Integrative review of factors related to the nursing diagnosis nausea during antineoplastic chemotherapy¹

ABSTRACT

Objective:

to identify factors related to the nursing diagnosis nausea among cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy.

Method:

integrative review conducted in four electronic databases (PUBMED, EMBASE, CINAHL and LILACS) using the key words: neoplasia, antineoplastic agents and nausea.

Results:

only 30 out of 1,258 papers identified met the inclusion criteria. The most frequent related factors were: being younger than 50 years old, motion sickness, being a woman, emetogenic potential of the chemotherapy, anxiety, conditioned stimulus, and expecting nausea after treatment.

Conclusion:

this review's findings, coupled with the incidence of nausea among cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy, reveal an important difference between evidence found and that used by NANDA International, Inc. Even though it provides an appropriate definition of related factors, it does not mention chemotherapy, despite the various studies addressing the topic using different designs and presenting various objectives and outcomes.

Descriptors:
Nausea; Chemotherapy; Neoplasms; Nursing Diagnosis; Review Literature as Topic

RESUMO

Objetivo:

identificar os fatores relacionados ao diagnóstico de enfermagem náusea entre pacientes oncológicos durante o tratamento quimioterápico.

Método:

revisão integrativa de quatro bases eletrônicas de dados (PUBMED, EMBASE, CINAHL e LILACS) com as palavras-chaves neoplasia, agentes antineoplásicos e náusea.

Resultados:

dos 1258 artigos identificados, somente 30 atenderam aos critérios de inclusão. Os fatores relacionados mais frequentes foram: idade abaixo de 50 anos, doença do movimento, sexo feminino, potencial emético do quimioterápico, ansiedade, estímulo condicionado e expectativa de náuseas depois do tratamento.

Conclusão:

diante dos resultados encontrados e da incidência de náusea entre os pacientes oncológicos em tratamento quimioterápico, observa-se diferença importante entre as evidências encontradas e as utilizadas pela NANDA International, Inc. Apesar da definição estar adequada entre os fatores relacionados, não há menção à quimioterapia mesmo com inúmeros estudos, com diferentes delineamentos, objetivos e desfechos encontrados sobre esta temática.

Descritores:
Náusea; Quimioterapia; Neoplasias; Diagnóstico de Enfermagem; Literatura de Revisão como Assunto

RESUMEN

Objetivo:

identificar los factores relacionados al diagnóstico de enfermería náusea entre pacientes oncológicos durante el tratamiento de quimioterapia.

Método:

revisión integradora de cuatro bases electrónicas de datos (PUBMED, EMBASE, CINAHL y LILACS) con las palabras clave: neoplasia, agentes antineoplásicos y náusea.

Resultados:

de los 1.258 artículos identificados, solamente 30 atendieron los criterios de inclusión. Los factores relacionados más frecuentes fueron: edad abajo de 50 años, enfermedad del movimiento, sexo femenino, potencial emético de la quimioterapia, ansiedad, estímulo condicionado y expectativa de náuseas después del tratamiento.

Conclusión:

delante de los resultados encontrados y de la incidencia de náusea entre los pacientes oncológicos en tratamiento de quimioterapia, se observó diferencia importante entre las evidencias encontradas y las utilizadas por la NANDA International, Inc. A pesar de que la definición está adecuada entre los factores relacionados, no se menciona a la quimioterapia, inclusive encontrándose datos sobre esta temática en numerosos estudios con diferentes delineamientos, objetivos y resultados.

Descriptores:
Náusea; Quimioterapia; Neoplasias; Diagnóstico de Enfermeira; Literatura de Revisión como Assunto

Introduction

The incidence of nausea during chemotherapy ranges from 37 to 70%¹. This incidence is mainly related to the emetogenic potential of chemotherapeutic drugs associated with the individual variations of each patient. Being aware of a drug's emetogenic potential and the characteristics of this adverse event in terms of peak and interval of occurrence is key and essential for the practice of oncologic nursing².

The ability to control vomiting during chemotherapy has improved considerably in recent years, essentially with regard to drug management, with the development and use of new and modern antiemetic drugs. Controlling nausea, however, seems to be a challenge³, and yet the healthcare staff and patients themselves have neglected this symptom.

Some of the likely reasons chemotherapy-induced nausea is difficult to control include: the subjectivity of the symptom, lack of focus when assessing it, lack of validated instruments, limited understanding of physiopathology, inefficient record of this event on the part of patients, and failure on the part of nurses to assess its impact in the lives of patients, especially quality of life⁴.

The impact of nausea on the patients' nutritional status and quality of life become evident few days after chemotherapy. Because in most cases the treatment is administered in an outpatient clinic, this symptom that requires careful assessment is neglected, hindering specific clinical management and nutritional interventions, in addition to the combination of pharmacological and non-pharmacological therapies⁵.

The identification and planning of nursing care concerning the nursing diagnosis (ND) nausea values the work of nurses in the Oncology field and improves the quality of care provided to patients. For this reason, investigating the factors related to this diagnosis is key. Factors related to the ND nausea can favor management and allow the nursing staff to devise a care plan that enables the implementation of efficacious and immediate actions to solve problems⁶.

Given the previous discussion, this study's objective was to identify the factors related to the nursing diagnosis nausea among cancer patients during chemotherapy through an integrative review.

Method

An integrative review involves six steps^7-8: identifying the theme and establishing the guiding question or hypothesis, establishing inclusion and exclusion criteria, literature search, deciding on what information will be extracted from the studies selected, assessing the studies included in the review, interpreting results, and synthesizing knowledge.

This integrative review's aim was to answer the guiding question: What is the evidence available regarding nausea-related factors among cancer patients undergoing antineoplastic chemotherapy? For that, a bibliographic search was conducted in four databases: PUBMED (United States National Library of Medicine), LILACS (Latin American and Caribbean Health Sciences Literature), CINAHL (Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature) and EMBASE (Excerpta Medica Database). The search was performed in May 2013, as part of a larger study intended to validate the nursing diagnosis Nausea. No time limit was established for the inclusion of papers.

Controlled descriptors used in the search strategies included: neoplasms, antineoplastic agents and nausea. It is important to note that there were variations, especially with regard to non-controlled descriptors in the different databases, as shown in Figure 1. CINAHL did not present non-controlled descriptors. The Boolean operator AND was used with controlled descriptors and OR was used for non-controlled descriptors; NOT was also used for radiotherapy, surgery, metastasis and chemotherapy.

Figure 1
Distribution of databases according to non-controlled descriptors used to search for studies to be included in the integrative review. Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil, 2013.

Criteria used to include papers were: full texts of primary studies addressing nausea in humans undergoing intravenous antineoplastic chemotherapy; written in Portuguese, English or Spanish. Exclusion criteria were: letters, editorials, case studies, pilot studies; papers addressing patients with advanced or metastatic cancer or receiving palliative treatment concomitantly with antineoplastic chemotherapy.

After the study authors reached a consensus regarding relevant information in each study, data were synthesized. Thus, all papers in the sample were read, aiming to explore the texts and extract data using an instrument⁹ addressing the following items: identification of studies, introduction, objectives, methodological characteristics, results and conclusions. The instrument was completed for all the papers, which were cataloged in ascending order according to year of publication.

All data concerning the characteristics of each study, as well as information regarding nausea-related factors among cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy were grouped in tables and analyzed descriptively.

The studies' level of evidence was classified according to Melnyk and Fineout-Overholt¹⁰, following the classification: Level 1 - strong evidence (systematic review or meta analysis); Level 2 - strong evidence (well-designed randomized controlled clinical trials); Level 3 - moderate evidence (non-randomized controlled clinical trials); Level 4 - moderate evidence (case control or cohort studies); Level 5 - weak evidence (systematic reviews, descriptive and qualitative studies); Level 6 - weak evidence (descriptive or qualitative studies); Level 7 - weak evidence (opinion of authorities and/or reports of expert committees). To apply this classification, we first identified the design of each study; only 17 out of the 30 studies presented this information. Two researchers determined the designs of the remaining studies after reading the texts.

Results

The final sample comprised 30 studies^11-40, 29 of which were indexed in PUBMED and one in EMBASE; 29 were published in English and one in Spanish.

The number of authors ranged from one to seven; most (78.6%) studies were written by up to three authors. Considering the large number of authors, we opted to characterize only the primary author: six papers were authored by psychologists, four by physicians, four by pharmacists, three were written by nurses, and the background of the authors of 11 papers was not identified.

With regard to the studies' settings, 10 studies were multicenter studies and 16 were conducted at a single center - Oncology day hospitals, General Hospitals or Clinical Research Centers among others; four studies did not report the study setting.

With regard to the country of origin of the primary author, 17 were from the United States of America, three from Spain, two from Greece, one from Sweden, one from Colombia, one from the United Kingdom, one from Austria, one from Thailand, one from Singapore and one from Malaysia.

The periodicals the papers were published in belonged to different health fields: three were from the field of psychology, four from the medical field, two from the field of pharmacy, three journals published papers from the medical and psychology field, and 18 journals were interdisciplinary. Interdisciplinary journals published most (60%) of the papers, including those from the nursing fields.

Because a time limit was not established, the sample included papers published between 1985 and 2012: one was from the 1980s, 10 papers were from the 1990s, 15 were published between 2000 and 2009 and four papers were published from 2010 to 2012.

As shown in Figure 3, the sample was composed of 12 studies with evidence level 6, 14 studies with evidence level 4, one study with evidence level 3, and three studies with evidence level 2.

Figure 2
Flowchart of identification, selection, and inclusion of studies.

Figure 3
Distribution of studies included in the integrative review according to year of publication, design, and level of evidence. Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil, 2013

A total of 44 related factors were extracted from the studies included in the integrative review: 25 (56.8%) were related to patient, 11 (25%) related to psychological factors, and eight (18.2%) factors were related to treatment. The most frequent were: being younger than 50 years of age, motion sickness, being a woman, anxiety, conditioned stimuli, expecting nausea after treatment, and the emetogenic potential of the chemotherapy. Figure 4 presents the most frequent related factors reported in the studies.

Figure 4
Distribution of absolute (N) and relative (%) frequency of factors related to nausea in the studies included in the integrative review. Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil, 2013

Discussion

The most frequent factor related to the ND nausea while undergoing chemotherapy was being younger than 50 years old, which was reported by 14 studies^{12-13,20-21,23,26-28,30,32,35-38}. Young patients more frequently reported acute and late nausea induced by antineoplastic chemotherapy than older patients in all the treatment cycles⁴¹, and also reported that these symptoms negatively impacted their daily lives⁴².

One study aimed to assess the predictive power of personal characteristics related to the development of chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting (CINV) in a heterogeneous sample of 991 patients with different types of cancer, concluding that the key variables that characterized antecedents for nausea included: not using antiemetic medication according to international guidelines, being young, experiencing nausea before chemotherapy, and inappropriate response to CINV in previous cycle⁴³.

Among the factors related to patients, we highlight susceptibility to motion sickness, also known as kinetosis, which was identified in 11 studies^{12,15,20,22-23,26-27,30,35-37}.

Motion sickness causes discomfort when movement disturbs the organs responsible for balance. It refers to a combination of autonomic and cognitive signs and symptoms induced when exposed to certain types of movement and may include nausea, vomiting, paleness, cold sweats, hyper salivation, and headache. The control and prevention of these symptoms include pharmacological, behavioral and complementary therapies^44-45.

The Aurélio dictionary emphasizes, in its definition of nausea, that motion sickness is an "unpleasant sensation, well described by familiar expressions, such as having a gag reflex and upset stomach. Associated to feeling nauseated when travelling, especially on water."⁴⁶

A prospective observational study conducted with 213 women with gynecological cancer, which aimed to investigate risk factors for CINV, revealed that being young, motion sickness and the high emetogenic potential of chemotherapy are associated with late nausea⁴⁷.

Another individual factor was the patient's sex. Nausea was more frequently identified among women than among men^{20-21,23,27,28,30,35-38}. The same was observed with regard to acute nausea, which affected 48% of women compared to 18% of men, as well as for late nausea, which affected 75% of women versus 51% of men⁴⁰.

The incidence of more frequent nausea and vomiting among women may be explained by the frequent use of protocols with higher emetogenic potential and a low consumption of alcohol⁴⁸.

Data also reported by a study investigating risk factors show that female patients are significantly more likely to experience CIVN. Additionally, the following risk factors stand out in the acute phase: being a woman, younger than 55 years of age, and non-habitual consumption of alcohol. In the late phase, only being a woman is a risk factor for CIVN ⁽⁴⁹.

The studies under analysis also reported that the emetogenic potential of chemotherapy agents was the most frequent related factor, which was identified in 10 studies^{13-14,17,20,22-23,31,35,38,40}.

Some factors that triggered CINV are related to the treatment, including the antiemetic regimen adopted, the specific agent, dose of chemotherapy, route and speed of administration. Short intravenous infusions more frequently induce vomiting than prolonged infusions or oral medications⁴⁸.

Patients treated with highly emetogenic antineoplastic chemotherapy were 5.61 times more likely to experience chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting in the first cycle than when treated with moderately emetogenic protocols⁴¹. The occurrence of anticipatory nausea was also significantly associated with the high emetogenic potential of chemotherapy⁵⁰.

Being a woman and moderate to highly emetogenic chemotherapy stood out among the risk factors that trigger nausea⁵¹.

With regard to psychological factors, anxiety was the most frequently reported in research^{11,13,20,25-27,34,36-37).} Some anxiety symptoms, such as fear of death, fear for the worse, inability to relax, hot or cold sweats, nervousness, weakness, and numbness were identified as potential indicators of chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting⁵². Similarly, the level of pre-treatment anxiety and expectation of nausea and vomiting were strongly associated with the development of severe symptoms⁵³.

A study conducted with 94 women with gynecological cancer, which employed the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory and a self-report questionnaire, reported that being young and anxiety levels are associated with a high risk of experiencing CINV⁵⁴.

The development of anticipatory nausea and vomiting better suits the Pavlovian conditioning model. In this model, a conditioned stimulus, such as the view of a nurse, is paired with an unconditioned stimulus, for instance chemotherapy, which produces an unconditioned response such as nausea. There are no data on the development, clinical progress, or treatment of anticipation adverse events that disagree with this model⁵⁵. Conditioned stimuli were reported in nine studies^{11-14,16,19-20,27,34)} as being a factor related to chemotherapy-induced nausea.

After experiencing repetitive cycles in which stimuli are paired with subsequent nausea, cycles acquire the ability to trigger nausea and vomiting even before chemotherapy is administered⁵⁶.

Expecting nausea after the treatment was reported in seven studies^{13,23,26-27,30,33,35} included in the integrative review. Patients classified as having a high expectation of experiencing nausea presented the highest mean of occurrence of nausea when compared to those classified as having low expectation⁵⁷.

The need to investigate nausea-related factors becomes evident, but such an investigation as well as the planning of nursing care should be individualized because factors related to each patient and the emetogenic potential of the regimen should be taken into account.

Note that the best method to avoid or decrease the intensity of nausea and vomiting is to properly prevent them from the first exposure to chemotherapy.

Still in this context, we draw attention to the inexistence of a ND risk for nausea in NANDA-I, which we believe to be relevant to patients who are about to initiate chemotherapy. Devising a way to prevent nausea, planning and implementing actions before the first cycle of chemotherapy is administered should be the focus of nursing care provided to this clientele in order to diminish its negative impact on the patients' nutritional status and quality of life.

There is a need for nurses to investigate the presence of the nausea-related factors reported in this study. Such an investigation, however, as well as the planning of nursing care should be individualized, taking into account the risk factors of each patient in addition to the emetogenic potential of each treatment regimen.

Conclusion

The most frequent factors related to the ND nausea presented by patients undergoing antineoplastic chemotherapy were: being young, being a woman, motion sickness, the emetogenic potential of chemotherapy, anxiety, conditioned stimulus, and expectation that nausea will be experienced after the treatment. Of these, only motion sickness and anxiety are factors related to the ND Nausea containing in the North American Nursing Diagnosis Association-International (NANDA-I Inc), which shows an important difference between evidence found and that used by NANDA-I Inc.

This analysis shows that, although the current definition of nausea presented by NANDA-I Inc. is appropriate to patients undergoing chemotherapy, this definition does not include among its related factors "chemotherapy" or "antineoplastic chemotherapy", despite the various studies addressing this topic, using different designs and presenting different objectives and outcomes

Given this review's findings and the incidence of nausea among cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy, it is crucial to include the term "chemotherapy" or "antineoplastic chemotherapy" among the factors related to the ND Nausea presented by NANDA International, Inc.

References

• ¹
  Pirri C, Bayliss E, Trotter J, Olver IN, Katris P, Drummond P, et al. Nausea still the poor relation in antiemetic therapy? The impact on cancer patients' quality of life and psychological adjustment of nausea, vomiting and appetite loss, individually and concurrently as part of a symptom cluster. Support Care Cancer. [Internet]. 2013 [Acesso 5 jun 2013];21(3):735-48. Disponível em: http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs00520-012-1574-9
  » http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs00520-012-1574-9
• ²
  Molassiotis A, Saunders MP, Valle J, Lorigan P, Wardley A, Levine E, et al. A prospective observational study of chemotherapy-related nausea and vomiting in routine practice in a UK cancer center. Support Care Cancer. [Internet]. 2008 [Acesso 15 jun 2013];16(2):201-8. Disponível em: http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs00520-007-0343-7
  » http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs00520-007-0343-7
• ³
  Roila F, Herrstedt J, Aapro M, Gralla RJ, Einhon LH, Ballatori E, et al. Guideline update for MASCC and ESMO in the prevention of chemotherapy- and radiotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting: results of the Perugia consensus conference. Ann Oncol. [Internet]. 2010 [Acesso 8 jul 2013];21(5):232-43. Disponível em: http://annonc.oxfordjournals.org/content/21/suppl_5/v232.long
  » http://annonc.oxfordjournals.org/content/21/suppl_5/v232.long
• ⁴
  Molassiotis A, Helin AM, Dabbour R, Hummerston S. The effects of P6 acupressure in the prophylaxis of chemotherapy-related nausea and vomiting in breast cancer patients. Complement. Ther Med. [Internet]. 2007 [Acesso 15 jun 2013];15(1):3-12. Disponível em: http://www.complementarytherapiesinmedicine.com/article/S0965-2299(06)00092-6/pdf
  » http://www.complementarytherapiesinmedicine.com/article/S0965-2299(06)00092-6/pdf
• ⁵
  Farrell C, Brearley SG, Pilling M, Molassiotis A. The impact of chemotherapy-related nausea on patients' nutritional status, psychological distress and quality of life. Support Care Cance.r [Internet]. 2013 [Acesso10 jul 2013];21:59-66. Disponível em: http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs00520-012-1493-9
  » http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs00520-012-1493-9
• ⁶
  Nogueira MRA, Áfio CJ, Barros LM, Galvão MTG. Diagnósticos de enfermagem, fatores relacionados e de risco no pós-operatório de cirurgia bariátrica. Rev Esc Enferm USP. [Internet]. 2013 [Acesso 29 set 2015] ;47(1):168-175. Disponível em: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S008062342013000100021&lng=pt http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0080-62342013000100021
  » http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S008062342013000100021&lng=pt » http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0080-62342013000100021
• ⁷
  Broome ME. Integrative literature reviews for the development of concepts. In:Rodgers BL, Knafl KA. Concept development in nursing: foundations, techniques and applications. Philadelphia. WB Saunder; 2000;2:77-102.
• ⁸
  Ganong LH. Integrative reviews of nursing research. Res Nurs Health. [Internet]. 1987 [Acesso 5 ago 2013];10(1):1-11. Disponível em: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/nur.4770100103/abstract;jsessionid=4F6E8F5CDBCFB52947E8119B4F1DB92F.f01t02
  » http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/nur.4770100103/abstract;jsessionid=4F6E8F5CDBCFB52947E8119B4F1DB92F.f01t02
• ⁹
  Pompeo DA, Rossi LA, Galvão CM. Revisão integrativa: etapa inicial do processo de validação de diagnóstico de enfermagem. Acta Paul Enferm. [Internet]. 2009 [Acesso 5 mai 2013];22:434-8. Disponível em: http://www.scielo.br/pdf/ape/v22n4/a14v22n4.pdf
  » http://www.scielo.br/pdf/ape/v22n4/a14v22n4.pdf
• ¹⁰
  Melnyk BM, Fineout-Overholt E. Evidence based practice in nursing & healthcare: a guide to best practice. Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2011.
• ¹¹
  Komen RW, Redd WH. Personality factors associated with anticipatory nausea/vomiting in patients receiving cancer chemotherapy. Health Psychol. 1985;4(3):189-202.
• ¹²
  Morrow GR, Lindke J, Black PM. Anticipatory nausea development in cancer patients: replication and extension of a learning model. Br J Psychol. 1991;82(1953):61-72.
• ¹³
  Andrykowski MA, Gregg ME. The role of psychological variables in post-chemotherapy nausea: anxiety and expectation. Psychosom Med. [Internet]. 1992 [Acesso 15 jul 2013];54(1):48-58. Disponível em: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1553401
  » http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1553401
• ¹⁴
  Bovbjerg DH, Redd WH, Jacobsen PB, Manne SL, Taylor KL, Surbone A, et al. An experimental analysis of classically conditioned nausea during cancer chemotherapy. Psychosom Med. [Internet]. 1992 [Acesso 15 jun 2013];54(6):623-37. Disponível em: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1454956
  » http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1454956
• ¹⁵
  Morrow GR, Angel C, Dubeshter B. Autonomic changes during cancer chemotherapy induced nausea and emesis. Br J Cancer. [Internet]. 1992 [Acesso 5 ago 2013];19(1):42-5. Disponível em: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2149622/
  » http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2149622/
• ¹⁶
  Redd WH, Dadds MR, Futterman AD, Taylor KL, Bovbjerg DH. Nausea Induced by Mental Images of Chemotherapy. Cancer. [Internet]. 1993 [Acesso7 ago 2013];72(2):629-36. Disponível em: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8319197
  » http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8319197
• ¹⁷
  Fredrikson M, Hursti TJ, Steineck G, Furst CJ, Borjesson S, Peterson C. Delayed chemotherapy-induced nausea is augmented by high levels of endogenous noradrenaline. Br J Cancer. [Internet]. 1994 [Acesso 8 out 2013];70(4):642-5. Disponível em: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2033385/
  » http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2033385/
• ¹⁸
  Rhodes VA, Watson PM, McDaniel RW, Hanson BM, Johnson MH. Expectation and occurrence of postchemotherapy side effects nausea and vomiting. Cancer Pract. 1995;3(4):247-53.
• ¹⁹
  Schwartz MD, Jacobsen PB, Bovbjerg DH. Role of nausea in the development of aversions to a beverage paired with chemotherapy treatment in cancer patients. Physiol Behav. [Internet]. 1996 [Acesso 8 out 2013];59(4):659-63. Disponível em: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0031938495020969
  » http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0031938495020969
• ²⁰
  Tyc VL, Mulhern RK, Bieberich AA. Anticipatory nausea and vomiting in pediatric cancer patients: an analysis of conditioning and coping variables. J Dev Behav Pediatr. 1997;18(1):27-33.
• ²¹
  Tsavaris N, Mylonakis N, Bacoyiannis C, Kosmas C, Kalergis G, Iakovidis V, et al. Factors that influence the antiemetic activity of metoclopramide to cisplatin based chemotherapy. Oncol Rep. [Internet]. 1998 [Acesso 9 out 2013];5(5):1147-55. Disponível em: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9683826
  » http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9683826
• ²²
  Morrow GR, Andrews PL, Hickok JT, Stern R. Vagal changes following cancer chemotherapy: implications for the development of nausea. Psychophysiology. [Internet]. 2000 [Acesso 5 out 2013] ;37(3):378-84. Disponível em: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1469-8986.3730378/pdf
  » http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1469-8986.3730378/pdf
• ²³
  Roscoe JA, Hickok JT, Morrow GR. Patient expectations as predictor of chemotherapy-induced nausea. Ann Behav Med. [Internet]. 2000 [Acesso 21 out 2013];22(2):121-6. Disponível em: http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF02895775#page-1
  » http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF02895775#page-1
• ²⁴
  Tsavaris N, Kosmas C, Mylonakis N, Bacoyiannis C, Kalergis G, Vadiaka M, et al. Parameters that influence the outcome of nausea and emesis in cisplatin based chemotherapy. Anticancer Res. 2000;20(6C):4777-84.
• ²⁵
  Blasco T, Pallarés C, Alonso C, López JJL. The role of anxiety and adaptation to illness in the intensity of postchemotherapy nausea in cancer patients. Span J Psychol. [intenet]. 2000 [Acesso 23 out 2013];3(1):47-52. Disponível em: http://revistas.ucm.es/index.php/SJOP/article/viewFile/SJOP0000110047A/29501
  » http://revistas.ucm.es/index.php/SJOP/article/viewFile/SJOP0000110047A/29501
• ²⁶
  Hickok JT, Roscoe JA, Morrow GR. The role of patients expectations in the development of anticipatory nausea related to chemotherapy for cancer. J Pain Symptom Manage. [Internet]. 2001 [Acesso 22 out 2013];22(4):843-50. Disponível em: http://www.jpsmjournal.com/article/S0885-3924(01)00317-7/pdf
  » http://www.jpsmjournal.com/article/S0885-3924(01)00317-7/pdf
• ²⁷
  Molassiotis A, Yam BM, Yung H, Chan FY, Mok TS. Pretreatment factors predicting the development of postchemotherapy nausea and vomiting in Chinese breast cancer patients. Support Care Cancer. [Internet]. 2002 [Acesso 24 ago 2013];10(2):139-45. Disponível em: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11862503
  » http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11862503
• ²⁸
  Kim Y, Morrow GR. Changes in family relationships affect the development of chemotherapy-related nausea symptoms. Support Care Cancer. [Internet]. 2003 [Acesso 27 ago 2013];11(3):171-7. Disponível em: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12618927
  » http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12618927
• ²⁹
  Glaus A, Knipping C, Morant R, Böhme C, Lebert B, Beldermann F, et al. Chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting in routine practice: a European perspective. Support Care Cancer. [Internet]. 2004 [Acesso 22 out 2013];12(10):708-15. Disponível em: http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs00520-004-0662-x
  » http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs00520-004-0662-x
• ³⁰
  Roscoe JA, Bushunow P, Morrow GR, Hickok JT, Kuebler PJ, Jacobs A, et al. Patient Expectation is a strong predictor of severe nausea after chemotherapy. Cancer. [Internet]. 2004 [Acesso 27 ago 2013];101(11):2701-8. Disponível em: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/cncr.20718/pdf
  » http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/cncr.20718/pdf
• ³¹
  Bloechl-Daum B, Deuson RR, Mavros P, Hansen M, Herrstedt J. Delayed nausea and vomiting continue to reduce patients'quality of life after highly and moderately emetogenic chemotherapy despite antiemetic treatment. J Clin Oncol. [Internet]. 2006 [Acesso 15 jun 2013];24(27):4472-8. Disponível em: http://jco.ascopubs.org/content/24/27/4472.full.pdf+html
  » http://jco.ascopubs.org/content/24/27/4472.full.pdf+html
• ³²
  Pradermdee P, Manusirivithaya S, Tangjitgamol S, Thavaramara T, Sukwattana P. Antiemetic effect of ondansetron and dexamethasone in gynecologic malignant patients receiving chemotherapy. J Med Assoc Thai. 2006;89 Supl.4:S29-36.
• ³³
  Higgins SC, Montgomery GH, Bovbjerg DH. Distress before chemotherapy predicts delayed but not acute nausea. Support Care Cancer. [Internet]. 2006 [Acesso 27 ago 2013];15(2):171-7. Disponível em: http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs00520-006-0113-y
  » http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs00520-006-0113-y
• ³⁴
  Kim Y, Morrow GR. The effects of family support, anxiety, and post-treatment nausea on the development of anticipatory nausea: a latent growth model. J Pain Symptom Manage. [Internet]. 2007 [Acesso 8 out 2013];34(3):265-76. Diponível em: http://www.jpsmjournal.com/article/S0885-3924(07)00322-3/pdf
  » http://www.jpsmjournal.com/article/S0885-3924(07)00322-3/pdf
• ³⁵
  Shelke AR, Roscoe JA, Morrow GR, Colman LK, Banerjee TK, Kirshner JJ. Effect of a nausea expectancy manipulation on chemotherapy-induced nausea: a University of Rochester Cancer Center community clinical oncology program study. J Pain Symptom Manage. [Internet]. 2008 [Acesso 21 out 2013];35(4):381-7. doi: 10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2007.05.008. Disponível em: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3027302/pdf/nihms261794.pdf
  » https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2007.05.008» http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3027302/pdf/nihms261794.pdf
• ³⁶
  Shih V, Wan HS, Chan A. Clinical predictors of chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting in breast cancer patients receiving adjuvant doxorubicin and cyclophosphamide. Ann Pharmacother. [Internet]. 2009 [Acesso 15 jul 2013];43(3):444-52. doi: 10.1345/aph.1L437. Disponível em: http://aop.sagepub.com/content/43/3/444.full.pdf+html?frame=header
  » https://doi.org/10.1345/aph.1L437» http://aop.sagepub.com/content/43/3/444.full.pdf+html?frame=header
• ³⁷
  Roscoe JA, Morrow GR, Colagiuri B, Heckler CE, Pudlo BD, Colman L, et al. Insight in the prediction of chemotherapy-induced nausea. Support Care Cancer.[Internet]. 2010 [Acesso 8 out 2013];18(7):869-76. doi: 10.1007/s00520-009-0723-2. Disponível em: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3017350/pdf/nihms259673.pdf
  » https://doi.org/10.1007/s00520-009-0723-2» http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3017350/pdf/nihms259673.pdf
• ³⁸
  Huertas-Fernández MJ, Martínez-Bautista MJ, Sánchez-Martínez I, Zarzuela-Ramírez M, Baena-Cañada JM. Análisis de la efectividad de un protocolo de antiemesis implantado en la Unidad de Oncologia. Farm Hosp. [Internet]. 2010 [Acesso 13 ago 2013];34(3):125-38. doi: 10.1016/j.farma.2009.11.001. Disponível em: http://apps.elsevier.es/watermark/ctl_servlet?_f=10&pident_articulo=13150710&pident_usuario=0&pcontactid=&pident_revista=121&ty=126&accion=L&origen=zonadelectura&web=www.elsevier.es&lan=es&fichero=121v34n03a13150710pdf001.pdf
  » https://doi.org/10.1016/j.farma.2009.11.001» http://apps.elsevier.es/watermark/ctl_servlet?_f=10&pident_articulo=13150710&pident_usuario=0&pcontactid=&pident_revista=121&ty=126&accion=L&origen=zonadelectura&web=www.elsevier.es&lan=es&fichero=121v34n03a13150710pdf001.pdf
• ³⁹
  Hassan BAR, Yusoff ZBM. Negative impact of chemotherapy on breast cancer patients QOL - utility of antiemetic treatment guidelines and the role of race. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev. [Internet]. 2010 [Acesso 22 jul 2013];11(6):1523-7. Disponível em: http://www.apocpcontrol.org/paper_file/issue_abs/Volume11_No6/c%201523-27%2010.22%20Bassam%20Hassan.pdf
  » http://www.apocpcontrol.org/paper_file/issue_abs/Volume11_No6/c%201523-27%2010.22%20Bassam%20Hassan.pdf
• ⁴⁰
  Fernández-Ortega P, Caloto MT, Chirveches E, Marquilles R, Francisco JS, Quesada A, et al. Chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting in clinical practice: impact on patients' quality of life. Support Care Cancer. [Internet]. 2012 [Acesso 15 ago 2013]; 20(12):3141-8. doi: 10.1007/s00520-012-1448-1. Disponível em: http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs00520-012-1448-1
  » https://doi.org/10.1007/s00520-012-1448-1» http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs00520-012-1448-1
• ⁴¹
  Feinberg BA, Gilmore JW, Haislip S, Wentworth C, Burke TA. Incidence and risk factors for chemotherapy-induced nausea or vomiting following highly or moderately emetogenic chemotherapy in community oncology practice. Commun Oncol. 2010;7(8):347-54.
• ⁴²
  Hilarius DL, Kloeg PH, Wall E, Heuvel J, Gundy CM, Aaronson NK. Chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting in daily clinical practice: a community hospital-based study. Support Care Cancer. [Internet]. 2012 [Acesso 22 jul 2013];20(1):107-17.doi: 10.1007/s00520-010-1073-9. Disponível em: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3223596/pdf/520_2010_Article_1073.pdf
  » https://doi.org/10.1007/s00520-010-1073-9» http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3223596/pdf/520_2010_Article_1073.pdf
• ⁴³
  Molassiotis A, Aapro M, Dicato M, Gascon P, Novoa SA, Isambert N, et al. Evaluation of Risk Factors Predicting Chemotherapy-Related Nausea and Vomiting: Results From a European Prospective Observational Study. J Pain Symptom Manage. [Internet]. Madison; 2013 [Acesso 13 ago 2013];47(5):839-48. Disponível em: http://www.jpsmjournal.com/article/S0885-3924(13)00397-7/pdf
  » http://www.jpsmjournal.com/article/S0885-3924(13)00397-7/pdf
• ⁴⁴
  Furman JM, Marcus DA, Balaban C. D Rizatriptan reduces vestibular-induced motion sickness in migraineurs. J Headache Pain. [Internet]. 2011 [Acesso 15 out 2013];12:81-88. Disponível em: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3072502/pdf/10194_2010_Article_250.pdf
  » http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3072502/pdf/10194_2010_Article_250.pdf
• ⁴⁵
  Spinks A, WASIAK J. Scopolamine (hyoscine) for preventing and treating motion sickness. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. [Internet]. 2011 [Acesso 03 jan 2014];6. Disponível em: http://www.thecochranelibrary.com
  » http://www.thecochranelibrary.com
• ⁴⁶
  Ferreira ABH. Significado de náusea. In: Ferreira ABH. Dicionário do Aurélio. [Internet] 2014. [Acesso 13 mar 2014]. Disponível em: http://www.dicionariodoaurelio.com/Nausea.html
  » http://www.dicionariodoaurelio.com/Nausea.html
• ⁴⁷
  Mizuno M, Hiura M, Kikkawa F, Numa F, Yaegashi N, Narahara H et al A prospective observational study on chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting (CINV) in patients with gynecologic cancer by the CINV Study Group of Japan. Gynecol Oncol. [Internet]. 2016 [Acesso 15 fev 2016];140(3):559-64. doi: 10.1016/j.ygyno.2015.12.029. Disponível em: http://www.gynecologiconcology-online.net/article/S0090-8258(15)30232-8/pdf
  » https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ygyno.2015.12.029» http://www.gynecologiconcology-online.net/article/S0090-8258(15)30232-8/pdf
• ⁴⁸
  BONASSA EMA, GATO MIR. Terapêutica oncológica para enfermeiros e farmacêuticos. 4. ed. São Paulo: Atheneu; 2012.
• ⁴⁹
  Sekine I, Segawa Y, Kubota K, Saeki T. Risk factors of chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting: index for personalized antiemetic prophylaxis. Cancer Sci. [Internet]. 2013 [Acesso 17 fev 2016];104(6):711-7. doi: 10.1111/cas.12146. Disponível em: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/cas.12146/epdf
  » https://doi.org/10.1111/cas.12146» http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/cas.12146/epdf
• ⁵⁰
  Akechi T, Okuyama T, Endo C, Sagawa R, Uchida M, Nakaguchi T. Anticipatory nausea among ambulatory cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy: prevalence, associated factors, and impact on quality of life. Cancer Sci. [Internet]. 2010 [Acesso 17 fev 2016];101(12):2596-600. doi: 10.1111/j.1349-7006.2010.01718.x. Disponível em: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1349-7006.2010.01718.x/epdf
  » https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1349-7006.2010.01718.x» http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1349-7006.2010.01718.x/epdf
• ⁵¹
  Pirri C, Katris P, Trotter J, Bayliss E, Bennett R, Drummond P. Risk factors at pretreatment predicting treatment-induced nausea and vomiting in Australian cancer patients:a prospective, longitudinal, observational study. Support Care Cancer. [Internet]. 2011 [Acesso 17 fev 2016];19(10):1549-63. doi: 10.1007/s00520-010-0982-y. Disponível em: http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs00520-010-0982-y
  » https://doi.org/10.1007/s00520-010-0982-y» http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs00520-010-0982-y
• ⁵²
  Yap KY, Low XH, Chui WK, Chan A. Computational prediction of state anxiety in asian patients with cancer susceptible to chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting. J Clin Psychopharmacol. [Internet]. 2012 [Acesso 20 set 2013];32(2):207-17. doi: 10.1097/JCP.0b013e31824888a1. Disponível em: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22367655
  » https://doi.org/10.1097/JCP.0b013e31824888a1» http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22367655
• ⁵³
  Booth CM, Clemons M, Dranitsaris G, Joy A, Young S, Callaghan W, et al. Chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting in breast cancer patients: a prospective observational study. J Support Oncol. [Internet]. 2007 [Acesso 15 fev 2016];5(8):374-80. Disponível em: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17944146
  » http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17944146
• ⁵⁴
  Di Mattei VE, Carnelli L, Carrara L, Bernardi M, Crespi G, Rancoita PM, et al. Chemotherapy-Induced Nausea and Vomiting in Women With Gynecological Cancer: A Preliminary Single-Center Study Investigating Medical and Psychosocial Risk Factors. Cancer Nurs. [Internet]. 2016 [Acesso 20 fev 2016]; Disponível em: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26895414
  » http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26895414
• ⁵⁵
  Roscoe JA, Morrow GR, Aapro MS, Molassiotis A, Olver I. Anticipatory Nausea and Vomiting. Support Care Cancer. [Internet]. 2011 [Acesso 22 jul 2013];19(10):1533-8. doi: 10.1007/s00520-010-0980-0 Disponível em: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3136579/pdf/nihms259633.pdf
  » https://doi.org/10.1007/s00520-010-0980-0» http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3136579/pdf/nihms259633.pdf
• ⁵⁶
  Kamen C, Tejani MA, Chandwani K, Janelsins M, Peoples AR, Roscoe JA, et al. Anticipatory nausea and vomiting due to chemotherapy. Eur J Pharmacol. [Internet]. 2014 [Acesso 15 fev 2016];5(722):172-9. Disponível em: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3880638/pdf/nihms-489182.pdf
  » http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3880638/pdf/nihms-489182.pdf
• ⁵⁷
  Colagiuri B, Roscoe JA, Morrow GR, Atkins JN, Giguere JK, Colman LK. How do patient expectancies, quality of life, and postchemotherapy nausea interrelate? Cancer. [Internet]. 2008 [Acesso 20 set 2013] ;113(3):654-61. doi: 10.1002/cncr.23594. Disponível em: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3079444/pdf/nihms261787.pdf
  » https://doi.org/10.1002/cncr.23594» http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3079444/pdf/nihms261787.pdf

• 1
  Paper extracted from Master's Thesis "Concept analysis of diagnosis of nause during chemothepay treatment in nursing" presented to Escola de Enfermagem de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, PAHO/WHO Collaborating Centre for Nursing Research Development, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil.

Publication Dates

• Publication in this collection
  2016

History

• Received
  28 July 2015
• Accepted
  15 June 2016