.library.ualberta.ca/index.php/JPPS/article/view/17049/13684
https://ejournals.library.ualberta.ca/in...
,5050. Ramanath KV, Nedumballi S. Assessment of medication-related problems in geriatric patients of a rural tertiary care hospital. J Young Pharm. [Internet]. 2012 [Access 11 mar 2016];4(4):273-8. doi: 10.4103/0975-1483.104372
https://doi.org/10.4103/0975-1483.104372...
,5555. Yeoh TT, Si P, Chew L. The impact of medication therapy management in older oncology patients. Support Care Cancer. [Internet]. 2013 [Access 11 mar 2016];21(5):1287-93. doi: 10.1007/s00520-012-1661-y.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00520-012-1661-...
,5757. Somers A, Robays H, De Paepe P, Van Maele G, Perehudoff K, Petrovic M. Evaluation of clinical pharmacist recommendations in the geriatric ward of a Belgium university hospital. Clin Interv Aging. [Internet]. 2013 [Access 11 mar 2016];8:703-9. doi: 10.2147/CIA.S42162.
https://doi.org/10.2147/CIA.S42162....
, de acuerdo a las figuras 2 y 3.

Discusión

De acuerdo a nuestro mejor conocimiento, esta es la primera revisión integradora que examina los estudios publicados entre 2008 a 2013 en relación a la ocurrencia de IM y RAM específicamente entre los adultos mayores. Este estudio ayuda a demostrar que esta cuestión es un problema frecuente en varios países. Sin embargo, la generalización de los resultados de esta revisión es difícil debido a la multiplicidad de métodos y tamaños de muestra de varios estudios y la diversidad de los lugares donde se llevaron a cabo. Se destacan algunos aspectos.

Inicialmente, las diferentes definiciones de la polifarmacia se utilizaron en los estudios analizados, tales como ≥33333. Venturini CD, Engroff P, Ely LS, Zago LFA, Schroester G, Gomes I, et al. Gender diferences, polypharmacy, and potential pharmacological interactions in the elderly. Clinics. (São Paulo). [Internet]. 2011 [Acesso 12 mar 2016];66(11):1867-72. DOI: 10.1590/S1807-59322011001100004
https://doi.org/10.1590/S1807-5932201100...
, ≥51919. Somers M, Rose E, Simmonds D, Whitelaw C, Calver J, Beer C. Quality use of medicines in residential aged care. Aust Fam Physician. [Internet]. 2010 [Acesso 16 mar 2016]; 39(6):413-6. Available from: http://www.racgp.org.au/download/documents/AFP/2010/June/201006somers.pdf
http://www.racgp.org.au/download/documen...
-2020. Harugeri A, Joseph J, Parthasarathi G, Ramesh M, Guido S. Potentially inappropriate medication use in elderly patients: a study of prevalence and predictors in two teaching hospitals. J Postgrad Med. [Internet]. 2010 [Acesso 13 mar 2016];56(3):186-91. doi: 10.4103/0022-3859.68642.
https://doi.org/10.4103/0022-3859.68642...
,2626. Santos RM, Sette IMF, Belém LF. Drug use by elderly inpatients of a philanthropic hospital. Braz J Pharm Sci. [Internet]. 2011 [Acesso 17 mar 2016];47(2):391-2. dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1984-82502011000200021
https://doi.org/10.1590/S1984-8250201100...
-2727. Mendes-Netto RS, Silva CQV, Oliveira AD Filho, Rocha CE, Lyra-Junior DP. Assessment of drug interactions in elderly patients of a family health care unit in Aracaju (Brazil): a pilot study. Afr J Pharm Pharmacol. [Internet]. 2011;5:812-8. DOI: 10.5897/AJPP10.299
https://doi.org/10.5897/AJPP10.299...
,2929. Varallo FR, Capucho HC, Planeta CS, Mastroianni PC. Safety assessment of potentially inappropriate medications (PIM) use in older people and the factors associated with hospital admission. J Pharm Pharmaceut Sci. [Internet] 2011 [Acesso 20 mar 2016];14(2):283-90. Disponível em: https://ejournals.library.ualberta.ca/index.php/JPPS/article/view/9795/8379
https://ejournals.library.ualberta.ca/in...
,3131. Hanlon JT, Wang X, Castle NG, Stone RA, Handler SM, Semla TP, et al. Potential underuse, overuse and inappropriate use of antidepressants in older veteran nursing home patients. J Am Geriatr Soc. [Internet]. 2011 [Acesso 13 mar 2016];59(8):1412-20. doi: 10.1111/j.1532-5415.2011.03522.x.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1532-5415.2011...
,3737. Chan DC, Chen JH, Kuo HK, We CJ, Lu IS, Chiu LS, et al. Drug-related problems (DRPs) identified from geriatric medication safety review clinics. Arch Gerontol Geriatr. [Internet]. 2012 [Acesso 12 mar 2016];54(1):168-74. doi: 10.1016/j.archger.2011.02.005
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.archger.2011.0...
,4242. Romana A, Kamath L, Sarda A, Muraraiah S, CR Jayanthi. Polypharmacy leading to adverse drug reactions in elderly in a tertiary care hospital. Int J Pharm Bio Sci. [Internet]. 2012 [Access 12 mar 2016];3(3):218-24. Available from: http://www.ijpbs.net/vol-3/issue-3/pharma/23.pdf
http://www.ijpbs.net/vol-3/issue-3/pharm...
,4444. Mehuys E, Dupond L, Petrovic M, Christiaens T, Van Bortel L, Adriaens E, et al. Medication management among home-dwelling older patients with chronic diseases: possible roles for community pharmacists. J Nutr Health Aging. [Internet]. 2012 [Access 12 mar 2016];16(8):721-6. doi: 10.1007/s12603-012-0028-x.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s12603-012-0028-...
,4646. Marcum ZA, Amuan ME, Hanlon JT, Aspinall SL, Handler SM, Ruby CM, et al. Prevalence of unplanned hospitalizations caused by adverse drug reactions in older veterans. J Am Geriatr Soc. [Internet]. 2012;60(1):34-41. doi: 10.1111/j.1532-5415.2011.03772.x
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1532-5415.2011...
,5151. Bonnet-Zamponi D, d'Arailh L, Konrat C, Delpierre S, Lieberherr D, Lemaire A, et al. Drug-related readmissions to medical units of older adults discharged from acute geriatric units: results of the optimization of medication in AGEd multicenter randomized controlled trial. J Am Geriatr Soc. [Internet]. 2013 [Access 11 mar 2016];61(1):113-21. doi: 10.1111/jgs.12037
https://doi.org/10.1111/jgs.12037...
, ≥65252. Nickel CH, Ruedinger JM, Messmer AS, Maile S, Peng A, Bodmer M, et al. Drug-related emergency department visits by elderly patients presenting with non-specific complaints. Scand J Trauma Resusc Emerg Med. [Internet]. 2013 [Access 11 mar 2016];21:15. doi: 10.1186/1757-7241-21-15.
https://doi.org/10.1186/1757-7241-21-15....
o ≥101111. Gallagher P, O'Mahony. STOPP (Screening Tool of Older Persons' potentially inappropriate Prescriptions): application to acutely ill elderly patients and comparison with Beers' criteria. Age Ageing. [Internet]. 2008 [Acesso 12 mar 2016];37(6):673-9. doi: 10.1093/ageing/afn197.
https://doi.org/10.1093/ageing/afn197...
-1212. Gallagher PF, Barry PJ, Ryan C, Hartigan I, O'Mahony D. Inappropriate prescribing in an acutely ill population of elderly patients as determined by Beers' Criteria. Age Ageing. [Internet]. 2008 [Acesso 12 mar 2016];37(1):96-101. doi: 10.1093/ageing/afm116
https://doi.org/10.1093/ageing/afm116...
,1515. Rassen JA, Choudhry NK, Avorn J, Schneeweiss S. Cardiovascular outcomes and mortality in patients using clopidogrel with proton pump inhibitors after percutaneous coronary intervention or acute coronary syndrome. Circulation. [Internet]. 2009; 120:2322-9. doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.109.873497
https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.1...
. En treinta y un estudios no hubo definición de polifarmacia1313. Zhang M, Holman CDJ, Price SD, Sanfilippo FM, Preen DB, Bulsara MK. Comorbidity and repeat admission to hospital for adverse drug reactions in older adults: retrospective cohort study. BMJ. [Internet]. 2009 [Acesso 12 mar 2016];338:a2752. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.a2752
https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.a2752...
-1414. Juurlink DN, Gomes T, Ko DT, Szmitko PE, Austin PC, Tu JV, et al. A population-based study of the drug interaction between proton pump inhibitors and clopidogrel. CMAJ. [Internet]. 2009 [Acesso 12 mar 2016];180(7):713-8. doi: 10.1503/cmaj.082001
https://doi.org/10.1503/cmaj.082001...
,1616. Miquel MDC, Cuervo MS, Silveira ED, Machuca IS, González-Blazquez S, Errasquin BM, et al. Potentially inappropriate drug prescription in older subjects across health care settings. Eur Geriat Med. [Internet]. 2010 [Acesso 13 mar 2016];1(1):9-14. doi:10.1016/j.eurger.2009.12.002
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eurger.2009.12...

17. Weir MA, Juurlink DN, Gomes T, Mamdani M, Hackam DG, Jain AK, et al. Beta-blockers, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, and the risk of hyperkalemia requiring hospitalization in the elderly: a nested case-control study. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. [Internet]. 2010 [Acesso 13 mar 2016];5(9):1544-51. doi: 10.2215/CJN.01970310.
https://doi.org/10.2215/CJN.01970310....
-1818. Kelly CM, Juurlink DN, Gomes T, Duong-Hua M, Pritchard KI, Austin PC, et al. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and breast cancer mortality in women receiving tamoxifen: a population based cohort study. BMJ. [Internet]. 2010; [Acesso 15 mar 2016];340:c693. doi: 10.1136/bmj.c693.
https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.c693...
,2121. Bacic-Vrca V, Marusic S, Erdeljic V, Falamic S, Gojo-Tomic N, Rahelic D. The incidence of potential drug-drug interactions in elderly patients with arterial hypertension. Pharm World Sci. [Internet]. 2010 [Acesso 13 mar 2016];32(6):815-21. doi: 10.1007/s11096-010-9442-5.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11096-010-9442-...

22. Rahmawati F, Hidayati N, Rochmah W, Sulaiman SAS. Potentiality of drug-drug interactions in hospitalized geriatric patients in a private hospital, Yogyakarta, Indonesia. Asian J Pharm Clin Res. [Internet]. 2010 [Acesso 13 mar 2016];3(3):191-4. Available from: http://www.academia.edu/3579826/POTENTIALITY_OF_DRUG-DRUG_INTERACTIONS_IN_HOSPITALIZED_GERIATRIC_PATIENTS_IN_A_PRIVATE_HOSPITAL_YOGYAKARTA_INDONESIA

23. Wright AJ, Gomes T, Mamdani MM, Horn JR, Juurlink DN. The risk of hypotension following co-prescription of macrolide antibiotics and calcium-channel blockers. CMAJ. [Internet]. 2011 [Acesso 11 mar 2016];183(3):303-7. doi: 10.1503/cmaj.100702
https://doi.org/10.1503/cmaj.100702...

24. Steinman MA, Lund BC, Miao Y, Boscardin WJ, Kaboli PJ. Geriatric conditions, medication use, and risk of adverse drug events in a predominantly male, older veteran population. Am Geriatr Soc. 2011 [Acesso 15 mar 2016];59(4):615-21. doi: 10.1111/j.1532-5415.2011.03331.x
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1532-5415.2011...
-2525. Steinman MA, Hanlon JT, Sloane RJ, Boscardin WJ, Schmader KE. Do geriatric conditions increase risk of adverse drug reactions in ambulatory elders? Results from the VA GEM drug study. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. [Internet]. 2011 [Acesso 17 mar 2016];66(4):444-51. doi: 10.1093/gerona/glq236
https://doi.org/10.1093/gerona/glq236...
,2828. Antoniou T, Gomes T, Mamdani MM, Yao Z, Hellings C, Garg AX, et al. Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole induced hyperkalaemia in elderly patients receiving spironolactone: nested case-control study. BMJ. [Internet]. 2011 [Acesso 17 mar 2016];343:d5228. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.d5228
https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.d5228...
,3030. Gallagher PF, O'Connor MN, O'Mahony D. Prevention of potentially inappropriate prescribing for elderly patients: a randomized controlled trial using STOPP/START criteria. Clin Pharmacol Ther. [Internet]. 2011 [Acesso 20 mar 2016];14(2):283-90. doi: 10.1038/clpt.2011.44
https://doi.org/10.1038/clpt.2011.44...
,3232. Skaar DD, O'Connor H. Potentially serious drug-drug interactions among community-dwelling older adult dental patients. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. [Internet]. 2011 [Acesso 13 mar 2016];112(2):153-60. doi: 10.1016/j.tripleo.2011.03.048
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tripleo.2011.0...
,3434. Antoniou T, Gomes T, Mamdani MM, Juurlink DN. Trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole-induced phenytoin toxicity in the elderly: a population-based study. Br J Clin Pharmacol. [Internet]. 2011;71(4):544-9. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2125.2010.03866.x.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2125.2010...

35. Budnitz DS, Lovegrove MC, Lovegrove N, Richards CL. Emergency hospitalizations for adverse drug events in older americans. N Engl J Med. [Internet]. 2011 [Acesso 12 mar 2016];365:2002-12. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMsa1103053
https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMsa1103053...
-3636. Coupland C, Dhiman P, Morriss R, Arthur A, Barton G, Hippisley-Cox J. Antidepressant use and risk of adverse outcomes in older people: population based cohort study. BMJ. [Internet]. 2011 [Acesso 12 mar 2016];343:d4551. doi: 10.1136/bmj.d4551.
https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.d4551....
,3838. Baillargeon J, Holmes HM, Lin YL, Raji MA, Sharma G, Kuo YF. Concurrent use of warfarin and antibiotics and the risk of bleeding in older adults. Am J Med. [Internet]. 2012 [Acesso 12 mar 2016];125(2):183-9. doi: 10.1016/j.amjmed.2011.08.014.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amjmed.2011.08...

39. O'Connor MN, Gallagher P, Byrne S, O'Mahony D. Adverse drug reactions in older patients during hospitalization: are they predictable? Age Ageing. [Internet]. 2012 [Acesso 12 mar 2016];41(6):771-6. doi: 10.1093/ageing/afs046.
https://doi.org/10.1093/ageing/afs046....

40. Somers A, Mallet L, Cammen TVA, Robays H, Petrovic M. Applicability of an adapted medication appropriateness index for detection of drug-related problems in geriatric inpatients. Am J Geriatr Pharmacother. [Internet]. 2012 [Acesso 12 mar 2016];10(2):101-9. doi: 10.1016/j.amjopharm.2012.01.003
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amjopharm.2012...
-4141. Bakken MS, Ranhoff AH, Engeland A, Ruths S. Inappropriate prescribing for older people admitted to an intermediate-care nursing home unit and hospital wards. Scand J Prim Health Care. [Internet]. 2012 [Acesso 12 mar 2016];30(3):169-75. doi: 10.3109/02813432.2012.704813.
https://doi.org/10.3109/02813432.2012.70...
,4343. Halvorsen KH, Granas AG, Engeland A, Ruths S. Prescribing quality for older people in Norwegian nursing homes and home nursing services using multidose dispensed drugs. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf. [Internet]. 2012 [Access 12 mar 2016];21(9):929-36. doi: 10.1002/pds.2232.
https://doi.org/10.1002/pds.2232....
,4545. Pincus D, Gomes T, Hellings C, Zheng H, Paterson JM, Mamdani MM, et al. A population-based assessment of the drug interaction between levothyroxine and warfarin. Clin Pharmacol Ther. [Internet]. 2012 [Access 12 mar 2016];92(6):766-70. doi: 10.1038/clpt.2012.171.
https://doi.org/10.1038/clpt.2012.171....
,4747. Vila JV, Vila MMV, Ibáñez LS, Zaragoza JAA, Royo LM. Adecuación de la utilización de benzodiazepinas en ancianos desde la oficina de farmacia. Un estudio de colaboración médico-farmacéutico. Aten Primaria. [Internet]. 2012 [Access 12 mar 2016];44(7):402-10. doi:10.1016/j.aprim.2011.07.018
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aprim.2011.07....

48. Obreli-Neto PR, Nobili A, Lyra-Júnior DP, Pilger D, Guidoni CM, Baldoni AO, et al. Incidence and predictors of adverse drug reactions caused by drug-drug interactions in elderly outpatients: a prospective cohort study. J Pharm Pharmaceut Sci. [Internet]. 2012[Access 12 mar 2016];15(2):332-43. Available from: https://ejournals.library.ualberta.ca/index.php/JPPS/article/view/17049/13684
https://ejournals.library.ualberta.ca/in...

49. Obreli-Neto PR, Nobili A, Marusic S, Pilger D, Guidoni CM, Baldoni AO, et al. Prevalence and predictors of potential drug-drug interactions in the elderly: a cross-sectional study in the Brazilian primary public health system. J Pharm Pharmaceut Sci. [Internet]. 2012 [Access 11 mar 2016];15(2):344-54. Available from: https://ejournals.library.ualberta.ca/index.php/JPPS/article/viewFile/12209/13688
https://ejournals.library.ualberta.ca/in...
-5050. Ramanath KV, Nedumballi S. Assessment of medication-related problems in geriatric patients of a rural tertiary care hospital. J Young Pharm. [Internet]. 2012 [Access 11 mar 2016];4(4):273-8. doi: 10.4103/0975-1483.104372
https://doi.org/10.4103/0975-1483.104372...
,5353. Marusic S, Bacic-Vrca V, Obreli-Neto PR, Franic M, Erdeljic V, Gojo-Tomic N. Actual drug-drug interactions in elderly patients discharged from internal medicine clinic: a prospective observational study. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. [Internet]. 2013 [Access 11 mar 2016];69(9):1717-24. doi: 10.1007/s00228-013-1531-7.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00228-013-1531-...

54. Bondesson A, Eriksson T, Kraig A, Holmdahl L, Midlöv P, Höglund P. In-hospital medication reviews reduce unidentified drug-related problems. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. [Internet]. 2013 [Access 11 mar 2016];69(3):647-55. doi: 10.1007/s00228-012-1368-5.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00228-012-1368-...

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. Por lo tanto existe la necesidad de un punto de corte claro que defina polifarmacia en el mundo entero. Una definición que se enfoque en saber si la medicación es clínicamente indicada, puede ser más apropiada 99. Fulton MM, Allen ER. Polypharmacy in the elderly: a literature review. J Am Acad Nurse Pract. [Internet]. 2005 [Acesso 12 mar 2016];17(4):123-32. doi: 10.111/j.1041-2972.2005.0020.x
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) que el numero de medicamentos ingeridos.

La IM y la RAM son con frecuencia el resultado final de la polifarmacia, como se muestra en los estudios analizados1111. Gallagher P, O'Mahony. STOPP (Screening Tool of Older Persons' potentially inappropriate Prescriptions): application to acutely ill elderly patients and comparison with Beers' criteria. Age Ageing. [Internet]. 2008 [Acesso 12 mar 2016];37(6):673-9. doi: 10.1093/ageing/afn197.
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56. Klopotowska JE, Wierenga PC, Smorenburg SM, Stuijt CCM, Arisz L, Kuks PFM, et al. Recognition of adverse drug events in older hospitalized medical patients. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. [Internet]. 2013 [Access 11 mar 2016];69(1):75-85. doi: 10.1007/s00228-012-1316-4
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00228-012-1316-...
-5757. Somers A, Robays H, De Paepe P, Van Maele G, Perehudoff K, Petrovic M. Evaluation of clinical pharmacist recommendations in the geriatric ward of a Belgium university hospital. Clin Interv Aging. [Internet]. 2013 [Access 11 mar 2016];8:703-9. doi: 10.2147/CIA.S42162.
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, y están asociados con otros predictores, por ejemplo: las diferencias entre sexos2424. Steinman MA, Lund BC, Miao Y, Boscardin WJ, Kaboli PJ. Geriatric conditions, medication use, and risk of adverse drug events in a predominantly male, older veteran population. Am Geriatr Soc. 2011 [Acesso 15 mar 2016];59(4):615-21. doi: 10.1111/j.1532-5415.2011.03331.x
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1532-5415.2011...
,3333. Venturini CD, Engroff P, Ely LS, Zago LFA, Schroester G, Gomes I, et al. Gender diferences, polypharmacy, and potential pharmacological interactions in the elderly. Clinics. (São Paulo). [Internet]. 2011 [Acesso 12 mar 2016];66(11):1867-72. DOI: 10.1590/S1807-59322011001100004
https://doi.org/10.1590/S1807-5932201100...
; el sexo de los pacientes, el consumo de alcohol y el hábito de fumar2929. Varallo FR, Capucho HC, Planeta CS, Mastroianni PC. Safety assessment of potentially inappropriate medications (PIM) use in older people and the factors associated with hospital admission. J Pharm Pharmaceut Sci. [Internet] 2011 [Acesso 20 mar 2016];14(2):283-90. Disponível em: https://ejournals.library.ualberta.ca/index.php/JPPS/article/view/9795/8379
https://ejournals.library.ualberta.ca/in...
; edad avanzada3939. O'Connor MN, Gallagher P, Byrne S, O'Mahony D. Adverse drug reactions in older patients during hospitalization: are they predictable? Age Ageing. [Internet]. 2012 [Acesso 12 mar 2016];41(6):771-6. doi: 10.1093/ageing/afs046.
https://doi.org/10.1093/ageing/afs046....
,4949. Obreli-Neto PR, Nobili A, Marusic S, Pilger D, Guidoni CM, Baldoni AO, et al. Prevalence and predictors of potential drug-drug interactions in the elderly: a cross-sectional study in the Brazilian primary public health system. J Pharm Pharmaceut Sci. [Internet]. 2012 [Access 11 mar 2016];15(2):344-54. Available from: https://ejournals.library.ualberta.ca/index.php/JPPS/article/viewFile/12209/13688
https://ejournals.library.ualberta.ca/in...
; diagnósticos de enfermedades y múltiples comorbilidades2121. Bacic-Vrca V, Marusic S, Erdeljic V, Falamic S, Gojo-Tomic N, Rahelic D. The incidence of potential drug-drug interactions in elderly patients with arterial hypertension. Pharm World Sci. [Internet]. 2010 [Acesso 13 mar 2016];32(6):815-21. doi: 10.1007/s11096-010-9442-5.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11096-010-9442-...
,2525. Steinman MA, Hanlon JT, Sloane RJ, Boscardin WJ, Schmader KE. Do geriatric conditions increase risk of adverse drug reactions in ambulatory elders? Results from the VA GEM drug study. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. [Internet]. 2011 [Acesso 17 mar 2016];66(4):444-51. doi: 10.1093/gerona/glq236
https://doi.org/10.1093/gerona/glq236...
,4848. Obreli-Neto PR, Nobili A, Lyra-Júnior DP, Pilger D, Guidoni CM, Baldoni AO, et al. Incidence and predictors of adverse drug reactions caused by drug-drug interactions in elderly outpatients: a prospective cohort study. J Pharm Pharmaceut Sci. [Internet]. 2012[Access 12 mar 2016];15(2):332-43. Available from: https://ejournals.library.ualberta.ca/index.php/JPPS/article/view/17049/13684
https://ejournals.library.ualberta.ca/in...
-4949. Obreli-Neto PR, Nobili A, Marusic S, Pilger D, Guidoni CM, Baldoni AO, et al. Prevalence and predictors of potential drug-drug interactions in the elderly: a cross-sectional study in the Brazilian primary public health system. J Pharm Pharmaceut Sci. [Internet]. 2012 [Access 11 mar 2016];15(2):344-54. Available from: https://ejournals.library.ualberta.ca/index.php/JPPS/article/viewFile/12209/13688
https://ejournals.library.ualberta.ca/in...
,5353. Marusic S, Bacic-Vrca V, Obreli-Neto PR, Franic M, Erdeljic V, Gojo-Tomic N. Actual drug-drug interactions in elderly patients discharged from internal medicine clinic: a prospective observational study. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. [Internet]. 2013 [Access 11 mar 2016];69(9):1717-24. doi: 10.1007/s00228-013-1531-7.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00228-013-1531-...
; utilizar de drogas de tipos específicos, como los pacientes que utilizan clopidogrel con los inhibidores de la bomba de protones1414. Juurlink DN, Gomes T, Ko DT, Szmitko PE, Austin PC, Tu JV, et al. A population-based study of the drug interaction between proton pump inhibitors and clopidogrel. CMAJ. [Internet]. 2009 [Acesso 12 mar 2016];180(7):713-8. doi: 10.1503/cmaj.082001
https://doi.org/10.1503/cmaj.082001...
-1515. Rassen JA, Choudhry NK, Avorn J, Schneeweiss S. Cardiovascular outcomes and mortality in patients using clopidogrel with proton pump inhibitors after percutaneous coronary intervention or acute coronary syndrome. Circulation. [Internet]. 2009; 120:2322-9. doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.109.873497
https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.1...
, tamoxifeno1818. Kelly CM, Juurlink DN, Gomes T, Duong-Hua M, Pritchard KI, Austin PC, et al. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and breast cancer mortality in women receiving tamoxifen: a population based cohort study. BMJ. [Internet]. 2010; [Acesso 15 mar 2016];340:c693. doi: 10.1136/bmj.c693.
https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.c693...
, co-prescripción de antibióticos macrólidos y bloqueadores de los canales de calcio2323. Wright AJ, Gomes T, Mamdani MM, Horn JR, Juurlink DN. The risk of hypotension following co-prescription of macrolide antibiotics and calcium-channel blockers. CMAJ. [Internet]. 2011 [Acesso 11 mar 2016];183(3):303-7. doi: 10.1503/cmaj.100702
https://doi.org/10.1503/cmaj.100702...
, trimetoprim/sulfametoxazol1717. Weir MA, Juurlink DN, Gomes T, Mamdani M, Hackam DG, Jain AK, et al. Beta-blockers, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, and the risk of hyperkalemia requiring hospitalization in the elderly: a nested case-control study. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. [Internet]. 2010 [Acesso 13 mar 2016];5(9):1544-51. doi: 10.2215/CJN.01970310.
https://doi.org/10.2215/CJN.01970310....
,2828. Antoniou T, Gomes T, Mamdani MM, Yao Z, Hellings C, Garg AX, et al. Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole induced hyperkalaemia in elderly patients receiving spironolactone: nested case-control study. BMJ. [Internet]. 2011 [Acesso 17 mar 2016];343:d5228. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.d5228
https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.d5228...
,3434. Antoniou T, Gomes T, Mamdani MM, Juurlink DN. Trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole-induced phenytoin toxicity in the elderly: a population-based study. Br J Clin Pharmacol. [Internet]. 2011;71(4):544-9. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2125.2010.03866.x.
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,3636. Coupland C, Dhiman P, Morriss R, Arthur A, Barton G, Hippisley-Cox J. Antidepressant use and risk of adverse outcomes in older people: population based cohort study. BMJ. [Internet]. 2011 [Acesso 12 mar 2016];343:d4551. doi: 10.1136/bmj.d4551.
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, warfarina3838. Baillargeon J, Holmes HM, Lin YL, Raji MA, Sharma G, Kuo YF. Concurrent use of warfarin and antibiotics and the risk of bleeding in older adults. Am J Med. [Internet]. 2012 [Acesso 12 mar 2016];125(2):183-9. doi: 10.1016/j.amjmed.2011.08.014.
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,4545. Pincus D, Gomes T, Hellings C, Zheng H, Paterson JM, Mamdani MM, et al. A population-based assessment of the drug interaction between levothyroxine and warfarin. Clin Pharmacol Ther. [Internet]. 2012 [Access 12 mar 2016];92(6):766-70. doi: 10.1038/clpt.2012.171.
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, benzodiazepinas4747. Vila JV, Vila MMV, Ibáñez LS, Zaragoza JAA, Royo LM. Adecuación de la utilización de benzodiazepinas en ancianos desde la oficina de farmacia. Un estudio de colaboración médico-farmacéutico. Aten Primaria. [Internet]. 2012 [Access 12 mar 2016];44(7):402-10. doi:10.1016/j.aprim.2011.07.018
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; también, el deterioro cognitivo y diversos problemas funcionales que afectan a la capacidad de gestión práctica de los medicamentos2424. Steinman MA, Lund BC, Miao Y, Boscardin WJ, Kaboli PJ. Geriatric conditions, medication use, and risk of adverse drug events in a predominantly male, older veteran population. Am Geriatr Soc. 2011 [Acesso 15 mar 2016];59(4):615-21. doi: 10.1111/j.1532-5415.2011.03331.x
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-2525. Steinman MA, Hanlon JT, Sloane RJ, Boscardin WJ, Schmader KE. Do geriatric conditions increase risk of adverse drug reactions in ambulatory elders? Results from the VA GEM drug study. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. [Internet]. 2011 [Acesso 17 mar 2016];66(4):444-51. doi: 10.1093/gerona/glq236
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; situación de vida1919. Somers M, Rose E, Simmonds D, Whitelaw C, Calver J, Beer C. Quality use of medicines in residential aged care. Aust Fam Physician. [Internet]. 2010 [Acesso 16 mar 2016]; 39(6):413-6. Available from: http://www.racgp.org.au/download/documents/AFP/2010/June/201006somers.pdf
http://www.racgp.org.au/download/documen...
; el acceso a la atención de salud, la prescripción de los regímenes de terapia de drogas por dos o más prescriptores4949. Obreli-Neto PR, Nobili A, Marusic S, Pilger D, Guidoni CM, Baldoni AO, et al. Prevalence and predictors of potential drug-drug interactions in the elderly: a cross-sectional study in the Brazilian primary public health system. J Pharm Pharmaceut Sci. [Internet]. 2012 [Access 11 mar 2016];15(2):344-54. Available from: https://ejournals.library.ualberta.ca/index.php/JPPS/article/viewFile/12209/13688
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; y el nivel de educación (3131. Hanlon JT, Wang X, Castle NG, Stone RA, Handler SM, Semla TP, et al. Potential underuse, overuse and inappropriate use of antidepressants in older veteran nursing home patients. J Am Geriatr Soc. [Internet]. 2011 [Acesso 13 mar 2016];59(8):1412-20. doi: 10.1111/j.1532-5415.2011.03522.x.
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,4444. Mehuys E, Dupond L, Petrovic M, Christiaens T, Van Bortel L, Adriaens E, et al. Medication management among home-dwelling older patients with chronic diseases: possible roles for community pharmacists. J Nutr Health Aging. [Internet]. 2012 [Access 12 mar 2016];16(8):721-6. doi: 10.1007/s12603-012-0028-x.
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,5050. Ramanath KV, Nedumballi S. Assessment of medication-related problems in geriatric patients of a rural tertiary care hospital. J Young Pharm. [Internet]. 2012 [Access 11 mar 2016];4(4):273-8. doi: 10.4103/0975-1483.104372
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.

La falta de adherencia al tratamiento es un problema común en los adultos mayores. Se han reportado IM y RAM durante la hospitalización asociadas con la falta de adherencia, también comunes entre los adultos mayores dados de alta del hospital y que están usando varios medicamentos para sus enfermedades crónicas. También se realizaron estudios que analizan los reingresos por IM y las consiguientes reacciones adversas4444. Mehuys E, Dupond L, Petrovic M, Christiaens T, Van Bortel L, Adriaens E, et al. Medication management among home-dwelling older patients with chronic diseases: possible roles for community pharmacists. J Nutr Health Aging. [Internet]. 2012 [Access 12 mar 2016];16(8):721-6. doi: 10.1007/s12603-012-0028-x.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s12603-012-0028-...
,5151. Bonnet-Zamponi D, d'Arailh L, Konrat C, Delpierre S, Lieberherr D, Lemaire A, et al. Drug-related readmissions to medical units of older adults discharged from acute geriatric units: results of the optimization of medication in AGEd multicenter randomized controlled trial. J Am Geriatr Soc. [Internet]. 2013 [Access 11 mar 2016];61(1):113-21. doi: 10.1111/jgs.12037
https://doi.org/10.1111/jgs.12037...
,5555. Yeoh TT, Si P, Chew L. The impact of medication therapy management in older oncology patients. Support Care Cancer. [Internet]. 2013 [Access 11 mar 2016];21(5):1287-93. doi: 10.1007/s00520-012-1661-y.
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. Por lo tanto, la detección temprana y el reconocimiento de las interacciones clínicamente importantes por parte de los profesionales de la salud son vitales para supervisar la aparición de las IM y RAM en el continuo de atención de la salud.

Los adultos mayores suelen hacer un mejor uso de los medicamentos cuando su atención está gestionada por un equipo multidisciplinar, formado por un médico (geriatra), farmacéutico clínico y enfermera. La participación de un dentista en este equipo parece ser relevante, como se ha demostrado en un estudio (3232. Skaar DD, O'Connor H. Potentially serious drug-drug interactions among community-dwelling older adult dental patients. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. [Internet]. 2011 [Acesso 13 mar 2016];112(2):153-60. doi: 10.1016/j.tripleo.2011.03.048
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tripleo.2011.0...
.

La prescripción inapropiada, el mal uso de los medicamentos, la mala calidad de las opciones de las prescripciones médicas, la sobre-prescripción de fármacos, medicamentos adicionales prescriptos para tratar los efectos secundarios, y las malas relaciones de equipo-paciente puede aumentar las posibilidades de ocurrencias de IM y RAM. Mediante la combinación de sus conocimientos y habilidades, un amplio ajuste en el plan y la dosificación pueden ser desarrolladas para permitir la mejor farmacoterapia, reduciendo los riesgos de IM y RAM. Una comunicación eficaz entre estos profesionales y la coordinación de los múltiples prescriptores es crucial para el éxito. Por otra parte, los programas educativos deben llevarse a cabo para mejorar el hábito de la prescripción racional. Igualmente, la educación del paciente al momento del alta y seguimiento después del alta es también muy importante.

El uso de múltiples medicamentos aumenta el riesgo de la prescripción inadecuada. Las diferentes intervenciones para optimizar la prescripción de idoneidad en los adultos mayores, por ejemplo, los criterios de Beers, el más utilizado en los Estados Unidos1212. Gallagher PF, Barry PJ, Ryan C, Hartigan I, O'Mahony D. Inappropriate prescribing in an acutely ill population of elderly patients as determined by Beers' Criteria. Age Ageing. [Internet]. 2008 [Acesso 12 mar 2016];37(1):96-101. doi: 10.1093/ageing/afm116
https://doi.org/10.1093/ageing/afm116...
,1616. Miquel MDC, Cuervo MS, Silveira ED, Machuca IS, González-Blazquez S, Errasquin BM, et al. Potentially inappropriate drug prescription in older subjects across health care settings. Eur Geriat Med. [Internet]. 2010 [Acesso 13 mar 2016];1(1):9-14. doi:10.1016/j.eurger.2009.12.002
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eurger.2009.12...
,2020. Harugeri A, Joseph J, Parthasarathi G, Ramesh M, Guido S. Potentially inappropriate medication use in elderly patients: a study of prevalence and predictors in two teaching hospitals. J Postgrad Med. [Internet]. 2010 [Acesso 13 mar 2016];56(3):186-91. doi: 10.4103/0022-3859.68642.
https://doi.org/10.4103/0022-3859.68642...
,4747. Vila JV, Vila MMV, Ibáñez LS, Zaragoza JAA, Royo LM. Adecuación de la utilización de benzodiazepinas en ancianos desde la oficina de farmacia. Un estudio de colaboración médico-farmacéutico. Aten Primaria. [Internet]. 2012 [Access 12 mar 2016];44(7):402-10. doi:10.1016/j.aprim.2011.07.018
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aprim.2011.07....
, los criterios de la herramienta validada de tamizaje de prescripciones potencialmente inapropiadas a ancianos (STOPP) y los criterios de la herramienta de tamizaje de alerta a los médicos para las medicaciones correctas y apropiadas para tratamiento indicado (START)1111. Gallagher P, O'Mahony. STOPP (Screening Tool of Older Persons' potentially inappropriate Prescriptions): application to acutely ill elderly patients and comparison with Beers' criteria. Age Ageing. [Internet]. 2008 [Acesso 12 mar 2016];37(6):673-9. doi: 10.1093/ageing/afn197.
https://doi.org/10.1093/ageing/afn197...
,1616. Miquel MDC, Cuervo MS, Silveira ED, Machuca IS, González-Blazquez S, Errasquin BM, et al. Potentially inappropriate drug prescription in older subjects across health care settings. Eur Geriat Med. [Internet]. 2010 [Acesso 13 mar 2016];1(1):9-14. doi:10.1016/j.eurger.2009.12.002
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eurger.2009.12...
,3030. Gallagher PF, O'Connor MN, O'Mahony D. Prevention of potentially inappropriate prescribing for elderly patients: a randomized controlled trial using STOPP/START criteria. Clin Pharmacol Ther. [Internet]. 2011 [Acesso 20 mar 2016];14(2):283-90. doi: 10.1038/clpt.2011.44
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) en Irlanda y el Reino Unido, los criterios de Medicina general de Noruega (NORGEP)4141. Bakken MS, Ranhoff AH, Engeland A, Ruths S. Inappropriate prescribing for older people admitted to an intermediate-care nursing home unit and hospital wards. Scand J Prim Health Care. [Internet]. 2012 [Acesso 12 mar 2016];30(3):169-75. doi: 10.3109/02813432.2012.704813.
https://doi.org/10.3109/02813432.2012.70...
,4343. Halvorsen KH, Granas AG, Engeland A, Ruths S. Prescribing quality for older people in Norwegian nursing homes and home nursing services using multidose dispensed drugs. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf. [Internet]. 2012 [Access 12 mar 2016];21(9):929-36. doi: 10.1002/pds.2232.
https://doi.org/10.1002/pds.2232....
, y el Índice de Medicación Adecuada (MAI)4040. Somers A, Mallet L, Cammen TVA, Robays H, Petrovic M. Applicability of an adapted medication appropriateness index for detection of drug-related problems in geriatric inpatients. Am J Geriatr Pharmacother. [Internet]. 2012 [Acesso 12 mar 2016];10(2):101-9. doi: 10.1016/j.amjopharm.2012.01.003
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amjopharm.2012...
,5757. Somers A, Robays H, De Paepe P, Van Maele G, Perehudoff K, Petrovic M. Evaluation of clinical pharmacist recommendations in the geriatric ward of a Belgium university hospital. Clin Interv Aging. [Internet]. 2013 [Access 11 mar 2016];8:703-9. doi: 10.2147/CIA.S42162.
https://doi.org/10.2147/CIA.S42162....
) se han explorado en diversos estudios. Los estudios revisados indican que los criterios START / STOPP identificaron una proporción mayor de prescripciones inadecuada que con los criterios de Beers.

Esta revisión mostró que hay diferentes frecuencias y tipos de IM y RAM, que son problemas relacionados con las drogas, asociadas con diferentes clases de fármacos. En la práctica diaria, el diagnóstico correcto de estos problemas requiere habilidad y experiencia del equipo multidisciplinario, sobre todo cuando los adultos mayores presentan con manifestaciones y síntomas inespecíficos. Para reconocer y diagnosticar este resultado no deseado, las metas deben establecerse en el servicio de atención de la salud, destacando el papel del farmacéutico clínico, que usa intervenciones para la identificación y minimización del problema relacionado con drogas (PRD), como se ha demostrado en estudios(4-57 ).

El equilibrio entre los riesgos y los beneficios de los múltiples tratamientos farmacológicos puede ser útil en el establecimiento de las intervenciones racionales para el uso seguro de los medicamentos. En consecuencia, el uso de las tecnologías en el seguimiento de las IMs y el reconocimiento de las RAMs, como por ejemplo, el tamizaje basado en computadora, podría ayudar a los médicos a reconocer posibles interacciones clínicamente significativas, y eventos adversos. El software debe tener una alta sensibilidad y especificidad, y alto valor predictivo tanto positivo como negativo. De la misma manera, la ventaja de la utilización de bases de datos informáticas para revisión de la medicación es evidente.

Por lo tanto, los estudios revisados refuerzan la noción de que la polifarmacia es multifactorial y se asocia con resultados negativos para la salud, como se constató anteriormente en dos estudios revisados88. Hajjar ER, Cafiero AC, Hanlon JT. Polypharmacy in elderly patients. Am J Geriatr Pharmacother. [Internet]. 2007 [Acesso 12 mar 2016];5(4):345-51. doi: 10.1016/j.amjopharm.2007.12.002
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amjopharm.2007...
-99. Fulton MM, Allen ER. Polypharmacy in the elderly: a literature review. J Am Acad Nurse Pract. [Internet]. 2005 [Acesso 12 mar 2016];17(4):123-32. doi: 10.111/j.1041-2972.2005.0020.x
https://doi.org/10.111/j.1041-2972.2005....
, y en el artículo de opinión de expertos que presenta información específica de 12 estudios sobre IM y RAM5858. Maher RL, Hanlon J, Hajjar ER. Clinical consequences of polypharmacy in elderly. Expert Opin Drug Saf. [Internet]. 2014 [Access 11 mar 2016];13(1):57-65. doi: 10.1517/14740338.2013.827660
https://doi.org/10.1517/14740338.2013.82...
.

Un aspecto observado y que necesita ser investigado más a fondo, se refiere a examinar cómo la automedicación con el exceso de medicamentos de venta libre y medicamentos complementarios contribuyen a incrementar el riesgo de reacciones adversas e IMs, la hospitalización y mortalidad de los adultos mayores. Otra brecha señalada en la literatura se refiere a los métodos utilizados por los proveedores de atención primaria en la evaluación de la polifarmacia. Además, hay poca información disponible acerca de la incidencia / prevalencia de la IM y RAM de los adultos mayores en los países en desarrollo.

Por lo tanto, esta revisión señala la importancia de llevar a cabo más estudios para explorar diferentes aspectos, teniendo en cuenta la necesidad de desarrollar prácticas preventivas para garantizar la seguridad de las personas mayores en relación con las IM y RAM.

Limitaciones y fortalezas del estudio

En primer lugar, el sesgo de publicación que no se puede medir debido tanto a las limitaciones del lenguaje y la base de datos. El sesgo de selección puede haber ocurrido porque investigaciones o desarrollos no publicados no fueron seleccionados. Posiblemente, otro aspecto limitante es la falta de evaluación metodológica y el riesgo de sesgo debido a la heterogeneidad de los estudios revisados. Una de las principales fortalezas de este estudio es la rigurosa revisión de la literatura, específicamente sobre las consecuencias de las IM y RAM relacionadas con la polifarmacia, con diversos diseños metodológicos, incluidos estudios publicados en el mundo entero.

Conclusión e implicaciones para la práctica avanzada en enfermería geriátrica

Este estudio ha identificado que la detección temprana y el reconocimiento de las IM y RAM con importancia clínica por los profesionales de la salud son vitales para identificar a los pacientes que están en mayor riesgo de este tipo de eventos y requiere la gestión de la farmacoterapia más cautelosa para evitar resultados negativos. Por lo tanto, el riesgo potencial para IM y RAM puede ser administrado por profesionales con la prescripción adecuada, el monitoreo y educación del paciente en el continuo de la atención de los adultos mayores, es decir, a través de las mejores prácticas.

En este sentido, la profesionalización de enfermería de práctica avanzada es esencial, como requisito para la adquisición de conocimientos, la capacitación y habilidades para tomar decisiones de atención seguros y eficaces, por ejemplo, destinadas a la atención de salud de los adultos mayores habitualmente expuestos a la polifarmacia. Por lo tanto, esta revisión integradora puede ayudar a aumentar la conciencia y el debate, para implementar la cobertura de salud universal y el acceso universal a la salud de los adultos mayores con el fin de garantizar la calidad de la atención de enfermería geriátrica.

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  • 1
    Apoyo financiero de la Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES), Brasil, proceso nº BEX 4259/13-0.

Fechas de Publicación

  • Publicación en esta colección
    2016

Histórico

  • Recibido
    15 Nov 2015
  • Acepto
    13 Abr 2016
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